section one general education
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NATIONAL BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS BOARD (NABTEB) P.M.B. 1747, IKPOBA HILL, BENIN CITY EDO STATE CHIEF EXAMINERS’ REPORT ON THE 2011 MAY/JUNE NBC/NTC EXAMINATIONS i TABLE OF CONTENT Page Table of Content .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. i - iii Preface .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iv .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. v - viii SECTION 1: GENERAL EDUCATION SUBJECTS .. .. .. .. 1 English Language (001) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2–4 Mathematics (002) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 – 10 Economics (003) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 – 15 Physics (004-1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 – 19 Chemistry (005-1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 – 23 Biology (006-1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 – 26 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 – 29 Literature-In-English (007-1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 – 32 Literature-In-English (007-2) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 – 36 Information and Communications Technology (008-1) . .. .. .. 37 – 40 SECTION II: BUSINESS TRADES .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 Office Practice (413) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 – 45 Commerce (421) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 – 49 Financial Accounting (423) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 – 55 Salesmanship (431) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 – 58 .. Executive Summary .. Biology Practical (006-2) .. .. .. i SECTION 111: TECHNICAL TRADES .. .. .. .. .. 59 .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 – 62 Motor Vehicle Mechanics Works (021-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. 63 – 65 Automobile Electrical Works (031) .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 – 68 Electrical Installation and Maintenance Works (041) ... .. .. .. 69 – 71 Fabrication and Welding (051) Tractor System (012 – 1) .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 – 74 Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice (061) .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 – 77 Electronic Works (071) .. .. .. .. .. 78 – 80 Fabrication and Air-conditioning Mechanical .. .. .. .. .. 81 – 82 Vehicle Body Building (091-1) .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 83 – 85 Instrument Mechanic Works (111-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 – 88 Foundry Craft Practice (131) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 89 – 91 Computer Craft Studies (171) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92 – 93 Animal Husbandry (181) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 – 96 General Metal Work (191) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 – 99 Basic Electricity (194) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100–103 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 104 –105 Introduction to Building Construction (211) ... .. .. .. .. .. 106 –108 Bricklaying/Blocklaying and Concreting (212) ... .. .. .. .. 109 –111 Carpentry (221-1) Fisheries (201-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112 –113 Furniture Making (231 – 1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 114 –115 Machine Woodworking (241-1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116 –118 ... .. .. .. .. .. 119 –121 .. Painting and Decoration (251-1) ii Draughtsmanship Craft Practice (271-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. 122– 124 Cosmetology (311-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 125 – 127 Ladies Garment Making, Garment Construction and Finishing (331-1) .. .. 128 – 130 Catering Craft Practice (341-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 131 – 133 Printing Craft Practice (361-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 134 – 136 Spinning (371-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 137 – 138 Weaving (372-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 139 – 140 Surface Design and Printing (373-1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 141 – 142 Graphic Design (381-1) .. .. – ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 143 Ceramic and Design (391-1) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 146 – 147 Tourism (441) ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 148 – 150 .. .. iii 145 PREFACE The Chief Examiners’ Report is the post examination analysis on the marking exercise, which is an integral part of the certification process of NABTEB examinations. It also provides a feedback on the performance of the candidates and their teachers. Two volumes are produced each year, one for May/June NBC/NTC and the other for November/December NBC/NTC and ANBC/ANTC Examinations. This report for 2011 May/June is divided into three sections, namely: Section 1: General Education Subjects; Section II: Business Trades and Section III: Technical Trades. Each section discusses in details the general performance of the candidates, their strengths and weaknesses as well as suggestions for improvement. This document is therefore recommended for use by schools and students taking NABTEB examinations as it provides feedback to guide the schools and help correct the lapses identified by the examiners during the marking exercise. It will also be of immense value to individuals wishing to sit for NABTEB examinations. iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GENERAL EDUCATION SUBJECTS Candidates’ general performance was good in Biology (006-1). Their performances were also good in English Language (001), Mathematics (002), and in Literature- in-English (007 – 1&2) . In addition good performances were recorded in Physics 004 and Chemistry (005) while low performances were recorded in Economics, (003), Biology (006-2) and Information and Communications Technology (008-1). Candidates’ Strengths Good knowledge of the features of informal letter. Good responses to the comprehension question. Ability to distinguish between scalar and vector quantities correctly. Ability to answer questions that require simple recall. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Inadequate drawing skills. Misinterpretation of questions. Deficient in AutoCAD. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should study the questions properly before attempting them. Schools should emphasize the teaching of English Language. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. Teachers should expose candidates to practical exercises involving drawing skills. v BUSINESS TRADE Candidates’ performances were good in Commerce (421) and Office Practice (413) while about average performance was recorded in Financial Accounting (423). Candidates’ Strength Good understanding of Commerce (421) Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor computation skills in Joint Venture Account. Inability to clearly express themselves. Inadequate preparation. Misinterpretation of questions. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should study the questions properly before attempting them. Qualified subject teachers should be employed to teach the subjects. Modern and current text books should be recommended by the teachers. Candidates should be taught on the importance of drawing when answering questions. Teachers should endeavour to cover all aspects of the syllabus. TECHNICAL TRADES The papers met the requirements for the examination. Candidates performed well in Tractor System (012-1), Motor Vehicle Mechanics (021-1), Electrical Installation and Maintenance Works (041), Foundry Craft Practice (313) Animal Husbandry (181), Basic Electricity (194), Fisheries (201-1), Bricklaying/Blocklaying and Concreting (212-1), Carpentry (221-1), Draughtsmanship Craft Practice (271-1), Cosmetology (311-1), Ladies Garment Making, Garment Construction and Finishing (331-1), Spinning (371-1), Surface Design and Printing (373-1), Graphic Design (381-1), Ceramic and Design (391-1), Tourism (441) and Salesmanship (431). Average performances were recorded in Fabrication and Welding (051), Furniture Making (231-1) Machine Woodworking (241-1) and Painting and Decoration (251-1). vi Good performances were also recorded in Electronic Works (071), Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Mechanical (081-1), Vehicle Body Building (091-1) and General Metal Works (191). They performed fairly in Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice (061), Instrument Mechanics Works (111-1) and Catering Craft Practice (341-1). Candidates performed poorly in Auto Mobile Electrical Works (031), Computer Craft Studies (171), Introduction to Building Construction (211) and Printing Craft Practice (361-1). Candidates’ Strengths Good knowledge of the basic concepts in Computer Craft Studies (171) and Animal Husbandry (181). Ability to explain heat treatment in General Metal Works (191). Good calculation skills. Ability to provide the correct definitions of some terminologies. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Poor drawing and sketching skills. Poor computation skills. Inability to relate questions to practical skills. Poor responses to some questions. vii Suggestions for Improvement Students should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. Emphasis should be laid on drawing skills. Students should be exposed to practical exercises in the workshop. Teachers should endeavour to cover the syllabus before the commencement of the examination. Schools should intensify the teaching of English Language. Government should employ qualified teachers in technical schools. Teachers/students should endeavour to use the Chief Examiners’ Report. viii SECTION ONE GENERAL EDUCATION 1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE (001) General Comments Generally, the candidates’ performance was good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Section A. Essay Writing Question 1 You have a friend who has an investment abroad. Write a letter to him, giving at least three reasons why he should come and invest in Nigeria. Intended Task Candidates were expected to write a letter to a friend abroad, giving him/her convincing reasons to invest in Nigeria. Majority of the candidates that attempted the question could not state convincing reasons that could make an investor to invest in Nigeria. Candidates were expected to have written down facilities that were available in the country to include: Stable power supply, low interest rate on bank loans and capital punishment for kidnappers etc. Question 2 You recently witness a burial or wedding ceremony which was like a carnival. Narrate your experiences to a close friend who ought to have attended. Intended Task Candidates were expected to give a detailed narration of their experiences in the burial or wedding ceremony they attended. Most of the candidates failed to narrate vividly their experiences at the wedding/burial ceremony they attended. They could not mention the names of the couples whose wedding they attended or the names of the persons whose burial they attended. They also could not mention the date and time the ceremonies took place. Question 3 Write a report to be submitted to your course co-ordinator detailing your experiences during your institutional training/attachment that has just ended. 2 Intended Task The question sought to test candidates’ skills in reporting, following the format taught in schools to include introduction, the body of the essay/experiences and the conclusion. Majority of the candidates could not write a report, others could not follow the conventional method which includes title of the report, introduction, body of the report and conclusion. Question 4 During the practical class in your trade/course, your teacher showed and explained the process of producing an item in your trade/course. Explain the process. Intended Task Candidates were required to give an explanation of the production process of an item. Majority of the candidates were able to identify and explain the processes involved in the production of an item in their trade or course. Section B. Comprehension Questions 5 and 6 The questions were on reading passages that required candidates’ understanding of the passage. They were expected to answer questions that were taken from the passages. Majority of the candidates responded correctly to the questions. Many of them displayed mastery of the use of one word phrase and clause. Section C: Summary Question 7 Intended Task The question was on reading passage, and candidates were expected to carefully read the passage and give concise answers to specific questions. Many candidates did not comprehend the passage very well, hence, they performed poorly. Candidates’ Strengths Good knowledge of the features of an informal letter. Display of narrative skill. Correct responses to the comprehension questions. 3 Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expressions. Inability to spell words correctly. Poor writing ability. Suggestions for Improvement Teachers should intensify efforts in the teaching of basic grammatical concepts. The importance of summary passages should be taught to candidates. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, magazines, journals, etc. Teachers should lay emphasis on the rudiments of essay writing. Candidates should be taught how to identify subject matter of passages. 4 MATHEMATICS (002) General Comments The paper met the expectation for this type of examination. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) Express as a single fraction in its simplest form: 2 - x-1 3(x-2) x-2 (b) Simplify x2+3x+2 x2-4 Intended Task The question tested candidates’ basic knowledge of LCM and simplification of expressions. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 2 If x=(2,3,4,5,6,6,8) Y=(1,4,7,10,11) and Z= (0,1,2,3,4,12,13) (a) (b) Illustrate this information in a Venn diagram Find (i) X’ nY’ (ii) y21 Show that xn(yz) = (xny) (ynz) (c) Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on sets, their complements, intersection and union as well as how to interpret it on a venn diagram. Many of the candidates who attempted the question performed well. Question 3 (a) Simplify √72x3√18x14√6 2√24x√12 4 (b) 7 /5 - 51/5 1 2/3 – 4/5 5 Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on surd and rationalization as well as quadratic equation. Those who attempted the question performed well in part (b) but were unable to apply the basic knowledge needed in question (a) Question 4 (a) (b) If -2 1/3 and 5 are the roots of a quadratic equation, find the equation. A certain number added to its square makes 30, find the number. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on quadratic equation. Those who attempted it performed well. Question 5 In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle radius 10cm, /xz/ and /yz/ are tangents to the circle at x and y respectively. Calculate: (a) Distance XZY (b) Obtuse arc XTY Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on geometric. Those who attempted the question were able to calculate the distance. Their performance was good. Question 6 (a) Use Logarithms table to evaluate √ 3.214x0.04154 (b) 2.467 Solve for x: (x-12.49) tan 49 = xtan 21o o 6 Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on logarithms and trigonometry. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 7 (a) (b) Calculate (3+√5)2-(2+√10)2 3-√8 A cubic hall has a floor of 17m long and 13m wide, if the height is 9m calculate the: (i) total area of the four walls, top and bottom floor. (ii) If it costs N75.00 to paint a total area in (i) above. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on surd and mensuration. Those who attempted the question did not perform well. Question 8 A ship leaves a base and sails 42km on a bearing of 032o. It then moves 28km on a bearing of 154o. (a) How far is it from the starting point? (b) What is its bearing from the starting point? (c) How far is east from the starting point? Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on bearing. They were to calculate the starting point, the bearing from the starting point and the distance from the east. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 9 An aeroplane flies from a town A (40oN, 38oE) to another town B (40oN, 22oW) for 7 hours. It later spent 5 hours to fly from B to C (28oN, 22oW). Calculate the: (a) (b) Total distance covered from A to C through B. Average speed of the aeroplane, correct to 3 S.F (Take r=6400 km and =3.142) Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of latitudes and longitude as well as to calculate the distance between A to C through B. Few of the candidates that attempted it performed poorly. 7 Question 10 If tan β = 1.3, find the values of sin β and cos β. A man borrows N219.000.00 on July 19 and on October 17, he repays it with interest at 10%. Find the total sum that he pays to clear the debt. (a) (b) Intended Task The question required candidate’s knowledge on Trigonometry and simple interest. This was well attempted question and those who attempted it performed well. Question 11 (a) From two points A and B, 60 km apart, and in line with a tower, the angles of elevation of the top of the tower are 30o and 45o respectively. Find the height of the tower. (b) Evaluate √1.63x5 (P=0.4x)3, where x =23.2 and P = 15.68 Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on bearing and evaluation. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 12 (a) A civil servant is entitled to the following allowances before tax. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (b) Personal allowance of N10,000 = 15% of income. Wife allowance of N5,000. Child allowance of N4,000 each for a maximum of four children. Dependent relative of N6,000.00 each. Any amount paid for insurance. Any amount paid for union dues. If a married man with four children gets N102,000.00 gross payment in a month, (1) Calculate his tax per month, if his mother depends on him, pays N6,500.00 for insurance and N2,250;00 for union. (2) Find his annual: (i) tax, (ii) net pay and (iii) union due. 8 Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on taxation and salary. Although, the general performance of candidates was good, a few candidates could not calculate the net pay correctly. Question 13 C and C declares cash dividend N1,500.000.00 in a year for their shareholders. The preference shares of 1.5 billion naira took half of the dividend while the ordinary shares 14.2 billion naira took the balance. Calculate the commission rate for each of the shares. Intended Task The question examined candidates’ knowledge on mathematical calculation. Most of the candidates avoided the question. The performance on the question was poor. Question 14 The average daily earnings of men in 50 trades in Ibadan were calculated, the distribution being shown in the table below: Earnings (N1,000) No. of Trades 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 1 4 16 14 3 2 (a) Calculate the arithmetic mean of the average earning in 50 trades. (b) Construct a cumulative frequency curve from the data and use it to find in how many trades the average earning was higher than the arithmetic mean. Intended Task The question assessed candidates’ knowledge of Arithmetic mean and they were also required to construct a cumulative frequency curve. The question was well attempted by candidates and they performed well. Question 15 (a) Calculate the 5-point moving averages from the data 7, 8, 9, 7, 10, 11, 8, 9. (b) Death duties of 40% are paid on a legacy of a 4 billion. A man’s immediate family was to receive 50%, his extended family 30% while the needy take the remainder. What percentage of the original legacy does the needy receive? 