History 1112
Study Guide for Examination #2
You must bring to class on the day of the exam the Exam System II General Purpose NCS Answer
Sheet (General Purpose Answer Sheet No. 229633, 200 questions) and a No. 2 pencil. If you come to
class without these items, then you will have to go immediately and purchase them (and lose time
better spent taking the exam).
The second exam will cover the following chapters in your textbook: Chapters 21, 22, 23, and 24 and the
video shown in class, This Magnificent African Cake. The exam will consist of matching, true-false, and
multiple choice questions. In addition, you will also have TWO paragraph essays to answer. You will be
given a list of FOUR questions and you will choose TWO to answer.
To prepare for the test, review your notes from class and from the readings. The test will be drawn both
from class discussions and from your readings. You cannot just study your class notes–you must read
the text. Try to identify the main themes for each chapter and do an outline based on the themes. Use
your class notes to help you identify which sections of the chapters and which terms to emphasize when
studying. Make use of the term lists at the end of each chapter, and the study questions given at the
beginning and end of the chapter. Emphasize in your studying the terms that we discussed in class and the
questions that we addressed. Try to write out definitions and answers by yourself, and then check them by
the answers given in the textbook. Form study groups and talk about the terms and questions yourselves;
you have to engage with this information and make it meaningful to yourself in order for it to be
retainable.
Be able to define and explain the significance of the terms that are given at the chapter’s end, as well the
individual figures discussed in class for each chapter. Be able to put them into the historical context
presented in the chapter and for each, relate it to the major themes in the chapter. You should study each
of the document excerpts found at the end of the chapters. You should also study all quizzes given in
class.
I. Main themes:
Chapter 21:
French Revolution (1789-1799):
Causes for the revolution, particularly the financial problems of the French monarchy, the Enlightenment, social and
economic tensions, the outmoded estate system, the role of the American Revolution
Be able to outline the different stages of the revolution and the accomplishments of each, in chronological order;
The radicalization of the revolution during the Reign of Terror, the reasons for this radicalization and the policy of terror;
the attempts at social engineering; fate of the monarchy and Louis XVI
The impact of the revolution on women and the attempt by reformers such as Olympia de Gouges to apply the ideals of the
revolution to groups such as women—study the document at the end of the chapter
The mass mobilization of the citizens and the emergence of modern, total warfare
Accomplishments of the revolution and the impact of the revolution on the rest of Europe and the world, particularly its
influence on the slave revolt in Saint-Domingue (Haitian Revolution); impact on women
Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815)
Napoleon’s Rise to Power; his relationship to the French Revolution–is he the fulfillment of the Revolution or its
destroyer; the spread of the revolution into the rest of Europe through the Napoleonic Code, evaluation of his
accomplishments; Napoleon’s military achievements and downfall
Chapter 22:
Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society
definition of industrialization and an understanding of why it is considered a revolution
Know where geographically and in which industry the revolution began
Mass production techniques, the rise of the factory system, conditions in the factories
The problems of exploitation and reform in the early Industrial Era—see the document “The Testimony of Young Mine
Workers”—how does it illustrate the problems of industrialization and the motives for reform?
urbanization and its problems
Significance of steam engine, iron, railroad and steamship
Spread of industrialization from Britain to the continent of Europe (Belgium, France, Germany), then to United States,
Russia and Japan
why industrialization is considered to be a revolution--social and economic changes resulting from transition of puttingout system to factory system; new social classes; new conceptions of gender roles
global impact of industrialization and the emergence of an international division of labor
Chapter 23:
Role of Nationalism, Liberalism, Conservatism and Socialism in Europe, 1814-1914:
The impact of revolutionary ideologies (belief systems)--conservatism, liberalism, nationalism, and socialism
Definitions of these ideologies and how they evolved from the French revolution
Meaning and role of Romanticism in 19th century European culture
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815); Holy Alliance and how European powers sought to contain revolutionary ideals and
movements; significance of balance of power principle
how the clash between these ideologies between 1815 and 1850 led to series of revolutions and reactions such as the
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 in Europe
reasons for the failure of 1848 Revolutions (France, Austria, Italy, Prussia)
Nationalism and the unification of Italy and Germany from above, by military means
role of Cavour and Piedmont
role of Bismarck and Prussia
European politics and reform 1850-1914; (Britain, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany)
Consolidation of the nation-state and the co-opting of nationalism, social policies, and democracy to strengthen the
state—Bismarck and social welfare policies in Germany
Response to Industrialization and the Problem of Poverty:
Economic Liberalism and laissez faire, Utopian Socialism, revolutionary Marxist socialism as developed by
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels–theory of class struggle and workers’ revolution; social reformism (social
democracy)
Read the document “The Making of a Socialist” and explain how it shows you the reasons why many in the
working class turned to socialism; what was her view of socialism?
trade unions; government acts to limit child labor and promote public health
women and the impact of industrialization
Chapter 24:
Western Imperialism and Colonialism:
expansion of European economic, political, and cultural control outside of its natural borders, across the globe;
ways in which industrialization contributed to the expansion of European nations in the second half of the 19 th and early
20th centuries
definition of “New Imperialism”; causes of New Imperialism
role of Social Darwinism and racism; how does Social Darwinism shape the attitude of the “white man’s burden”?
Read the document “A French Leader Defends Imperialism” and use it to help explain motives for Western
imperialism, and the ways in which politics and nationalism intersected
“The Scramble for Africa”—
Africa as one of the main targets of 19th century European imperialism; reasons why; major stages
Role of the Berlin Conference and Leopold II of Belgium
nature of colonial settlement and administration; tensions between indigenous,
Boer and British peoples in South Africa;
The imperial and colonial system established in Africa: direct and indirect rule; assimilation
impact of this imperial system established in Africa
Impact of Colonialism/Rise of nationalist and anti-colonial movements
Fate of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt/British policies in the Middle East
Paragraph Essay Questions:
You will be asked to answer two essay questions; the requirements are to write one to two paragraphs in response to
the question. Try to be as concise and thorough as possible. Each will be worth ten points. The more specific
facts and examples you can provide, the more points you will receive. From the questions listed below, I
will choose three, and you will answer two of them. PROVIDE SPECIFIC FACTS AND EXAMPLES TO
PROVE AND ILLUSTRATE YOUR POINTS.
From the following list of questions, I will choose four to appear on the exam, and you will choose
two to answer. Be sure to write out answers or at least outline each of them because the ones
not chosen for essay questions will help you to prepare for other questions on the exam.
1. List and explain at least four specific causes (intellectual, political, economic, and social) causes of the French
Revolution. Why did it begin in the late 1780s and not earlier? What was the most immediate cause?
2. You are a factory worker in Manchester, England during the first half of the 19th century (1800-1850). You
work in the textile mills, after having previously worked in the countryside as a rural laborer. Describe a typical day
in your life and how life for you has changed since coming to the city. What would your family life and working
conditions be like?
3. How did industrialization transform society, the environment, the economy, and government in the 19th century?
What were the costs and benefits of industrialization?
4. Explain the ideological connections among the French Revolution, the Revolutions of 1830, and the Revolutions of
1848. What factors account for the failure of the 1848 Revolutions?
5. Discuss the evolution of nationalism and socialism in the 19th century.
6. Trace the process of national unification in Italy and Germany in the 19th century, giving dates. (Be sure to discuss
the role of Cavour and Piedmont-Sardinia in Italian unification and the role of Bismarck and Prussia in German
unification)
7. Define the term “New Imperialism” and cite and explain at least four motives that led the nations of Europe and the
United States to engage in this process. When did this stage of imperialism begin? What role did industrialization play
in this process?