Table S3. Summary of studies included in or meta-analysis. N, number of sample units (i.e., communities) included in study; grain, area of sample
units; extent, maximum distance between sample units in km; α, alpha species richness (mean number of species recorded per sample unit); γ,
gamma species richness (total number of species recorded in all sample units).
Ecosystem type
Country
N
Grain
Extent
α
γ
Reference
2
(m )
(km)
Temperate rain forest
Chile
1 20000
12
- A. Fajardo (unpublished)
Temperate rain forest
Chile
1 20000
19
- A. Fajardo (unpublished)
Temperate old field
USA
22 10000
1200
21.4
227 Siefert et al. 2014
Temperate forest
Canada
51
110
3.5
2.6
5 Auger & Shipley 2012
Temperate old field
Canada
1
2500
37
- B. Schamp, L. Aarssen (unpublished)
Temperate old field
Canada
1
900
33
- B. Schamp (unpublished)
Tropical forest
French Guiana
9 10000
300 168.7
668 Baraloto et al. 2012
Tropical savanna
Brazil
3
2500
2
34.3
51 Dantas et al. 2013
Temperate wet meadow
Czech Republic
1
0.25
35
- de Bello et al. 2011
Temperate dry meadow
Czech Republic
1
0.25
43
- de Bello et al. 2011
Temperate forest, shrubland, grassland
Australia
39
1000
1050
21.2
537 Fonseca et al. 2000
Mediterranean shrubland
Spain
12
720
400
7.4
36 Gross et al. 2013
Temperate grassland, shrubland, forest
New Zealand
38
400
600
29.1
341 J. Overton, M. Westoby (unpublished)
Temperate rainforest
New Zealand
17
200
200
3.7
32 Jackson et al. 2013
Temperate flood meadow
Luxemburg
8
1250
0.1
29.5
50 Jung et al. 2010
Temperate grassland
Canada
17
400
446
19.5
76 Kembel & Cahill 2011
Alpine shrubland, grassland
New Zealand
10
100
3.5
18.8
31 Kichenin et al. 2013
Tropical forest
Ecuador
1 250000
- 1124
- Kraft et al. 2008; Kraft & Ackerly 2010
Boreal forest
Sweden
30
400
25
5.5
6 Lagerström et al. 2013
Temperate grassland
Sweden
16 19600
5
26
34 Le Bagousse-Pinguet et al. 2014
Temperate wet meadow
Czech Republic
12
4
1
30
76 Lepš et al. 2011
Subtropical seasonal forest
Brazil
40
4.5
1.39
10.1
50 Carlucci et al. 2012
Tropical savanna
Brazil
10
100
1
16.8
43 M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
Tropical savanna
Brazil
10
100
1
15.6
47 M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
Tropical savanna
Brazil
8
100
2
19.8
45 M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
Tropical savanna
Brazil
9
100
5
15.3
60 M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
Table S3 continued
Ecosystem type
Country
Seasonal dry forest
Seasonal dry forest
Seasonal dry forest
Seasonal dry forest
Seasonal dry forest
Tropical savanna
Tropical savanna
Seasonal dry forest
Subalpine moorland
Tropical forest
Mediterranean rangeland
Subalpine grassland
Temperate rainforest
Temperate ultramafic heathland
Alpine scree slope
Temperate old field
Subarctic tundra
Subalpine meadow
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Japan
Panama
France
France
New Zealand
New Zealand
Spain
USA
Sweden
China
N
8
8
9
7
9
10
9
9
27
3
12
5
20
10
8
48
24
35
Grain
(m2)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
330
6400
25
100
500
100
500
1
79
0.25
Extent
(km)
1.5
1.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
9.3
55
1.5
4
1
1
11
1.5
4
0.12
α
γ
Reference
14
11.3
7.8
15.2
8.3
42.7
29.2
7.9
27.4
71.3
29
18
9
4.3
34.7
40
42
29
52
33
89
66
30
67
119
32
77
112
52
41
59
10
77
M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
Zava & Cianciaruso 2014
M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
Zava & Cianciaruso 2014
M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
M. Cianciaruso (unpublished)
Kamiyama et al. 2014; Sasaki et al. 2014
Messier et al. 2010
Pérez-Ramos et al. 2012
Gaucherand & Lavorel 2007
S. Richardson (unpublished)
S. Richardson (unpublished)
Schöb et al. 2012
Siefert 2012
Sundqvist et al. 2011
Y. Li (unpublished)
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