9 Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of average and duties. Those who attempted the question did well in ‘a’ part while they failed in the ‘b’ part. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor knowledge of construction. Lack of knowledge on rationalization and moving average. Inability to interpret words correctly. Lack of knowledge on longitude and latitudes. Suggestions for Improvement Teachers should endeavour to cover the syllabus. Assignment should be given to students on construction regularly. Candidates should understand the questions before attempting them 10 ECONOMICS (003) General Comments The questions set were in line with the syllabus and well structured, though the general performance of the candidates in most questions was not encouraging. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 You are given the following information about a firm: Output Total Revenue (N) Total Cost (N) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 0 1 50 110 140 2 100 162 3 150 175 4 200 180 5 250 185 6 300 194 7 350 219 8 400 260 9 450 325 Under which type of market is the firm operating? Give reason for your answer in (a) Calculate its marginal revenue at all outputs. Calculate its marginal cost at all outputs. Determine its fixed cost. What output will the firm produce in the long period? Determine its profit in the long period. Intended Task The question required the candidates to determine the type of market being operated by the firm, and find the marginal revenue, the marginal cost and the fixed cost respectively. Most candidates got the answers correctly. They were able to identify the type of market being operated by the firm and its profit. Question 2 The weekly data below refers to the market for oranges in Makurdi. Price N25 N20 N15 N10 N5 N1 Quantity of orange Supplied 2,000 1,800 1,500 1,000 500 100 Quantity of orange demanded 500 700 1,500 2,000 4,000 9,000 11 From the schedule given above, (a) (b) (c) (d) What is meant by the term “supply” and “demand” of oranges? State the price of orange and the quantities demanded and supplied at equilibrium. What happens to supply and demand at a price below the equilibrium? What happens to supply and demand at a price above the equilibrium price? Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of demand and supply. The question required the candidates to compute and determine the supply and demand of oranges, the price of both demand and supply and the equilibrium price. However, a good number of the candidates answered the questions correctly. Question 3 “Economics is a study of scarcity and choice” Discuss. Intended Task The candidates were required to discuss scarcity and choice as it relates to the study of Economics. Candidates who attempted the question performed poorly. Question 4 (a) (b) Distinguish between labour and entrepreneur. Discuss five reasons why there is slow rate of capital formation in Nigeria. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ ability to differentiate between labour and entrepreneurship. The candidates were to distinguish between labour and entrepreneur as well as discuss five reasons why the slow rate of capital formation in Nigeria. Majority of the candidates who attempted the question were able to state the difference between labour and entrepreneur. However, they could not give clear reasons for the slow rate of capital formation. Candidates’ performance was on the average. Question 5 (a) Define optimum population (b) Explain five factors responsible for rapid population growth in Nigeria. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on population. Candidates were required to define optimum population and explain five factors responsible for the rapid population growth in Nigeria. Majority of the candidates who answered this question performed fairly well as they were able to give the definition of optimum population as well as listing some factors leading to rapid population growth. 12 Question 6 (a) (b) Differentiate between stocks and shares Describe five types of shares. Intended Task This question required candidates to state the differences between stocks and shares as well as describe five types of shares. Most candidates who attempted this question were able to show the differences between stocks and shares and equally list out some types of shares. Their performance was quite satisfactory. Question 7 (a) Outline three measures that should be taken if imports exceed exports in Nigeria. (b) Explain three possible ways in which importation of goods into Nigeria can be restricted. (c) Give five reasons that are usually behind such restriction. Intended Task The question required candidates to outline measures to be taken if imports exceed exports in Nigeria, explain possible ways in which importation of goods into the country can be restricted and reasons why such restriction is being placed. Most candidates who attempted this question performed poorly as they could not identify measures to be taken when imports exceeds exports. They were also not able to explain ways of restriction of goods into the country as well as reasons behind such action. Question 8 (a) (b) Describe a typical chain of distribution. Explain five problems of distribution in Nigeria. Intended Task This question required candidates to show a typical chain of distribution and also explain five problems of distribution in Nigeria. Most candidates who attempted this question performed fairly well as they were able to describe chain of distribution and its problems. 13 Question 9 (a) (b) National Income + National Product – National Expenditure. Explain this statement. Discuss five main uses of National Income Estimates. Intended Task Candidates were required to explain National Income plus National Income Product and what constitutes National Expenditure, and discuss five uses of National Estimates. Most candidates who attempted this question performed poorly as they lack the understanding of the concepts. Question 10 With the aid of appropriate diagram(s), explain why the average cost curve of a firm is always U-shaped in the short run. Intended Task In this question, the candidates were asked to explain with diagram why the average curve of a firm is always. U-shaped in the short run. Few candidates who attempted this question performed poorly as they could not draw diagram to show the average curve of a firm. Question 11 (a) Explain what is meant by: (i) Balance of trade and (ii) Balance of payments. (b) Outline four causes of unfavourable balance of payment. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of basic economic concepts. Candidates’ performance was good. Question 12 (a) (b) Explain the concept of public finance. Discuss five problems of tax collection in Nigeria. Intended Task In this question, candidates were to explain the concept of public finance and also discuss five problems of tax collection in Nigeria. 14 Some candidates who answered this question performed well as they were able to explain the concept of public finance as well as identifying some problems of tax collection in Nigeria. Candidates’ Strength Ability to answer questions that need explanation. Candidates’ Weaknesses Inability to give good examples when required. Candidates’ inability to illustrate answers to questions with diagrams and mathematical explanation. Inability to understand questions and what the questions demand. Poor interpretation of questions. Suggestion for Improvement Good economics textbooks should be recommended to the students in each school, while parents and guardians should provide wards with recommended textbooks. The use of library and other resource centres should be encouraged in schools. Qualified teachers should be engaged to teach the subject. School authorities should sensitize the students on the need to prepare well for their examinations. 15 PHYSICS ESSAY (004-1) General Comments In Physics essay examination, the candidates’ performance was better than previous years. Detailed Comments on Each question Question 1 (a) (i) (ii) Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities. In a tabular form, group the following quantities into scalars and vectors: temperature, force, weight, volume, displacement, mass, energy and velocity. (b) A car starting with an initial velocity of 10ms -1accelerates uniformity at 5ms-2 for 20 seconds. Thereafter, it moves with constant velocity for 30 minutes. Brake is then applied and the velocity is reduced to 70ms-1 in 5 seconds. Draw the velocity time graph of the motion and deduce the following: the (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) highest velocity attained by the car. retardation in the last 5 seconds. total distance travelled. distance travelled in the last 5 seconds. Intended Task Candidates were required to distinguish between scalar and vector quantities, draw the velocity time graph of the motion and deduce the highest velocity attained by the car, retardation in the last 5 seconds, total distance travelled and distance travelled in the last 5 seconds. Candidates lack understanding of the use of velocity-time graph and therefore scored low marks. Question 2 (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) The linear expansivity of brass is 0.000019K-1. Explain the statement. With the aid of a diagram, describe the action of a practical device which works on the principle that different metals have different linear expansivities. A metal rod 100cm long at 20oC becomes 100.12cm long at 120oC, find the linear expansivity of the metal. If 1000m of the metal in b(i) above is heated from 0oC to 40oC, find its new length. Starting with a block of ice at -10oC, sketch the volume – temperature variation of the ice as it is heated to water at 20oC. 16 Intended Task Candidates were required to explain what linear expansivity of brass is, describe the action of a practical device which works on the principle that different metals have different linear expansivities with the aid of a diagram, and find the linear expansivity of a metal rod. They were also required to find HS new length and sketch the volume temperature variation of the ice as it is heated to water at 20oC. Candidates were unable to label graphs correctly there-by scoring low marks. Question 3 (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) State Snell’s law of refraction. Describe an experiment to show how this law can be verified in the laboratory. Calculate the apparent depth of a swimming pool 2.5m deep when viewed vertically from above. State two conditions necessary for total internal reflection to take place. State two uses of total internal reflection. Calculate the critical angle in water. (Take refractive index for light passing from air to water as 4/3). Intended Task Candidates were expected to state Snell’s law of refraction, describe an experiment to show how this law can be verified in the laboratory, calculate the apparent depth of a swimming pool 2.5m deep when viewed vertically. They were also to state two conditions and uses of total internal reflection and calculate the critical angle in water. Candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 4 (a) (i) State Ohm’s law (ii) Mention two current-carrying devices that do not obey it. Differentiate between resistance and resistivity. (b) The diagram below shows an electric circuit in which some of the quantities are represented by numbers others by X and V. 17 (i) (ii) Calculate the values of X and V. What is the combined resistance in the circuit? (c) If a wire 2m long, 0.05cm in diameter has a resistance of 3, calculate the resistance of another wire of the same materials whose length in 3m and diameter 0.06cm. Intended Task Candidates were required to state Ohm’s law, mention two current-carrying devices that do not obey it and differentiate between resistance and resistivity. It also tested the computational skills. Candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 5 (a) (i) (ii) (i) (ii) Explain how x-rays are produced. State three differences between x-rays and cathode rays. Explain the term “photoelectric effect”. Mention two factors each that affect the: (a) Number of electrons emitted from a metal surface. (b) Energy of the photoelectrons. State two everyday applications of photoelectric effect. The energy E of photons is given by E=hf. State what the symbols h and f represent and explain the significance of this equation to the model of light. (b) (c) (d) Intended Task Candidates were required to explain how x-rays are produced; state three differences between x-rays and cathode rays, explain the term “photoelectric effect”, mention effects of it, and state two everyday applications of photoelectric effect, state what the symbols h and f represent and explain the significance of this equation to the model of light. Candidates who attempted this question performed well. Candidates’ Strengths Candidates were able to distinguish between scalar and vector quantities correctly. Candidates were able to calculate the apparent depth of a swimming pool correctly. Candidates were able to explain photoelectric effect correctly. Candidates were able to state Ohm’s law correctly. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Poor graphical skills. Poor handwriting. Lack of computational skills. 18 Suggestions for Improvement Students should be encouraged to improve on their grammar. Teachers should endeavour to cover the syllabus. Students should improve on their writing skills. Students should improve on their graphical skills. Teachers should give more of class work and assignment on computation. 19 CHEMISTRY (005-1) General Comments The paper met the required standard for the level expected of the students and the questions were clear and they adequately covered the syllabus. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) i ii. i. (c) ii. i. ii. iii. (i) (ii) (iii) State three postulates of kinetic theory of gas. Neon occupies a volume of 125cmS at 17oC. Classify the following oxides into acidic basic, neutral or emphoteric, A1203, Na2C03, Mg (0H) C1, NAHC03. Define acid. What are the raw materials for manufacture of tetraoxosulphate (iv) acid by the contact process? Write an equation for the reaction that requires a catalyst in the contact process. State the catalyst used in C(ii) Write the electronic configuration of the following elements stating their group in the periodic table: 23 Na 11 40 20Ca27 13A1 Intended Task This question was well attempted by some candidates, but candidates’ performance was poor. Question 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) Give one reason each why transition metals exhibit the following properties: i. Formation of coloured iou. ii. Formation of complex iou. iii. Paramagnetism. i. Explain what is meant by acid anhydride and give one example. ii. State three properties of electrovalent bond. i. Name the three fundamental particles of an atom. ii. Calculate the percentage of water of crystallization in the compound zinc tetraozosulphate (iv) heptahydrate (ZnSo4:m 8H20). [Zn= 65,S = 32, 0 + 16, H-1]. i. What is pollution? ii. Give two effects of oil spillage. iii. Name two general methods for preparation of salt. 20 Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge of calculating percentage of water of crystallization in the compound zinc tetraoxosulphate (VI) and definition of terms. The question was attempted by many candidates and their performance was poor. Question 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) i State the law of multiple proportion. ii. List four characteristics of transition elements. What volume of dry hydrogen chloride gas at St.p will dissolve in 500cm3 of water to produce, 0.1M solution of the acid? i State two physical differences between fats and oils. ii. Explain how vegetable oil is converted to margarine. iii. Name two reagents required for the conversion of propan -2- 01 to propane. i. Write an equation to show the effect of heat on copper (ii) trioxonitrate (v). ii. Name the gas produced. Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on differentiating between fats and oil, conversion of vegetable oil to margarine, and conversion of propan -2- 01 to propane. Candidates performed poorly as they lack numerical skills and drawing ability. Question 4 (a) (b) (c) (d) i ii i. ii i ii Define element. An element X is represented as 40 20X. How many electrons and neutrons are present in the atom X? Write the electronic configuration of the atom. Name two crystalline allotropes of carbon. With the aid of a diagram, describe how you would prepare carbon (iv) oxide in the laboratory. iii Give two uses of carbon (iv) oxide. iv How would you test for carbon (iv) oxide? v What instrument is used to measure the mass of atom accurately? Chlorine whose atomic number is 17 reacts with the element 40 20X to form a compound: i. What type of bond is formed between X and chlorine? ii. Write the formula of the compound formed. iii. State the properties of the compound formed. Intended Task The question assessed the candidates’ knowledge of the number of electrons and neutrons present in an atom, crystalline allotropes and carbon, carbon (iv) oxides and elements. The question was attempted by candidates and their performances were good. 21 Question 5 (a) (b) State Le chatelier’s principle. State the effect of increase in pressure on these reactions. (i) N20 4(g) 2NO2(g). (ii) N2(g)+3H2(g). 2NH 3(g). (iii) H2(g)+12(g). 2NH 1(g). (c) (i) In the electrolysis of dilute H2 SO4 (acidified Water) using platinum electrodes. (a) Name the gases evolved at the cathode. (b) Write down the cathodic and anodic reactions that give rise to these gases. (ii) If a current of 3A is passed through a solution of copper (ii) tetraoxosulphate (vi) solution. Calculate the mass of copper deposited (Cu = 64, If = 96,500c) (d) (i) Give one example of each of the following oxides: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) acidic oxides. basic oxides. amphoderic oxides. Neutral oxides. (ii) Identify X, Y and Z in the following equations. (i) (ii) (iii) 238 234 92 90Th + X 14 4 17 7N + Ho 80+Y 234 234 90Th 91 P a+z Intended Task This question required candidates’ knowledge on chemical properties, though the question was well attempted by many of the candidates, their performance was poor because of lack of numerical ability. Candidates’ Strengths Candidates had good knowledge in application of principles. Ability to answer questions that require name, list, recall and definitions. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression and spellings. Inability to write correct balanced chemical equations. Lack of numerical ability in solving mathematical problems. 22 Suggestions for Improvement Guidance and counseling teacher should be employed in schools to aid and direct the students on what subjects to offer. Qualified chemistry teachers with education background should be employed. In-service training should be organized for teachers to update their knowledge in Chemistry. 23 BIOLOGY (006-1) General Comments The paper met the required standard for the examination of the subject at this level. The questions were straight forward and covered the syllabus. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (i) (ii) Distinguish between Science and Biology. State two advantages of scientific methods. (b) (c) Mention three problems often encountered in designing controlled experiments. List four usefulness of Biology. Intended Task The question tested candidates on the basic concepts of Biology. Candidates were also expected to differentiate between Science and Biology, and to state two advantages of scientific methods. Most candidates were not able to provide the correct responses hence, they performed fairly well. Question 2 (a) Define humus. (b) (i) (ii) State three characteristics of humus. List the three other components of soil. (c) (i) (ii) Mention three roles of micro organisms in the maintenance of soil fertility. Give two economic importance of mixed cropping. Intended Task The question tested candidates on flowering plants and soil science. Candidates were expected to state the characteristics of humus, list three components of soil, mention three roles of micro organisms in the maintenance of soil fertility and to give two economic importance of mixed cropping. Majority of the candidates displayed good understanding of the characteristics of humus and roles of micro-organism in the maintenance of soil fertility. Their performance was good. 24 Question 3 (a) (b) (c) What are the conditions necessary for photosynthesis to take place? Make a well labeled diagram of a typical plant cell to show its features. In tabular form, differentiate between tropic and nastic movements. Intended Task The question tested candidates on photosynthesis and plant cell. Candidates were expected to state the conditions necessary for photosynthesis and to draw a well labeled plant cell as well as the various plant movements. Some candidates wrote the factors necessary for photosynthesis correctly hence, their performance was good. Question 4 (a) (i) (ii) Explain two ways of caring for teeth. State the role of the following hormones in human: (a) Prolactin. (b) Oestrogen. (c) Testosterone. (b) Mention three functions of leucocytes in the circulatory system. (c) Give four characteristics features of mammals. Intended Task The question tested candidates on animal Biology. Candidates were expected to explain two ways of caring for teeth, roles of various hormones in human, mention three functions of leucocytes in the circulatory system and to give four characteristics features of mammals. Majority of the candidates were able to provide explanation on ways of caring for the teeth. Their performance was good. Question 5 (a) (b) (c) State three functions of protein in humans. List five methods of preserving food and give one example of food preserved by methods listed in (a) above. Mention four functions of neurons. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of human and food preservation. Candidates were expected to state three functions of protein in human, list five methods of preserving food and to mention four functions of neutrons. 25 Majority of those that attempted the question were able to list the functions of protein, hence their performance was good. Question 6 (a) (b) (c) Describe briefly the effect of each of the following on econsystem: (i) Bush burning; (ii) Pesticides; (iii) Fertilizers. Give two ways in which genetics has contributed to the improvement of agriculture. Define each of the following terms with suitable examples: (i) Allele (ii) Back cross (iii) Incomplete dominance and (iv) Heterozygous genes. Intended Task The question tested candidates on Genetics and Ecology. Candidates were expected to describe briefly, the effect of some human activity on the ecosystem, give two ways in which genetics has contributed to the improvement of Agriculture and provide definition of some terminologies. Some candidates showed lack of understanding of basic genetic terminology, hence, they did not perform well. Candidates’ Strengths Ability to answer question on food preservation. Good understanding of the characteristics of humus and roles of micro-organisms in the maintenance of soil fertility. Good knowledge of caring for the teeth. Understanding of the questions on ecosystem. Candidates Weaknesses Inability to state the definition of Science as a process or method of discovering our world. Wrong spelling of technical terms. Poor diagrams. Poor grammatical expression. Poor knowledge of genetics. Suggestions for Improvement Teachers should teach students the basic concepts of the subject. Emphasis should be placed on dictation exercise in class. Teachers should emphasize the importance of drawing skills. The teaching of English Language should be intensified. Candidates should cultivate the culture of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. 26 BIOLOGY PRACTICAL (006-2) General Comments The questions met the requirements of the examination and compared with those of previous years, the performance of candidates was low. The questions required straight forward answers. Detailed Comments on Each question Question 1 The question contained 15 short structured multiple questions Intended task The candidates were expected to provide brief answers to the short questions. Majority of the candidates attempted it and responded positively. Question 2 (a) Identify specimens A, B and C without reasons. Intended Task The candidates were expected to identify specimens A, B and C without reasons. The candidates were unable to identify specimens A, B and C thereby, scoring low. (b) Name one agent of pollination in each of the specimens A, B and C. Intended Task The candidates were expected to name one agent of pollination in each of the specimens A, B and C. Most candidates were unable to name one agent of pollination in each of the specimens A, B and C, hence, they scored poorly. (c) What type of germination is exhibited by specimens A and C? Intended Task Candidates were expected to name the type of germination exhibited by specimens A and C, which they could not name hence the low scoring. (d) How does specimen C contribute to the fertility of the soil when cultivated? 27 Intended Task Candidates were expected to explain how specimen C contributes to the fertility of the soil when cultivated. Candidates could not explain how specimen C contributes to the fertility of the soil when cultivated; hence, they had average score. (e) Using a blade or scalpel provided, obtain a longitudinal section of specimen B. Draw and label fully. Your drawing should be between 8 –10 cm long. Intended Task Candidates were expected to obtain a longitudinal section of specimen B using a blade or scalpel provided, draw and label it fully. Candidates could not draw, label or obtain a longitudinal section of specimen B using a blade or scalpel provided. Candidates performed fairly well. Question 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Identify specimens D, E and F without reasons. To what class of animal does each specimen belong? State two observable differences and two observable similarities in the specimens. How is specimen F adapted to his mode of feeding? State one economic importance of specimen F. Intended Task The question required knowledge of candidates on specimens, classes of specimens and importance of specimens. Quite a number of candidates understood the question well and performed well. Question 4 (a) Copy and complete the table bellow: i. ii. iii. iv. (b) Disease Sleeping sickness Yellow fever Malarias Dengue fever Vector - Parasite - Mention one mode of transmission and one symptom each of the following diseases. (i) Measles, (ii) Small pox, (iii) Cholera and (iv) Poliomyelitis. 28 (c) List two ways by which malaria can be controlled. Intended Task The question demanded the candidates’ knowledge of diseases, mode of transmission of diseases and way by which malaria can be controlled. Some candidates lack knowledge about the subject matter, thereby, performing averagely. Question 5 An aquatic fresh water environment serves as the habitat for the following organisms: Kingfisher, Zooplankton, fish and Phytoplankton. (a) Construct a simple food chain using the organisms listed above. (b) What is the urological implication of introducing fisherman into the environment? (c) Of what importance is the phytoplankton to the ecosystem? Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge of ecosystem and environment. Many of the candidates did well in the ecology aspect of the questions, thereby performing well. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Inadequate drawing skills. Suggestions for Improvement Emphasis should be laid on the teaching of English Language. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novel, journals, magazines, etc. Candidates should be given practicals exercises that involve drawing skills. 29 LITERATURE-IN-ENGLISH (007-1) General Comments The questions covered the entire syllabus. The candidates’ performances were quite good compared to previous years. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 Discuss the role of Pokuwaa’s mother in Asare Konadu’s A Woman in Her Prime. Intended Task The candidates were expected to stress the specific roles of the character involved. The performance was poor. Question 2 The success of the novelist is in the techniques used. Discuss four major narrative techniques that contributed to the success of Asare Konadu in A woman in Her Prime. Intended Task The candidates were expected to discuss four major techniques which contributed to the success of Asare Konadu in the novel. The candidates were unable to discuss four major narrative techniques: Analogy, sarcasm, suspense allegorical and the rules. Hence their performance was poor. Question 3 Discuss the significance of flashback and irony in Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus. Intended Task The candidates were required to bring out points on flash back. Some of the candidates performance was good. Question 4 Describe the campus riot scene in Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus. 30 Intended Task Candidates were expected to describe the campus riot scene as reflected in the test. The candidates were unable to point out what led to the campus riot. Hence, their performance was poor. Question 5 “Inherent wickedness in human nature” aptly summarizes the thrust of the novel with close reference to the text. Discuss this statement in relation to William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. Intended Task The candidates were expected to summarize the thrust of the novel with reference to the text. Candidates were unable to write on how Piggy died and what killed him. Hence, they performed poorly. Question 6 Discuss the use of symbolism and mention any three important symbols that the novelist has successfully used. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of symbolism. Most points mentioned by the candidates were sketchy. Hence they performed poorly. Question 7 “Man’s life at all times runs in conflict with nature.” With close reference to the text, discuss this home of conflict between man and nature as portrayed by the story teller. Intended Task The candidates were expected to bring out the conflict that existed between man and nature The candidates failed to mention the old man’s struggles. Hence, they performed poorly. Question 8 Discuss the theme of heroism in Earnest Hemming ways The Old Man and the Sea. Intended Task Candidates were expected to discuss the theme of heroism from the text. Some candidates failed to mention Santiago’s bravery and boldness. Hence, their performance was poor. 31 Candidates’ Strengths Some of the roles were well discussed. Majority of the candidates explained irony well. The ironical situation in Engene’s family was well discussed. The candidates started well explaining how Aunty Ifeoma was sacked. The character of Jack as an evil boy was well stated. Candidates displayed knowledge of Santiago’s heroism. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Lack of knowledge of the story line. The candidates concentrated more on one aspect at the expense of the others. The candidates failed to mention the scene of the riot. Most candidates did not understand what is meant by symbolic expression. Poor referencing. Mis-interpretation of simple and straight forward question by the candidates. The candidates could not comprehend what heroism suggests. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should make effort to buy and read their text books. They should be taught the techniques of answering questions in Literature-in-English Teachers’ should go extra miles in teaching the students basic grammatical rules and encourage them to improve on their vocabularies. Teachers of Literature should see it beyond mere telling of stories in the classroom, good analyses of the stories, and their interpretations should be well taught. Literary devices should also be taught. Examination questions and suggested answers should be thoroughly tackled in the classes before examination. The use of “key points” and other incomprehensive commentary text books should be discouraged. 32 LITERATURE-IN-ENGLISH (007-2) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was good. Question 1 Femi Osofisan WOMEN of Owu with Edoser With close reference to the text examine critically Erelu’s attitude to the gods. Intended Task The candidates were expected to critically examine Erelu’s attitude to the gods. The candidates’ references to the text were not satisfactory. They were unable to give the answers to the questions. Hence they performed poorly. Question 2 Discuss two dramatic elements used in the play in Women of Owu. Intended Task The candidates were expected to discuss two dramatic elements used. They failed to explain the two dramatic elements used in the play. Hence, they performed poorly. Question 3 Kobina Sekyi’s The Blinkards How far it is true to say that Sekyi’s The Blinkards is a satire on all the marks of a decadent, pseudo – western civilization. Intended Task The candidates were expected to prove whether the novel was a satire on all the marks of a decadent, psedo-western civilization. The candidates could not adequately respond to the question, which made them to lose relevant marks. Question 4 Write on the character and the role played by: (i) Oyimdzi and (ii) Mrs. Borofosem. 33 Intended Task The candidates were expected to write on the character and role of Onyimdzi and Mrs. Borofosem. The candidates were unable to distinguish between roles and character. Question 5 Give a vivid account of the first encounter between Raina and Bluntschli in the play. Intended Task The candidates were required to give a vivid account of the first encounter between Raina and Bluntschli in the play. The candidates could not adequately respond to the question which made them to lose marks. Question 6 Discuss the theme of love in Shaw’s Arms and the Man. Intended Task The question required the candidates to discuss the theme of love in Shaw’s Arms and the Man. The candidates could not address the theme ‘love.’ This attracted some loss of marks. Question 7 Osccir Wilde: The importance of Being Earnest. Justify the title of the play with Gwendolens’s attitude to her marriage with Jack. Intended Task The candidates were expected to justify the title of the play with Gwendolen’s attitude to her marriage with Jack. The candidates’ performance was poor as they were unable to give the answer to the question. Question 8 With close reference to the play, discuss how hypocrisy and deception are portrayed in the play. Intended Task The candidates were asked to discuss how hypocrisy and deception are portrayed in the play. Those who answered the question did well as many did not attempt the question. 34 Question 9 Identify four poetic devices employed by the poet to illustrate his message in “Ambassador of poverty”. Many candidates who attempted this question did not meet the demand of the question as they failed to discuss the various aspects employed by the poet. They therefore performed poorly. Question 10 With reference to the poetic devices and other imaginistic attributes, give an account of Lenrie Peters’ ‘The Fence’. Intended Task The candidates were expected to give an account of Lenire Peters ‘The Fence’, but most of them gave wrong answers. Hence, they performed poorly. Question 11 Discuss the theme of deceit in Fletcher’s “Upon an Honest Man’s Fortune”. Intended Task The candidates were expected to discuss the theme of deceit in the novel. The candidates could not adequately respond to the question which made them to lose relevant marks. Question 12 Assess Williams words worth’s “Dafforlds” bringing out its properties as a nature poem. Intended Task The candidates were asked to bring out the properties that qualify the poem as a nature poem. The candidates were unable to bring out enough facts to back up their answers. This made them lose marks. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Illogical sequencing of ideas. Inadequate referencing. Answers to most questions were scanty. Misinterpretation of questions. Wrong approaches to questions. Over reliance on key points and other sub-standard text books. 35 Suggestion for Improvement There is need to effectively supervise the teaching of poetry. More written exercises should be undertaken by the students. Teachers should ensure that candidates actually read and study the selected texts. The techniques of interpretation and understanding of questions should form part of the teaching and preparation of students for the examination. The teachers should prepare students with past questions and present to them the acceptable methods of answering questions. There is need for total re-orientation of the students’ attitudes to studies generally. Literature teachers should see the subject beyond narration of stories but should be able to infer from texts. 36 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (008-1) General Comments The paper met the required standard for the examination and the performance of the candidates was good but lower compared to the previous year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) Mention four relevance of ICT to education. State any three devices necessary to facilitate ICT. Distinguish between ROM and RAM. Explain briefly a Micro Computer. Intended Task The candidates were required to mention four (4) relevance of ICT to education, state any three (3) devices necessary to facilitate ICT, distinguish between ROM and RAM and explain briefly a micro computer. Most candidates answered question 1b – Id correctly however, question 1a was poorly answered by majority of the candidates. Question 2 (a) (b) (c) Define the term “Computer”. Write short notes on the following: (i) Micro Computer, (ii) Mini Computer and (ii) Main Frame Computer. Mention and explain the functions of any two computer devices. Intended Task The candidates were expected to define computer and write notes on some computer terms. They were also to mention and explain two computer devices. The question was correctly answered by many candidates. Hence, the candidates’ presentation of answers was good. Question 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) State two uses of presentation software. Give three examples of presentation software. State how a presentation can be created in power point using Auto Content Wizard. Give three uses of the slide master in powerpoint. 37 Intended Task The candidates were required to state two (2) uses of presentation software, give three (3) examples of presentation software, state how a presentation can be created in power point using auto-content wizard and give three (3) uses of slide master in powerpoint. Majority of candidates answered question 3 poorly. Question 4 (a) (b) (c) Define the term “Database Management System” (DBMS). Why is it necessary to store data in a database? Explain the following terms: (i) A file, (ii) A record and (iii) Field. Intended Task The candidates were required to define the term “Database Management System” (DBMS), state why it is necessary to store data in a database and explain a file, a record and field. The question was fairly answered by most candidates. Question 5 Write short notes on the following internet terms: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Browser, Website, HTML, HTTP, URL and Home page. Intended Task The candidates were required to write short notes on browser, website, HTML, HTTP, URL and home page. This question was fairly attempted by the candidates. 38 PART III AUTOCAD I & II Question 6 (a) (b) State briefly how AutoCAD can be loaded. State how lines can be drawn in AutoCAD using the following methods: (i) Draw toolbar, (ii) Continue option, (iii) Close option and (iii) Undo option. Intended Task The candidates were required to state how Auto CAD can be loaded, state how lines can be drawn in AutoCAD using draw toolbar, continue option, close option and undo option. Majority of the candidates could not answer the question on Auto CAD correctly. performance was poor. Hence, their Question 7 (a) (b) State how a new layer can be created in an AutoCAD environment. Outline the steps necessary to change layers in an AutoCAD drawing. Intended Task The candidates were required to state how a new layer can be created in AutoCAD environment and outline the steps necessary to change layers in an Auto CAD drawing. The question was not answered correctly by many candidates. They had no knowledge on Auto CAD drawing. Hence, they performed poorly. Candidates’ Weaknesses Lack of knowledge on ICT Register. Some candidates were deficient in grammatical expression. Majority of the candidates were deficient in AutoCAD. 39 Suggestion for Improvements Schools should employ qualified and experienced ICT teachers. Schools should obtain and follow NABTEB syllabus on ICT for effective instructional delivery. Schools should provide functional and internet – ready computer laboratory equipped with adequate computer and software (including AutoCAD software.) Schools should equip libraries with current ICT books. Teachers of ICT should endeavour to enlighten students on how to answer different question patterns e.g. definitions, writing short notes, explaining concepts and giving full meanings of acronyms. 40 SECTION TWO BUSINESS TRADE 41 OFFICE PRACTICE (413) General Comments The paper had an improvement on the last year’s questions. The candidates’ performance was good. Detailed Comments Question 1 (a) (b) State five advantages and five disadvantages of office machines. Write short notes on the following: (i) Dictating machine and (ii) Collating machine. Intended Task The candidates were expected to mention or state five advantages and five disadvantages of office machine while the second part of the question required them to write briefly on dictating and collating machines. Some candidates still had problem identifying office machines and failed to explain collating and dictating machines. Question 2 (a) (b) List five means of oral communication used in a business. State five disadvantages of oral communication. Intended Task The candidates were required to list five means and five disadvantages of oral communication used in a business. Their performance was fairly good. Question 3 (a) (b) (c) Define “Recruitment.” Mention four purposes of interviewing applicants for employment. Name four sources of recruitment. Intended Task The candidates were expected to define the term “recruitment” and to name four sources of recruitment also required from the candidates was to mention four purpose of interviewing applicants before employment. The candidates’ performance was good. 42 Question 4 (a) (b) Briefly explain “line organization structure”. State five principles of good organization. Intended Task The candidates were asked to explain what is meant by “line organization/structure” and equally to state five principles of a good organization. The candidates performed well. Question 5 (a) (b) Distinguish between open and close office layout. Mention three advantages and three disadvantages of private office. Intended Task The candidates were required to distinguish between open and close office layout in an organization. They were also required to mention three advantages and disadvantages of private office. The candidates’ performance was good. Question 6 (a) (b) (c) Explain the term “a/c payee only”. State four items of information contained in a cheque. Give six reasons for dishonouring a cheque. Intended Task The candidates were expected to explain the term “a/c payee only” and state four information that are contained in a cheque. Also expected of them was to give six reasons why a cheque can be dishonoured. Most of the candidates could not explain the meaning of “a/c payee”. Question 7 (a) State two functions each of the following departments of a business organization. (i) Sales Department, (ii) Production Department, (iii) Purchasing Department and (iv) Accounts Department. 43 Intended Task In this question, candidates were tested on the various functions of different departments of an organization by demanding that they should mention at least two each of the departments. However, some candidates were unable to state the functions of the purchasing department in a business organization, hence, they performed poorly. Question 8 (a) (b) Mention five roles of a Secretary before a meeting. Write briefly on the following: (i) Ad-hoc committee, (ii) AGM, (iii) Adoption of minutes, (iv) Adjournment of meeting and (v) Motion. Intended Task The candidates were required to mention five roles of a secretary before a meeting, write briefly on Adhoc Committee, AGM, adoption of minutes, adjournment of meeting and motion. The candidates that attempted it performed well. Question 9 (a) Mention three machines each used in handling: (i) Incoming mail and (ii) Outgoing mail. (b) State the main purpose of each of the following documents: (i) Credit Note, (ii) Delivery Note and (iii) Advice Note. Intended Task The candidates were required to mention three machines used in handling incoming and outgoing mails. Part “b” of the question required them to state the main purpose of credit note, delivery note and advice note. The few candidates who attempted this question could not correctly mention the machines for handling incoming and outgoing mails. This is an obvious indication of lack of knowledge of the questions arising from poor or non-coverage of the syllabus. 44 Question 10 Explain when the following office terms can be used: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Enc., 1 ½ per 1500 units, Cash discount, Tickler and bcc. Intended Task The question expected the candidates to explain when the listed terms could be used: Enc, 1½ per, 1500 units, cash discount, tickler and bcc. The question was generally avoided by many of the candidates. This is an indication of lack of knowledge of the questions arising from possibly poor or non-coverage of the syllabus. Candidates’ Strengths In question 1 (a) a good number of the candidates were able to state the advantages and disadvantages of office machines. In Question 2(a). Many candidates listed the means of oral communication correctly. Many candidates answered question 6(b) and (c) correctly. In question 8, most candidates were able to write vividly on ad-hoc committee, AGM, and motion as used in meetings. The few candidates, who attempted question 9 stated correctly the main use of credit note. Few of the candidates who attempted question 10 were able to explain the term cash discount correctly. Candidates’ Weaknesses Inadequate preparation for the examination. Misinterpretation of questions. Inability to clearly express themselves. Suggestions for Improvement Students should endeavour to have current edition of relevant text books. Students should be encouraged to read their books. Students should be encouraged to attempt past question papers. Teachers should try and cover syllabus. Schools should intensify the teaching of English Language to avoid grammatical errors. 45 COMMERCE (421) General Comments The question covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was better. Detailed Comments Question 1 (a) (b) State the differences between trade and commerce. Explain four functions of commerce. Intended Task Candidates were expected to differentiate between trade and commerce, and to explain in detail four functions of commerce. The candidates were unable to differentiate between trade and commerce and to equally state four functions of commerce. Question 2 (a) (b) What is occupation? Explain two types of industrial occupation and two types of commercial occupation. Intended Task Candidates were expected to define occupation and to explain two types of industrial occupations and two types of commercial occupation. Majority of the candidates performed well. Question 3 (a) (b) State five channels of distribution for consumer goods. Explain five factors to be considered before choosing a particular channel. Intended Task Candidates were expected to state five channels of distribution for consumer goods and to explain five factors to be considered before choosing a particular channel. The candidates mentioned the various channels of distribution for consumer goods. Some candidates equally gave reasons for choosing a particular channel. Their performance was fair. 46 Question 4 (a) (b) Define production. With the aid of a well labeled diagram, illustrate the main divisions and subdivisions of production. Intended Task Candidates were expected to define production, and to illustrate with the aid of a well labeled diagram, the main divisions and subdivisions of production. They had problem of linking lines from one division and subdivisions of production correctly. Question 5 (a) (b) State five characteristics of a limited liability company. Mention and explain five problems associated with international trade. Intended Task Candidates were expected to state five characteristics of a limited liability company, and to mention and explain five problems associated with international trade. They failed to mention trading certificates, issue of debentures and transfer of shares through stock exchange. Their performance was poor. Question 6 (a) (b) Explain five roles of transport to businessmen. State two characteristics of ocean liners and three characteristics of tramp vessels. Intended Task Candidates were expected to explain five roles of transport to businessmen, state two characteristics of ocean liners and three characteristics of tramp vessels. Many of those that attempted it performed well. Question 7 (a) (b) What is money? State and explain two qualities and three functions of money. Intended Task Candidates were expected to define money, state and explain two qualities and three functions of money. Their performance was fair. 47 Question 8 (a) (b) State five obstacles working against the achievement of ECOWAS objectives. Explain five objectives of ECOWAS. Intended Task Candidates were expected to state five obstacles working against the achievement of ECOWAS objectives and to explain five objectives of ECOWAS. The candidates that attempted it performed well. Question 9 (a) (b) (c) What do you understand by consumerism? Give four reasons why consumers need protection. Explain four measures taken by government or association to protect consumers in Nigeria. Intended Task Candidates were expected to define and explain consumerism, give four reasons why consumers need protections and explain four measures taken by government or associations to protect consumers in Nigeria. The candidates that attempted it performed poorly. Question 10 (a) (b) Define sales promotion. Explain five techniques of sales promotion. Intended Task Candidates were expected to define sales promotion and to explain five techniques of sales promotion. The candidates that attempted it performed well. Candidates’ Strength Good understanding of the questions. Candidates’ Weakness Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Teachers should endeavour to cover all aspects of the syllabus. Candidates should cultivate habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc Teachers should emphasize the teaching of English Language. 48 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING (423) General Comments The question paper is like other years. Candidates’ performance was just fair. Detailed Comments on the Questions Question 1 (a) (b) List and explain briefly, the four classifications of cost found in the preparation of manufacturing accounts. Explain the following terms: (i) market value, (ii) Prime cost and (iii) Profit on manufacture. Intended Task The candidates were expected to list and explain four classifications of cost found in manufacturing accounts and to explain (a) market value (b) prime cost and (c) profit on manufacturing. Candidates were able to differentiate between market value and profit on manufacturing accounts. However, some of them failed to explain prime cost and profit on manufacture. Their performance was average Question 2 (a) (b) List six users of accounting information. Mention nine items that can be found on payment voucher of an establishment. Intended Task In this question, the candidates were required to list six users of accounting information and to mention nine items that can be found on payment voucher of an establishment. The candidates who attempted this question did not understand the difference between users and uses of accounting information and the contents of payment voucher. Hence, their performance was poor. 49 Question 3 On January 1, 2005, Usman Madaki consigned to Nwoke M, 300 bales of damask materials costing N300:00. He incurred the following expenses: N Carriage to Port 5,000.00 Telephone 1,000.00 Warehousing 500.00 Nwoke M. received the goods on 27th January, 2005 and paid the following expenses: Dock & Landing charges 3,700.00 Warehousing 400.00 3,000.00 Insurance Sales commission wage 5% and credited commission 2 ½ %. On 31st March, 2005, Nwoke M sold the goods for N500,000 and settled the net proceeds on 30th April, 2005. You are required to prepare: (a) Account sale. (b) Consignment to Nwoke M. (c) Consignment outwards account. Intended Task Candidates were expected to prepare account sales and consignments for Nwoke M. Their response to the question was encouraging. Few of the candidates omitted putting their signature on the consignment accounts. 50 Question 4 The following balances were extracted from the books of Biola & Sons at 31/12/06. N Sales Capital Creditor Discount received Bank overdraft Discount allowed Bad debt Sundry expenses Debtors Purchases Wages Stock 1/1/06 Stock 31/12/06 Motor Van Drawing Building Furniture Return Outwards Return Inwards 23,000.00 16,000.00 1,895.00 25.00 2,620.00 63.00 55.00 1,050.00 1,200.00 7,200.00 850.00 2,000.00 1,650.00 18,000.00 2,500.00 7,000.00 2,500.00 400.00 32.00 You are required to prepare: (a) (b) Trial balance from the above balances. Trading, profit and loss account for Biola & Sons for the year ended 31st December, 2006. Intended Task The candidates were expected to prepare: (a) Trial balance from the above balances. (b) Trading, Profit and Loss account for Biola & Sons for the year ended 31st December 2006. This question was on the preparation of final account, trial balance, trading and profit and loss account. Many candidates scored poor marks because they did not prepare the account correctly. Also, there was no indication of cost of goods available and of goods sold in Biola & Sons in their answers. 51 Question 5 The following Trial Balance was extracted from the books of D. Bala as at 31st December, 2006. Particulars Dr. N 2,500.00 2,859.00 1,110.00 45,470.00 3,816.00 5,640.00 7,860.00 39,054.00 4,800.00 2,200.00 32,500.00 11,000.00 6,285.00 28,370.00 13,370.00 Delivery Van Expenses Lighting Factory Office Manufacturing Wages General Expenses: Office Factory Salesman’s Commission Purchases of Raw Materials Rent: Factory Office Machinery (Cost N50,000) Office Equipment (Cost N15,000) Office Salaries Debtors and Creditors Bank Sales Premises at Cost Stoke 1/1/06 Raw Materials Finished Goods Capital Cr. N 19,450.00 136,500.00 40,000.00 8,565.00 29,480.00 293,406.00 137,456.00 293,406.00 Additional Information: (a) (b) (c) (d) Stocks at 31/12/06 were as follows: Raw materials 9,050 Finished goods 31,200 Depreciate Mechinery at 5% on cost. Manufacturing wages due but unpaid at 10% on cost. Office rent prepaid at 31/12/08. You are required to prepare the manufacturing, trading and loss account for the year ended 31st December, 2006. 52 Intended Task The candidates were expected to prepare the manufacturing, Trading, Profit and Loss account for the year ended 31st December 2006. Many of the candidates made impressive attempts by answering the questions on manufacturing account well. Question 6 Particulars Freehold premises Capital 1/1/2006 Debtors and creditors Furniture and fittings at cost Rent: factory Electricity Provision for bad debts 1/1/06 Office Equipment at cost N20,000 Stock 1/1/06 Rates Cash in hand Bank overdraft Bank charges Purchases and sales Carriage inwards Salaries Discounts Dr. N 50,000.00 282,750.00 16,250.00 950.00 675.00 Cr. N 81,445.00 26,150.00 288.00 15,500.00 7,750.00 625.00 137.00 4,475.00 373.00 60,750.00 395.00 1,700.00 485.00 186,690.00 74,000.00 332.00 186,690.00 You are required to prepare: (a) (b) Trading, profit and loss account for the year ended 31st December, 2006. Balance sheet as at 31st December, 2006. Intended Task The candidates were required to prepare: (a) trading, profit and loss account for the year ended 31st December, 2006. (b) Balance sheet as at 31st December 2006. Those that attempted this question showed a reasonable knowledge of the question and had good scores. 53 Question 7 On March 1 2005, Gambo entered into Joint Venture with Haruna for the purchase and sale of refrigerators. Gambo bought 100 medium refrigerators at N630 each. On March 10, Haruna remitted N35,000 to Gambo as his contribution to the purchase. On March 13, Gambo sent 80 refrigerators to Haruna who sold them at N700 each. Haruna incurred the following expenses: Storage N20.00 Lighting N5.00 Transportation N35.00 On the other hand, Haruna sold the 20 refrigerators with him at N720 each after incurring n50 sundry expenses. The agreement provided that profits and losses would be shared in the ratio 3:2 between Garba and Haruna respectively. You are required to prepare the: (a) appropriate ledger accounts in the books of Garba and Haruna. (b) memorandum Joint Venture Account. Intended Task The candidates were expected to prepare: (a) Appropriate ledger accounts in the books of Garba and haruna. (b) Memorandum Joint Venture Account. The candidates did not do well in this question as they displayed poor computation skill in preparing joint venture account. Candidates’ Weaknesses Most candidates did not know how to address the additional information in question 5. No indication of cost of goods available for sale and cost of goods sold in Biola and Sons in question 4. Poor computational skill in Joint Venture Account. Suggestions for Improvement Students should be made to purchase the current syllabus for proper study. Modern and current test books in accounting should be recommended by teachers for the students. Qualified subject teachers should be employed to teach the students. 54 SALESMANSHIP (431) The paper met the required standard and the candidates’ performance was good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 State and explain five benefits of good business ethics. Intended Task The question required candidates to state and explain five benefits of business ethics. The question was attempted by only one candidate and he performed well. Question 2 Explain the following terms: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Authorized capital, Issued capital, Fixed capital, Working capital and Called up capital. Intended Task The question required the candidates to explain the items listed above. The question was attempted by all candidates and they performed well. Question 3 Name and explain the four stages in a product life cycle. Intended Task The question required candidates to explain the four stages in a product life cycle. Those who attempted the question failed to arrange the stages in a product life cycle, hence, they performed poorly. Question 4 (a) Define the term personality in relation to selling. (b) Mention and explain five kinds of personality. 55 Intended Task The question required candidates to define the term ‘personality’. The candidates however, lacked the understanding of the term “personality’ hence, they performed poorly. Question 5 (a) List five advantages of Public Limited Liability Company. (b) Explain the advantages mentioned in (5a) above. Intended Task The question required candidates to list five advantages of a Public Limited Liability Company. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 6 (a) Define the term “product.” (b) State two importance of having knowledge of a product in relation to selling. (c) Explain the following: i. durable goods ii. non-durable goods. Intended Task The question required candidates to define the term ‘product’ and explain the terms durable goods and non-durable goods. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 7 (a) Explain the term “Trade Unionism”. (b) State three functions of trade union. (c) State two problems of unionism. Intended Task The question required candidates to explain the term ‘Trade Unionism’. Those who attempted the question discussed trade association instead of trade unionism; hence, they performed below expectation. Question 8 (a) Define the term “close of sales”. (b) Explain the term “trial close”. (c) Mention the two most common methods of closing sale. 56 Intended Task The question required candidates to define the term ‘close of sales’ and explain ‘trial close’. No candidate attempted this question. Question 9 (a) List five personal qualities required for effective selling. (b) Explain three of the personal qualities mentioned in 9(a) above. (c) Differentiate between customer and consumer. Intended Task The question required candidates to list five personal qualities required for effective selling. They were also to differentiate between customer and consumer. Those who attempted the question performed poorly. Question 10 (a) Explain the term “Pre-approach” in planning. (b) Mention two types of pre-approach information. (c) Differentiate between the two pre-approaches mentioned in 10 (a). Intended task The question required candidates’ knowledge to explain the terms ‘Pre-approach’ in planning. Many of the candidates attempted the question and they performed well. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor expression by candidates. Most of the students were involved in guess work. Poor grammatical expression. Many concepts/topics were not understood by the candidates. Suggestions for Improvement Teachers should be detailed enough while teaching. Attempts should be made to cover the entire aspects of the syllabus. 57 SECTION THREE TECHNICAL TRADES 58 TRACTOR SYSTEM (012-1) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus. The candidates’ performance was better compared to the previous year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) State one function of each of the following tractor components (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b) Front Weight, Dip Stick, Leveling Lever and Pedal Lock Latch. With the aid of a well labeled line diagram, explain the functions of the connecting rod. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on tractor. Candidates were expected to state one function each of the components listed above. Equally, they were to explain the functions of the connecting rod with the aid of a well labeled line diagram. The performance of the candidates was on the average. However, majority of them failed to answer question 1a(iv) correctly. Question 2 (a) With the use of sketch, describe the function of a simple carburettor. (b) (i) Define “internal combustion engine”. (ii) State two differences between petrol and diesel engines. Intended Task The candidates were required to describe the function of a simple carburettor with the use of sketch, define internal combustion engine and state two differences between petrol and diesel engines. The performance of the candidates was poor. Question 3 (a) (b) What is airlock? (i) Describe the process of eliminating air lock. (ii) Give two reasons for keeping the fuel for diesel engine clean. 59 Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of air-lock. The candidates were required to give the meaning of airlock, describe the process of eliminating air lock and give two reasons for keeping the fuel for diesel engine clean. The candidates answered question (a) correctly, but failed to answer ‘b’ correctly hence, their performance was on the average. Question 4 With the aid of a line diagram, explain the principles of operation of the coil ignition system used on a four-cylinder petrol engine. Intended Task The candidates were expected to explain the principles of operation of the coil ignition system used on a four-cylinder petrol engine with the aid of a line diagram. Many of the candidates answered this question well by drawing the line diagram of a coil ignition system proportionately. Question 5 (a) (b) List four components of a steering linkage. (i) Show with simple sketch only, the arrangement of a tractor hydraulic system. (ii) List four parts of the hydraulic system sketched in (bi) above. Intended Task The candidates were required to list four components of a steering linkage, show the arrangement of a tractor hydraulic system with a simple sketch and list four parts of the hydraulic system sketched in (bi) above. However, the candidates’ performance was on the average. Question 6 (a) (b) What is poor transmission in a farm tractor? (i) Mention three methods of transmitting drive from one point to another. (ii) Name four factors that determine selection of belt in transmission of power. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of transmission. Candidates were expected to define power transmission in a farm tractor, mention three methods of transmitting drive from one point to another and name four factors that determine selection of belt in transmission of power. Most of the candidates answered question 6(bi) correctly, hence, their performance was good. 60 Question 7 (a) (b) Differentiate between cam drive and pawl and ratchet drive. (i) Draw and label a pawl and ratchet drive. Intended Task The candidates were required to differentiate between cam drive and pawl and ratchet drive and were also expected to draw and label a pawl and ratchet drive, and define a cam lobe, state two places where cam can be located in a tractor engine. The candidates could not attempt question (7a) at all. They failed to define a cam lobe and its location in a tractor engine; hence, their performance was poor. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Poor handwriting. Poor identification of parts and their functions. Poor drawing skills. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should try to read and understand instructions on the front page of answer booklet and question paper before attempting any question. Teachers should endeavour to cover all aspects of the syllabus with the students. The teaching of English Language should be intensified. Orientation on how to answer questions should be given to candidates by their respective teachers. 61 MOTOR VEHICLE MECHANICS WORKS (021-1) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was better compared to previous year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 1. (a) (b) State three functions of the flywheel State the functions of the following: (i) Connecting rod, (ii) Differential, (iii) Piston and (iv) Rocker arm. Intended Task The candidates were expected to state three (3) functions of the flywheel and the functions of connecting rod, differential, piston and rocker arm. The performance of candidates was good. Question 2 (a) Sketch mechanical petrol pump and label five of its parts and give the meaning of value overlap. Intended Task The candidates were expected to sketch mechanical petrol pump and label its parts. Few candidates attempted the question just because they needed to produce simple sketches of mechanical petrol pump. The candidates however lacked drawing skills. They therefore, performed poorly. Question 3 Define the following terms: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Flash point, Viscosity, Under inflation, Over inflation, Vapor luck and Bottom dead centre. 62 The question required candidates’ ability to provide definitions of some terminologies as seen above. The presentation of answers by the candidates was good. Question 4 State the function of the following: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Condenser, Plug, Distributor, Delivery value, Electromotive force and Voltage drop. Intended Task The question required the candidates’ knowledge on the function of a condenser, plug, distributor, delivery valve, electromotive force and voltage drop. Answer presentation by the candidates was good. Question 5 (a) (b) (c) State two functions of a crankshafts List two types of piston skirt used in a motor vehicle engine; Draw any one Listed. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of crankshaft. Candidates were expected to state two (2) functions of a crankshaft, list two (2) types of piston skirt used in a motor vehicle engine and to draw a piston skirt. The candidates performed well. Question 6 (a) (b) (c) (d) Sketch a poppet valve and label four parts. Define firing interval. List the firing interval of an engine. What is the firing interval of four cylinder engine? Intended Task The candidates were expected to sketch a poppet valve and label four parts, define firing interval, list the firing interval of a cylinder and give the meaning of firing interval of four cylinder engines. Few candidates attempted this question because they could not produce the poppet valve and unable to sketch simple poppet valve hence, they did not perform well. 63 Question 7 In a tabular form, differentiate the operational differences between diesel and petrol engines. Intended Task The candidates were expected to differentiate the operational difference between diesel and petrol engines in a tabular form. Majority of the candidates attempted the question. However, only a few of the candidates answered it correctly, hence their general performance was not encouraging. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor drawing and sketching skills. Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Students should be encouraged to improve on their drawing and sketching skills through regular practices. Teaching of technical drawing should be intensified. Students should be encouraged to read more of publications like Journals, newspapers, bulletins, novels, etc. 64 AUTOMOBILE ELECTRICAL WORKS (031) General Comments The paper covered the syllabus but the candidates’ performance was poor. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) State two functions of engine crankshaft. (i) Sketch and label a four cylinder engine crankshaft arrangement. (ii) State two alternatives firing order. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of crankshaft. The candidates were expected to state two functions of engine crankshaft, sketch and label a four cylinder engine crankshaft arrangement and state two alternatives of firing order. The candidates’ performance was poor. Question 2 (a) (b) What is the function of the starter motor? Draw a series – parallel starter motor circuit operated by a solenoid switch four brushes and label four parts. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of starter motor. The candidates were expected to state the function of the starter motor and draw a series – parallel starter circuit operated by a solenoid switch four brushed and label four parts. Majority of the candidates could not draw the required diagram hence, their performance was poor. Question 3 (a) (b) Draw a circuit comprising a 12V battery and three lamps in series using insulated return system. Draw a circuit comprising a 6V battery and four lamps connected in series using earth return system. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of a circuit. The candidates were required to draw a circuit comprising a 12V battery and three lamps in series using insulated return system and equally draw a circuit comprising a 6V battery and four lamps connected in series using earth return system. 65 Many of the candidates were not able to draw the circuit due to their poor skills in drawing hence, their general performance was poor. Question 4 (a) (b) Draw both the cold and hot plug and show their parts with arrows. State briefly the procedure for adjusting the sparking plug gap. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of plug. They were expected to draw both the cold and hot plug and to show their parts with arrows and equally state the procedure for adjusting the sparking plug gap. The drawing skills of the candidates were poor hence, their performance was poor. Question 5 (a) Neatly draw the circuit of combined voltage and current regulator and label six parts. (b) Briefly explain the operation of cut-out relay. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on circuit. They were expected to draw the circuit of combined voltage and current regulator, label six parts and equally explain the operation of cut-out relay. The candidates’ performance was poor due to their poor grammatical expression and poor drawing skills. Question 6 Draw a coil ignition system of a four cylinder engine and label six parts. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on coil ignition system. They were required to draw a coil ignition system of a four cylinder engine and label six parts. However, majority of the candidates performed averagely. Question 7 (a) (b) Draw a side and tail lamp circuit and label three parts. State the reason for aligning the head lamp. 66 Intended Task The candidates were expected to draw a side and tail lamp circuit and label three parts and to equally state the reason for aligning the head lamp. Candidates’ performance was poor. Candidates’ Weaknesses Majority of the candidates gave irrelevant answers to the questions. Wrong definitions of technical terms. Poor computation skills. Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should study the questions well before attempting them. Schools should intensify the teaching of English Language. Assignments involving sketching and Technical Drawing should regularly be given to the students. Candidates should develop reading habit, by reading newspapers, novels, etc. 67 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE WORKS (041) General Comments The paper was generally attempted and the performance of the candidates was good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) List and explain three types of losses in a.d.c. machine. State the use of the following engineering tools: (i) Micrometer screw guage, (ii) Centre punch, (iii) Scriber, (iv) Stock and die, (v) Spirit level and Name three types of over current protective devices. (c) Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of a.d.c. machine. They were required to list and explain three types of losses in a.d.c. machine, state the use of the engineering tools, and to name the types of over current protective devices. Majority of the candidates answered this question correctly hence, their performance was good. Question 2 (a) State one purpose of the following parts of a generator: (i) (ii) (iii) Yoke, Commutator and Amature core. (b) State the factors that determine the number of poles in a.d.c. machine. (c) A.D.C. generator with terminal voltage of 240 v supplied a load of 20kw. The armature resistance 0.15 ohms and a brush contact drop of 2v. The resistance of the shunt field is 108 ohms. Calculate the armature current. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of generator and a.d.c. machine. Candidates were expected to state the purpose of some parts of a generator. The candidates’ performance was good 68 Question 3 (a) (b) (c) State the functions of the following in conduit installation: (i) Bending machine, (ii) Reamer and (iii) Draw-wire. List four characteristics of MICC cable. State two types of electrical equipment maintenance systems. Intended Task The question tested candidates on conduit installation. The candidates were required to state the function of bending machine, reamer and draw-wire in conduit installation, list four characteristics of MICC cable and state two types of equipment maintenance systems. The candidates’ performance two was not encouraging. Question 4 (a) (b) (c) Define cable according to the IEE regulation. Why are sealing boxes necessary when terminating paper-insulated cables? State one difference between copper and aluminium conductors. Intended Task The candidates were expected to define cable according to the IEE regulation, give reasons why sealing boxes are necessary when terminating paper insulated cables and state one difference between copper and aluminium conductors. Many of the candidates were not able to quote from the IEE regulation as required, hence their performance was poor. Question 5 (a) (b) What is soldering? Sketch a standard kerosene blowlamp showing any five component parts. Intended Task The candidates were expected to define soldering, sketch a standard kerosene blowlamp showing any and five component parts. The candidates answer presentation was good. 69 Candidates’ Weaknesses They lacked knowledge of the subject matter. Poor ability to give concise answers to questions. Suggestions for Improvement Students should study their questions before attempting them. Teachers should lay emphasis on the cognitive domain. Orientation on how to answer questions should be emphasized to students. Misinterpretation of questions. Lack of skills in calculation. 70 FABRICATION AND WELDING (051) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus and candidates’ performance was on the average. Detailed Comments on each Question Question 1 State four important safety precautions to be observed while working on a container with inflammable material. Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge of safety measures. The candidates were expected to state four important safety precautions to be observed while working on a container with inflammable materials. Many of the candidates could not state the important safety precautions, hence, their performance was poor. Question 2 (a) (b) What is flux in welding? Name three important tools required to carry out soft soldering operation. Intended Task The candidates’ knowledge of welding was required. They were expected to give the meaning of flux in welding and to name three important tools required to carry out soft soldering operation. The candidates were not able to define flux in welding and could not list 3 important tools for soft soldering operation in welding hence, their performance was poor. Question 3 (a) (b) List three factors which determine the setting of current for welding on the electric arc plant. Explain how to treat a frozen gas regulator in the fabrication workshop. Intended Task The candidates were required to list three factors which determine the setting of current for welding on the electric arc plant and to explain how to treat frozen gas regulator in the fabrication workshop. However, their performance was poor. 71 Question 4 (a) Calculate the surface area of the frustum of a right cone having the following data: (i) (ii) (iii) h = 120mm, major dic or base dia = 200mm, Minor dia or frustum dia = 100mm. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of frustum. They were expected to calculate the surface area of the frustum of a right cone having the following data h = 120mm, major dia or base dia = 200mm and minor dia or frustum dia = 100mm. The candidates were unable to calculate the surface area of the frustum of a right cone hence, their performance was poor. Question 5 (a) (b) Differentiate between jig and fixture. Name three types of fixtures used in a fabrication shop. Intended Task The candidates were expected to differentiate between jig and fixture and equally name three types of fixtures used in a fabrication shop. The candidates were unable to differentiate between jig and fixture and could not name the three types of fixtures used in a fabrication shop, hence, they performed poorly. Question 6 (a) (b) State four advantages of using template in a fabrication workshop. List four materials used for production of template. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of fabrication. They were expected to state four advantages of using template in a fabrication workshop and list four materials used for production of template. The candidates’ presentation of answers was good. Question 7 (a) (b) Give two reasons for the use of profile cutting machine. Differentiate between ‘Hollowing’ and ‘Raising’. 72 Intended Task The question tested candidates on cutting machine. They were expected to give two reasons for the use of profile cutting machine and differentiate between ‘hollowing’ and ‘raising’. The candidates’ performance was above average. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor sketching skills. Poor computation skills. Poor grammatical expression. Poor handwriting. Suggestions for Improvement Teachers should endeavour to cover the syllabus. Emphasis should be laid on teaching and learning of Technical Drawing. Assignment involving calculations should be given to students. 73 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CRAFT PRACTICE (061) General Comments The paper covered the topics of the syllabus. Generally, candidates’ performance was fairly good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) With the aid of diagram, explain how to fit blade correctly on hacksaw frame. Explain five safety precautions to be observed on or before using hacksaw. Intended Task This question required candidates’ knowledge of how to fit blade currently on hacksaw frame using diagram. However, the candidates performed well. Question 2 (a) (b) (c) With the aid of sketches, compare a triangular file with the square file. State two uses of each. Differentiate file grade from the cut. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of file. This required the candidates to compare triangular file with the square file. Candidates’ performance was good. Question 3 (a) (b) A mild still tee bracket in a conveyor belt drive is found to wear out quickly. Discuss the heat treatment method that may be employed to harden the surface while the core remains tough. Briefly explain the following in relation to lapping: (i) Abrasives and (ii) Vehicle. Intended Task This question required candidates knowledge of the heat treatment employed to harden the surface of a conveyor belt drive in other to prevent it from wearing out quickly. The however, candidates’ performance was fairly good. 74 Question 4 (a) With a sketch only, illustrate how an internal tapered surface can be grounded on internal grinding machine. Why should soft metals such as lead and aluminium not be grounded on a grinding machine? Mention two causes of incorrect grinding of a large drill. (b) (c) Intended Task This question required the candidates to illustrate how an internal tapered surface can be grounded on internal grinding machine. Candidates performed poorly. Question 5 (a) (b) Use simple diagram to show the sensitive drilling machine spindle drive. Show the motor, pulley and the spindle. List four operations that may be carried out on the pillar drilling machine. Intended Task This question required candidates’ knowledge of the sensitive drilling machine spindle drive. The candidates performed well. Question 6 List FOUR factors to be considered in the selection of feed in turning operation. (a) Draw a lathe tool to show the following: (i) Top rake angle; (ii) Tool angle; (iii) Side rake angle; (iv) Front clearance angle; (v) Side clearance angle and (vi) Tool shank. Intended Task This question required candidates to list four factors to be considered in the selection of feed in turning operation. The question equally required candidates’ knowledge of lathe tool. The candidates had good knowledge of the question hence, candidates’ performance was good. 75 Question 7 The key way shown below is to be machined on the slotting machine. Draw the tools employed. Use sketches to show the set up for machining. Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge of slotting machine. Candidates were expected to display their ability to sketch employing the correct tools. Many candidates were able to sketch well, hence, they performed well. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor knowledge of the question. Poor drawing skills. Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Teachers should endeavour to cover the syllabus. Emphasis should be laid on the teaching of Technical Drawing. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. 76 ELECTRONICS WORKS (071) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus. Generally, the candidates’ performance was good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) Explain briefly each of the following in connection with semiconductor: (i) (ii) (iii) (b) (c) Intrinsic semiconductor, Extrinsic Semiconductor and Doping. Distinguish between N-type and P-type semiconductors State three types of oscillator Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of semi-conductor. This question required candidates’ knowledge of semiconductor and oscillator. Candidates were expected to state in question 1a(i) pure form (ii) dropping agent and question 1b pentavalent and trivalent. Candidates’ performance was good. Question 2 (a) Draw the symbol of the following electronic devices: (i) NPN transistor, (ii) IC, (iii) Zener diode and (iv) Field effect transistor (FET). Give five comparisons between junction diode and vacuum diode. (b) Intended Task The question assessed candidates’ knowledge of electronics devices. Candidates were expected to draw as instructed above. Candidates’ performance was good. Question 3 (a) (b) (c) What is a logic gate? Draw the circuits, symbols and truth tables of AND gate and OR gate. State three advantages of ICs. 77 Intended Task The candidates were expected to state what a logic gate was, draw the circuits, symbols and truth tables of AND and OR gates. They were also to state three advantages of ICs. They performed averagely. Question 4 (a) Briefly explain the following in connection with signal detection: (i) Loud speaker; (ii) Microphone; (iii) Tape recorder and (iv) Pick up. (b) (c) Spell out the transducers that constitute a public address system. Define modulation and demodulation. Intended Task This question required that candidates possess adequate knowledge of signal detection. Candidates were expected to explain tape recorder in connection with signal detection as an audio storage device that records and play back sound using magnetic tape, while pick-up, captures mechanical vibration and converts it to electrical signal. Many of them answered the question correctly. Question 5 (a) (b) (c) Draw the block diagram of an AM transmitter and itemize the function of each block. Mention and explain the function of the block that distinguishes FM receiver from AM receiver. List two signals that are presented at the input of the mixer stage of a super- heterodyne receiver’s tuner. Intended Task This question required candidates’ knowledge of an AM transmitter. answered this question and their performance was good. Only very few candidates Question 6 (a) (b) (c) With the aid of symbolic diagrams, mention and state the functions of four transducers used in television transmission and reception. Explain the meaning of brightness and contrast with respect to black and white pictures. Enumerate five functions performed by a TV receiver tuner. Intended Task This question required candidates’ knowledge of transducers used in television transmission and reception. However, only a very few candidates answered this question and their performance was poor. 78 Question 7 (a) (b) (c) (d) Define the term ‘troubleshooting’. List five instruments (not tools) that aid in monochrom and colour TV trouble shooting and repair exercise. Briefly explain the use of colour killer circuit in colour TV receiver. List the primary and complimentary colours of a coloured television. Intended Task This question tested candidates’ knowledge of trouble shooting and colour killer circuit in a colour TV receiver. Candidates’ performance was good. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor drawing skills. Poor definition of terms. Inability to relate questions with practical skills. Suggestions for Improvement Qualified Vocational/Technical Teachers should be employed in handling or teaching of practicals in the workshops and laboratories. Emphasis should be laid on the teaching of Technical Drawing. 79 REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING MECHANICAL (081-1) General Comments The paper covered the topics of the syllabus. Generally, candidates’ performance was good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) State three pressure gauges. State and explain three types of thermometers. Intended Task This question required candidates’ knowledge of pressure gauges and thermometers. The candidates listed general thermometers instead of thermometers used in refrigeration and air-conditioning workshop e.g. oral, glass thermocouple, maximum and minimum thermometers thermistol. Many candidates performed below average. Question 2 (a) (b) List three types of compressors. Explain the functions of a compressor. This question tested candidates’ knowledge of compressors. question performed well. Most candidates that attempted this Question 3 Outline and explain four functions of the absorptions refrigeration system. Intended Task This question examined candidates’ knowledge of refrigeration system. The performance of candidates was good. Question 4 (a) (b) Define thermal insulation. State the functions of thermal insulation. Intended Task This question required that candidates possess good knowledge of thermal insulation. The performance of candidates was good. 80 Question 5 (a) (b) Enumerate the types of refrigerants. State the function of a refrigerant. Intended Task This question tested candidates’ knowledge of refrigerants. The performance of candidates was good. Question 6 (a) (b) List the modes of heat transfer. State the types of heat exchanger. Intended Task This question required candidates to list the modes of heat transfer and types of heat exchanger. The performance of candidates was poor. Question 7 (a) (b) Differentiate between condenser and evaporators. What are the functions of condenser and evaporators? Intended Task The question was designed to test candidates’ knowledge on condenser and evaporator. performance of the candidates was good. The Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor responses to some questions. Inability of candidates to distinguish between general thermometers and special thermometers. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should be encouraged to learn how to note the important and salient terms/concepts when reading. Teachers should endeavour to cover the syllabus with their students. Emphasis should be laid on the application equipment. 81 VEHICLE BODY BUILDING (091-1) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus. Generally, candidates’ performance was good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) Identify any two ferrous and non-ferrous metals that are common in engineering practice. List and explain three mechanical properties of metals. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on types of metals. They were expected to identify two ferrous and non ferrous metals known in engineering practice, list and explain three mechanical properties of metals. Many candidates attempted the question and their performance was average. Question 2 (a) (b) List four working parts of sewing machine. Describe the lubrication procedures of a typical sewing machine. Intended Task This question examined the candidates’ knowledge of sewing machines. The performance of candidates was good. Question 3 (a) (b) State two similarities of tipping bodies and flat-platform body of a vehicle. State three legal requirements of a flat platform vehicle constructed in Nigeria for Nigeria roads. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on platform body of a vehicle. They were expected to state two similarities of tipping bodies and flat-platform body of a vehicle as well as to state three legal requirement of vehicle constructed in Nigeria for Nigeria roads. The similarities between the tipping bodies and the flat-platform body were well stated and answered correctly. The performance of candidates in this question was good. 82 Question 4 (a) (b) State four advantages of leather covered seat over non-leather covered seat. With the aid of a neat diagram, explain two methods of drying timber. Intended Task The question required candidates to state four advantages of leather covered seat over non-leather covered seat. They were also to explain two methods of drying timber with the aid of a diagram. In question 4b, some candidates could not draw correct and neat diagram as expected. However candidates’ performance was good. Question 5 Draw and label six hand tools in a vehicle body building tool box. Intended Task This question tested the candidates’ drawing skills and knowledge of vehicle body building tool box. The performance of candidates was good. Question 6 (a) (b) Define sealer. Describe the steps of how a newly fabricated metal surface could be prepared before spraying. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of sealer and fabricated metal. They were required to define a sealer and describe steps of how a newly fabricated metal surface could be prepared before spraying. Some of the candidates could describe the various steps of how a newly fabricated metal surface could be prepared before spraying. The performance of candidates was fairly good. 83 Question 7 (a) (b) Define the terms ‘mono-construction’ and ‘composite-construction’. State four merits of spraying over brush painting. Intended Task This question required that candidates possess good knowledge of mono-construction, compositeconstruction, spray painting and brush painting. Many candidates’ performance was good. Candidates Weaknesses Poor drawing skills. Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should be encouraged to improve on their drawing skills. Emphasis should be laid on the teaching of English Language. 84 INSTRUMENT MECHANICS WORKS (111-1) General Comments Many candidates attempted the questions on this paper. Generally candidates’ performance was fairly good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) (c) Discuss safety in relation to industries or company. State two causes of hazards in the workshop. Sketch any proportional Plus Derivative Controller and label all the parts. Intended Task This question required candidates’ knowledge of safety and hazards in relation to industries or company and workshop. Candidates were equally expected to sketch any proportion at plus derivative controller and label all the parts The candidates’ performance was good. Question 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) Define thermocouple. Explain the term “Temperature.” List two units of flow. Draw and explain one pressure measuring instrument. Intended Task This question required candidates to give the definition of thermocouple and explanation of the term ‘temperature’. Most candidates gave the wrong definition and thus their performance was poor. Question 3 Draw the following graphical symbols: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Battery, Voltmeter, Cell, Fixed resistor, Variable capacitor, Transistor, Transformer , Zenner diode, Earth. 85 (x) (xi) (xii) Fuse, Needle valve and Control valve. Intended Task This question examined candidates’ knowledge of drawing graphical symbols of the above listed items. Majority of the candidates misunderstood the question and presented post graphical symbols. Hence, candidates’ performance was poor. Question 4 (a) (b) (c) State one reason for using transducer. Sketch one flow meter with correct labeling. Explain the operation of U-tube manometer for absolute pressure. Intended Task This question examined the candidates’ knowledge of transducer and U-tub manometer. Candidates performed poorly in this task. Question 5 (a) (b) (c) (d) Draw PH meter with full labelling area. Explain the term hazardous area. Explain the work of gas thermometer. Draw and explain the operation of a thermocouple. Intended Task This question examined candidates’ knowledge of PH meter with full labelling area. Most candidates could not draw thermocouple. The performance of candidates was poor. Question 6 (a) (b) (c) Define Pascal’s law. Draw dead weight tester with correct labelling. Draw and explain the work of a bellow. Intended Task This question required candidates to define Pascal’s Law and equally to draw dead weight tester with correct labelling. Most candidates could not give the definition of Pascal’s Law. The performance of candidates was poor. 86 Question 7 (a) (b) (c) (d) Mention two types of grinding machine and their uses. List two safety precautions to be observed during grinding. Explain the work of a table grinder. Draw a clinical thermometer and label all the parts. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of grinding machine. Candidates were expected to mention two types of grinding machines and their uses as well as the safety precautions. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Poor drawing skills. Lack of understanding of questions by candidates. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. Emphasis should be laid on drawing skills. Schools should ensure coverage of syllabus with the students. Candidates should study and understand the questions before attempting them. 87 FOUNDRY CRAFT PRACTICE (131) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus and candidates performed better than previous year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 Explain critically the difference between green sand, dry sand and skin-dried moulds. Intended Task Candidates were expected to explain the difference among green sand, dry sand and skin-dried moulds. Candidates gave casual explanations and as a result, their performance was not encouraging. Question 2 State the functions of the following hand-moulding tools and devices: (a) (b) (c) (d) Cope and drag. Vent wire. Mould trowel. Spruce cutter. Intended Task The questions tested candidates’ knowledge of moulding tools’ devices. Candidates were expected to state the functions of the hand-moulding tools and devices. The candidates were unable to use correct terms and thus performed poorly. Question 3 Illustrate with sketches the operation of squeeze moulding machine. Intended Task Candidates were required to illustrate with sketches the operation of squeeze moulding machine. Candidates were unable to use the relevant technical terms to illustrate the operation of squeeze moulding machine. They also lacked sketching skills, thus, their performance was poor. 88 Question 4 Explain the uses of the following facing materials for particular metals and alloys: (a) (b) (c) (d) Plumbago; China Clay; Blackings and Zircon. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of metals and alloys. Candidates were expected to explain the uses of the facing materials for particular metals and alloys listed above. All the candidates avoided this question. This possibly implies that they were not taught the topic. Question 5 Explain the use of tumbling barrel in felting operations. Intended Task Candidates were required to explain the use of tumbling barrel in felting operations. Candidates could not explain what tumbling barrel is used for in the foundry, hence, their performance was poor. Question 6 Write short notes on the following furnace melting terms: (a) (b) (c) (d) Metal charges; Slag; Ladle and Linning. Intended Task Candidates were required to write short notes on furnace melting terminologies. Candidates performed poorly due to lack of in-depth knowledge of these technical terms. Question 7 Application of heat to various materials can affect them in a number of ways. Explain such effects in terms of: (a) (b) Change in dimension. Change of state. 89 Intended Task Candidates were required to explain the effect of the application of heat to various materials in terms of change in dimension and change of taste. Majority of the candidates’ performance was on the average. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Poor drawing skills. Candidates’ inability to use technical terms correctly. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should be encouraged to improve on their English Language. Candidates should develop drawing skills. Candidates should be exposed to practical exercises in the workshop. Qualified teachers should be employed to teach the subject. 90 COMPUTER CRAFT STUDIES (171) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was poor compared to the previous year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) (c) Define the term ‘computer.’ Identify the differences between analog, digital and hybrid computers. With the aid of relevant sketches, show the logical structure of the elements of a computer system. Intended Task Candidates were expected to define computer and identify the differences between analog, digital and hybrid computers. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 2 (a) (b) (c) Define the term ‘computer virus.’ List three sources of viruses. i. Convert 0.812510 into its binary equivalent. ii. Convert 25.62510 into its binary equivalent. Intended Task The question tested candidates on computer virus, sources of virus, etc. Some candidates understood the sources of virus and their performance was good. Question 3 (a) Explain the following internet terminologies: (i) HTML. (ii) IP. (iii) Java. (iv) Cyberspace. (v) Server. (vi) Timeout. (vii) Source code. (viii) Domain. (ix) Avatar. 91 (x) (xi) (xii) Bandwith Bit. E-mail. Intended Task This question required the candidates to explain internet terminologies. Many of the candidates that attempted this question performed averagely well. Question 4 (a) (b) (c) Define the term ‘Spreadsheet.’ List the different types of spreadsheet. Write short notes on the following Microsoft Excel terminologies. (i) Fill handle, (ii) Cell pointer, (iii) Operator and (iv) Chart Sheet. Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge of spreadsheet. Some of the candidates that attempted this question performed poorly. Candidates’ Strengths Good knowledge of the basic concept of the subject. The candidates were good in defining computer. Candidates’ Weaknesses Inability to explain some of the internet terminologies. Candidates’ inability to understand the following terms’ list, define, write notes, explain and sketch diagram. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should be made to cover the syllabus. Teachers should be able to give different ways of attempting questions. 92 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (181) General Comments The paper covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was better than the previous year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) What is a disease? State four symptoms each of the following animal disease: (i) Brucellosis contagious bovine abortion. (ii) Anthrax Intended Task Candidates were expected to define ‘disease’ and to state four symptoms of the diseases listed above. Many of them performed well. Question 2 (a) (b) List three characteristics of dairy cattle. Enumerate ten tools/equipment used in a dairy farm. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of dairy farm. Many of the candidates were unable to list the tools or equipment used in a dairy farm. They performed poorly. Question 3 (a) (b) (c) What is an ectoparasite? Mention one edoparasite of poultry? List four ways of controlling its spread. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of parasites in poultry. attempted this question performed well. 93 Many of the candidates that Question 4 (a) (b) List four breeds of rabbits. Define the following terminologies: (i) Buck; (ii) Doe; (iii) Hutches; (iv) Sire. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of rabbits. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 5 Describe briefly the management of poultry under the following headings: (i) Housing, (ii) Feeding and (iii) Hygiene. Intended Task The question required the candidates’ knowledge of the management of poultry. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 6 (a) (b) State four functions of water in poultry management. List two functions each of protein and carbohydrates in the body of poultry. Intended Task This question tested the candidates’ knowledge of the functions of water in poultry management as well as the various classes of food. Many of the candidates who attempted this question did well. Question 7 (a) (b) List eight effects of liverfluke on cattle. Enumerate four measures a farmer will adopt to control liferfluke infestation in a cattle herd. Intended Task This question tested the candidates’ knowledge of liverfluke on cattle. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. 94 Candidates’ Strength Candidates had knowledge of the subject. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Inability to list the tools/equipment used in dairy cattle. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should be encouraged to improve on their grammatical expression. Candidates should be exposed to animal husbandry tools/equipment. 95 GENERAL METAL WORKS (191) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) (c) State four safety rules that should be observed when sharpening tools on a grinding stone. List two ferrous and non-ferrous metals each. How is it possible to make marking-out lines easily visible? Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on safety rules. Most of the candidates who attempted this question gave general safety rules instead of grinding safety rules precaution. Questions 1(b) and (c) were answered correctly. Question 2 (a) (i) (ii) (b) Make a neat sketch of screw thread and indicate the following: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) What is drilling? Draw a twist drill and indicate the following: (a) Flute, (b) Margine, (c) Lip and (d) Point. Major diameter, Minor diameter, Pitch and Crest Intended Task This question tested candidates’ knowledge on drilling. Majority of the candidates who attempted this question were able to define drilling correctly but performed poorly in question 2(a ii) because they could not draw or sketch correctly. 96 Question 3 (a) (b) (c) (i) Explain why it is necessary to place limit on any engineering component. (ii) Give three types of fit in engineering. How should the saw blade be fixed in the frame? List two main parts of the centre lathe machine and give the functions of the parts. Intended Task Candidates were expected to explain why it is necessary to place limit on any engineering component. Majority of the candidates who attempted this question performed well in questions (b) and (c) but did poorly in question (a). Question 4 (a) (b) (i) What is heat treatment? (ii) Give four types of heat treatments. Draw and state the functions of two forging tools. Intended Task This question tested candidates’ knowledge on heat treatments. Many candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 5 (a) (b) (i) (ii) (i) (ii) What is a mushroom head? How can this be corrected? Give four types of cold chisels. With a neat sketch show two of the chisels. Intended Task This question tested candidates’ knowledge of mushroom head and chisels. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 6 (a) (i) (ii) Name three types of welding flames. Give the composition of each gas composition. 97 (b) The following are oxy-acetylene equipment. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Regulations, Lighter, Tongs and Hoses. Give the functions of each equipment. Intended Task Candidates’ were expected to possess the knowledge of the terminologies listed above. The candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 7 (a) (b) List four methods of fastening. Briefly explain two of these methods. Intended Task This question tested candidates’ knowledge of fastening. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Lack of sketching skills. Inability to explain why it is necessary to place limit in any engineering component. Candidates’ Strengths Candidates were able to list ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Candidates were able to define drilling correctly. Candidates were able to explain heat treatment. Candidates were able to explain mushroom head, how it could be corrected and mention types of cold chisel. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. Candidates should improve their drawing skills through regular practice. Teachers should try to complete the syllabus before the commencement of the examination. 98 BASIC ELECTRICITY (194) General Comments The papers met the required standard for the examination. The candidates’ performance was on the average better than that of previous years. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) (c) Define atom. With the aid of a simple diagram, explain the structure of an atom. Give three properties of matter. Intended Task The candidates were expected to define and explain the structure of an atom and give three properties of matter. The candidates performed well in this question. Question 2 (a) (b) State Ohm’s law. With the use of Fig. 1 shown below: Calculate: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Total resistance in parallel; Total resistance in circuit; Total current in the circuit; Voltages drop in the 5 and Power consumed by the circuit. 99 Intended Task The candidates were expected to state 0hm’s law and perform some simple calculations on a circuit. The candidates’ performance was average as they failed to express 0hm’s law at constant temperature. Question 3 (a) (b) (c) What is a capacitor? List four types of capacitors. A capacitor K is connected in series with two other capacitors Y and M, which are connected in parallel. If the capacitances of the capacities K,Y are. 6uf, 3uf and 2uf respectively, Calculate: (i) The total capacitance of the combination if a supply voltage of 40v is maintained across the circuit. (ii) The change on the 6𝜇𝑓 capacitor. Intended Task The questions tested candidates’ knowledge of capacitor. They were required to explain what a capacitor is with examples of different types of capacitors. They were also expected to do some calculations. The candidates answered questions 3a and b correctly but had problems with the calculations. Question 4 (a) Explain the following terms: (i) reactance and (ii) impedance. (b) A coil of inductance O.2 Henry with negligible resistance is connected in series with a 20- resistor across a 100V, 50Hz supply: Calculate: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) The reactance of the inductor; Impedance of the circuit; Current in the circuit; p.d. across the coil and the resistor. 100 Intended Task Candidates were expected to define reactance and impedance and also to solve some problems involving calculation. The candidates failed to define reactance and impedance correctly. However, some of the candidates got the answer to the (b) part of the question. Question 5 (a) (b) (c) (d) What is a transformer? List two applications of auto-transformer. Mention two limitations of an auto-transformer. An Auto-transformer is supplied at 220v, 50hz. If the supply is connected between common terminal and tapping at 720 tourns, calculate the number of tourns required to give an output of 240v. Intended Task The questions tested candidates’ knowledge on transformer. The candidates were expected to define and list two applications of an auto-transformer. The candidates were also expected to solve simple calculations on transformer. The candidates could not list two applications of auto-transformer and its limitations. The candidates’ performance was average. Question 6 (a) (b) (c) Explain the following and state their units of measurement: i. Power; ii. Energy; State the functions of conservation of energy. Assuming machine 100g of water through vertical height of 10mm .39 seconds, Calculate: i. ii. Work done by the pump. Power of the pump (take g=10m). Intended Task The candidates were expected to explain and state the units of measurement of power and energy, state the principle of conservation of energy and solve a problem related to the concept of power and energy. The candidates performed poorly in this question. They were unable to identify the correct units of power and energy, though some stated correctly the principle of conservation of energy. 101 Question 7 Draw the B.S. graphical symbols of the following: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. Cell; Fan; Fuse; Diode; Inductor; Transformer; One 3A socket; Variable capacitor; One gang switch; Energy matter; Filament lamp and Resistor. Intended Task The candidates were expected to draw the B.S. graphical symbols. They failed to draw correctly, one gang switch, energy meter and filament lamp, though many of them drew some B.S. symbols correctly, and their performance was average. Candidates’ Weaknesses Insufficient knowledge of concepts. Poor drawing and sketching skills. Suggestions for Improvement Qualified teachers should be employed to handle basic electricity. Teachers should involve candidates with regular practice in drawing. 102 FISHERIES (201-1) General Comments The questions covered the syllabus and the performance of the candidates was encouraging. Detailed comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) Outline five reasons why the coast of Japan is rich in fishing ground (b) Give five examples of fish caught out of the coast of Japan. Intended Task Candidates were expected to state five reasons why the coast of Japan is rich in fishing ground and examples of fish caught out of the coast of Japan. The response of the candidates earned them marks. Question 2 As a manager of a fish farm comprising eight ponds, what maintenance practice would you apply for successful tenure in the farm. Intended Task Candidates were required to state in details maintenance practice that would ensure successful tenure on fish farming. Many of the candidates performed fairly well. Question 3 (a) Identify fishing grounds in Nigeria with suitable examples. (b) What are the two methods of fishing in Nigeria? Intended Task Candidates were expected to identify grounds suitable for fishing in Nigeria with examples and two methods of fishing in Nigeria. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 4 Give four problems of fishing in Nigeria. Intended Task Candidates were expected to identify and explain four problems of fishing in Nigeria. The candidates performed well. 103 Question 5 Give five reasons for the importance of fish farming and briefly explain each. Intended Task Candidates were expected to state and explain five importance of fish farming. The candidates’ performance was encouraging. Question 6 (a) Why are fishes preserved? (b) Explain two methods each of modern and traditional fish preservation. Intended task Candidates were expected to give reasons for fish preservation. Candidates’ performance was good. Question 7 (a) State five problems of fishery development in Nigeria. (b) Suggest ways of solving the problems. Intended task Candidates were expected to state five problems of fishery in Nigeria and suggest ways of solving them. The candidates responded and performed well. Candidates’ Weakness Poor drawing skill. Suggestion for Improvement Candidates should practice drawing regularly. 104 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (211) General comments All the questions were developed from the syllabus. The candidates’ performance was poor. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) State four causes of accident in the workshop. State when the following tools should be used: i. ii. iii. iv. club hammer, tingle plate, storey rod and Frenchman. Intended Task The candidates were expected to state four causes of accident in the workshop as well as state when the above listed tools should be used. The candidates’ performance was poor as they were unable to give correct answers to the questions. Question 2 Describe the following terms: (a) i ii. iii. iv. hoarding grubbing hutment trial hole . (b) i. State four factors that should be considered before making a choice of a site. ii. Explain the reasons for considering the factors in (b)i above. Intended Task The candidates were expected to describe some terms as well as state four factors that should be considered before making a choice of a site. The candidates failed to explain relevant terms and cold not state the factors to be considered before making a choice of a site. They performed poorly. 105 Question 3 Sketch a cross section through the roof of a black wall of a small dwelling and indicate the following roofing members. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Rafter, king post, strut, wall plate, tie beam and fascia board. Intended Task The candidates were required to sketch a cross section through the roof of a black wall of a small dwelling and indicate some roofing members. The candidates could not sketch neither were they able to indicate the roofing members. Thus their performance was poor. Question 4 (a) Describe the following terms: i. ii. iii. iv. tapered step, notional line, piteh line and headroom (b) Make a sketch to differentiate rise from going of a stairway. Intended Task The question required the candidates to describe some terms and make a sketch to differentiate rise from going of a stairway. The candidates could not describe the necessary terminologies and the sketching was poorly done, hence, their performance was poor. Question 5 (a) (b) i. List four types of tiles. ii. State where each of them should best be applied. State four qualities of floor screed. Intended task The candidates were expected to list four types of tiles and list where each of them could best be used. They were also expected to state four qualities of floor screed. 106 The candidates were able to list some types of tiles but were unable to state where each of them should best be used. Their performance was however good. Question 6 (a) (b) (c) Sketch two methods of fixing wooden frame to the wall. State two methods of bridging door opening. Give two reasons why wooden lintels are not used so much again. Intended Task The candidates were requested to sketch two methods of fixing wooden frames to the wall as well as stating two methods of bridging door opening. They were also requested to give two reasons why wooden lintels are not used so much again. The candidates could not adequately respond to the question correctly, they thus, performed poorly. Question 7 (a) (b) Differentiate between retaining and buttressing walls. State where the following walls are used: i. ii. iii. iv. Fender wall, Sleeper wall, Parapet wall and partition wall. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of walls. They were expected to differentiate between rating and buttressing walls as well as state where some walls could be used. The candidates could not differentiate between retaining and buttressing walls. Their performance was poor. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Poor drawing/sketching skills. Suggestions for improvement Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, magazines, journals, etc.. Candidates should be involved more on drawing and sketching. 107 BRICKLAYING/BLOCKLAYING AND CONCRETING (212-1) General Comments The paper was better than the previous years. The candidates’ performance was poor. Question 1 (a) Show with neat sketches, the following tools/equipment: i. Grub Saw; ii. Steal float; iii. Notched trovel and iv. Pointing trowel. (b) State one use of each of the tools and equipment mentioned in (a) above. Intended Task The candidates were expected to neatly sketch the tools and equipment listed in i-iv. Many of the candidates were unable to state the correct use of the tools as well as sketch accurately. Their performance was poor. Question 2 (a) i, ii, iii. iv. (b) State a quality of each of the following types of mortar: Hydraulic lime, Semi hydraulic lime, Non-hydraulic lime and Water proofed mortar. List four characteristics of aggregates used for concrete work. Intended Task The candidates were unable to state the qualities of some kinds of mortar such as hydraulic, semi hydraulic lime, non hydraulic lime and water proofed mortar. Their performance was poor. Question 3 Explain the following terms: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Grubbing, Hoarding, Hutment, Profiling, Settling out and Site investigation. 108 Intended Task They were required to explain grubbing, hutment, hoarding, profiling, setting out and site investigated The candidates were unable to explain grubbing, hutment, hoarding, profiling, setting out and site investigation thus, their performance was not encouraging. Question 4 (a) (b) With the aid of neat sketches, show two temporary supports for arch construction. What is the function of a dead-man in arch construction? Intended Task The questions tested candidates’ knowledge of arc-construction. The candidates were unable to sketch temporary support for arch construction. Question 5 (a) (b) With a neat sketch, show a hollow floor construction. Identify the following parts in 5(a) above: i. Sleeper wall, ii. Floor board, iii. Floor joist, iv. Site concrete, v. Wall plate and vi. D.P.C. Intended Task The questions tested candidates’ knowledge on floor construction. They were expected to identify and show the parts of a hollow floor construction. The candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 6 (a) (b) State six common faults which may occur in scaffolds. State six basic requirement of scaffold. Intended Task Candidates were expected to state six common faults and six basic requirements of scaffolds. They were unable to state common faults in question 6a and 6b which may occur in scaffolds as well as state basic requirements of scaffolds. Unfortunately, their performance was poor. 109 Question 7 The floor of a sitting room measuring 5m long x 3.5m wide is to be finished with thermoplastic tiles measuring 225mm x 225mm, calculate the: i. ii. Number of tiles needed allowing 100% for damages. Cost of doing the job if the cost of laying 1m2 of tiles is N350. Intended Task The questions required candidates’ skills in computation. They applied the appropriate fomula for area, but found it difficult computing cost and percentages. Candidates’ Weaknesses Inadequate knowledge of the subject. Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should endeavour to cover the syllabus. Schools should intensify the teaching of English Language. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading of novels, journals, magazines, etc. 110 CARPENTRY (221-1) General Comments The questions were all from the syllabus. The performance of the candidates was good. Question 1 (a) (b) (c) Define landing in a stair case and sketch two types of landing. Make a list of tools used to carry out timber preparation. What is timber preparation? Intended Task The questions tested candidates’ knowledge of landing in a stair case. They were expected to define landing in a stair case, etc. Those that attempted the question performed averagely well. Question 2 (a) (b) With the aid of a diagram, show two methods of sound proofing a partition. List five materials suitable for sound proofing. Intended Task The candidates were required to show two methods of sound proofing a partition such as insulator, farm felt, composite board, etc. The candidates’ performance was good. Question 3 Sketch to show the construction and state one use each of the following manufactured boards: i. ii. iii. Plywood, Block board and Laminated board. Intended Task Candidates were expected to show in sketch the construction of the above manufactured boards. Their performance was good. Question 4 (a) (b) Sketch the typical rip saw teeth of a circular saw machine. Identify at least five important parts of teeth in the sketched saw. 111 Intended Task The candidates were able to sketch the typical rip saw teeth of a circular saw machine and identify important parts of circular saw. Many of the candidates’ performance was good. Question 5 (a) (b) Define the term window and state its functions. Sketch a window frame and name all the parts. Intended Task The candidates were expected to give the definition of a window and to sketch a window frame and name the parts. They sketched the window frame correctly. Question 6 (a) (b) Explain the functions of the following members of a centre: i. Tie, ii. Prop, iii. Bearer, iv. Laggings and v. Rib. With the aid of diagram, sketch a flat arch and name all the parts. Intended Task The candidates were asked to explain the functions of five members of a center, sketch a flat arch and name the parts. The candidates performed well in this question. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor sketching skills. Poor command of English Language. Lack of in-depth knowledge of the trade/ subject. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should understand questions before attempting them. Candidates should engage themselves in the practice of making sketches. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, listening to television/radio discussions regularly, etc. Candidates should be exposed to many textbooks on their trade. 112 FURNITURE MAKING (231-1) General Comments The paper covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was just average. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 Design a bed side cabinet that has a drawer and one shelf with panel doors. Height – 900mm Width – 1000mmm Dept – 600mm Use Scale 1 – 10 to draw: (a) Front elevation, (b) Side sectional view and (c) Plan with part removed. Intended Task Candidates were expected to design a bed side cabinet with a drawer having one shelf and a panel door. The candidate performed well. Question 2 (a) Sketch neatly two types of joint used in drawer construction. (b) State how drawer bottom is secured. (c) Explain drawer slip. Intended Task Candidates were expected to draw two types of joints used in drawer construction and to explain drawer slip. The candidates’ performance was just average Question 3 Briefly describe the following operations carried out when sharpening hand-saw. (a) (b) (c) (d) Jointing, Re-sharpening, Setting and Filing. 113 Intended Task The questions tested candidates’ knowledge on saw-sharpening. They were expected to give a brief description of items a – d. above. Their performance was not very encouraging. Question 4 (a) (b) (c) Describe these tools and explain their uses: i. Scissors, ii. Magnetic hammer and iii. Webbing stretcher. Define seasoning of wood and five advantages of seasoned timber. List three methods of conversion of timber and briefly explain the difference between through and through method and quarter sawing. Intended Task Candidates were expected to describe the above listed tools, state five advantages of seasoned timber and explain differences between through and through method and quarter sawing. The candidates’ performance was poor. Question 5 (a) (b) State the uses of each of the following parts of a circular sawing machine: i. Ripping gauge, ii. Splitter, iii. The base and iv. Mitre gauge. List five operations that can be performed on a circular machine. Intended task Candidate were expected to state the uses of circular sawing machines stated above and to list five operations that can be carried out by the circular machine. The candidates performance was good. Candidates’ Strength Good knowledge of the subject. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Poor drawing skills. Poor presentation of answers. 114 Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should be encouraged to read more of publications like journals, newspaper, bulletins, etc. Candidates should be taught how to draw sketches before the examination day. Teachers should give examples to the students on how to answer questions. 115 MACHINE WOODWORKING (241-1) General Comments The questions covered all aspects of the syllabus. Candidates’ performance was on the average and better than the previous years. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 What are widening joints and when is it necessary to use them? Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of widening joints and the condition under which they are used. Most candidates performed averagely well. Question 2 Sketch a claw hammer, name its parts and explain how to extract nails with it. Intended Task The question required candidates to sketch a claw hammer, name its parts and explain how to extract nails with it. Many of the candidates could not draw proportionately hence, their performance was average. Question 3 Why are some tools called scraping tools? Explain with examples. Candidates were expected to explain with examples the reason why some tools are called scraping tools. Candidates’ response to this question was high and they had good scores. Question 4 Explain what is meant by: i. ii. iii. Face plate turning, Cup chuck turning and Spindle turning. Intended task Candidates were expected to explain face plate turning, cup chuck turning and spindle turning. The candidates’ performance was good. 116 Question 5 List six cutting operations which can be carried on a band saw. Intended task The candidates were expected to list six cutting operations which can be carried on a band saw. Candidates performed well in this question and scored high marks. Question 6 (a) (b) Sketch a surface planer and name its parts. Explain how the depth of a cut of a surface can be adjusted. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of surface planner. They were expected to sketch a surface planner, name its parts and explain how the depth of a surface can be adjusted. Most candidates could not sketch a surface planner thus, they performed poorly. Candidates’ Strength They had good knowledge of the subject. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor drawing skills. Inability to interpret measuring scale. Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Government should employ teachers who are specialists in the technical schools. Textbooks should be made available to students in the technical schools. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, magazines, journals, etc. Teaching of technical drawing should be emphasized. 117 PAINTING AND DECORATION (251-1) General Comments The questions covered all areas of the syllabus. Candidates’ performance was on the average. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) Name the suitable scaffold for the painting of: i. ii. iii. iv. v. (b) Small work over busy roads, Interior of high ceiling of a hall, Exterior wall of multi-storey building, A column where detailed work is required and Ceilings and walls of a large building e.g. cinemas, etc. State the use of the following scaffold parts: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Tee board, Putlog end, Guard rail, Swivel coupler and Rolling hitch. Intended Task The questions tested candidates’ knowledge on scaffold. Candidates were expected to state the correct use of different scaffold. Many of the candidates could not give the correct usage of the different scaffold, thus, their performance was poor. Question 2 A cinema house has the following measurements: Length 60m, Width 30m and Height 10m. If the area of doors and windows are 110m2 find the: i. ii. iii. area of the four walls less the openings. quality of paint required to paint the walls if the spreading rate of the paint is 20 litres per 1m2. cost of paint for two costs if a litre costs N30. 118 Intended Task The candidates were required to calculate and use their mathematical skills for the question. Many candidates did not understand the question hence they performed poorly. Question 3 A Mercedes Benz involved in an accident was sent to your spraying workshop by the panel beater for spray painting and changing of colour from cream to sky blue: i. ii. list out the tools and materials that will be needed to carry out this job. Describe in sequence, the operations from preparation to finishing stage in order to obtain the sky blue colour. Intended Task The candidates were expected to list out tools and materials that will be needed to spray a Mercedes Benz that was involved in an accident and also describe in sequence the operation from preparation to finishing stage in order to obtain the sky blue colour. Their performance was average. Question 4 (a) (b) State four functions of an air transformer. State five parts of the spray gun that is needed to be lubricated. Intended Task The candidates were required to state four functions of an air transformer and five parts of the spray gun that is needed to be lubricated. This question was well attempted by the candidates though few candidates did not understand the function of an air transformer and took it for electric transformer. However, their performance was average. Question 5 (a) (b) What is spectrum in relation to colour? Define the following colour terms: i. contrasting colours, ii. chrome, iii. mono chromatic and iv. Harmonious colours. Intended Task The candidates were required to define spectrum in relation to colour and define some colour terms. Many candidates attempted the question but could not express themselves correctly. 119 Question 6 (a) (b) Explain how waste can be avoided when using a drop pattern. How can paste be applied to a wall? Intended Task The candidates were required to explain how waste can be avoided and how paste can be applied to the wall. Many candidates performed well. Question 7 (a) (b) State the methods to be observed when pasting a wall paper. List four types of wall covering. Intended Task The candidates were expected to explain how waste could be avoided when using a drop pattern and how paste could be applied to a wall. Many candidates who attempted it could not answer correctly. Candidates’ Strength Good calculation skills. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Candidates were deficient in explaining how to paste wall-paper. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. Teachers should endeavour to use the Chief Examiners’ Report. Teachers should involve students more in practical aspects of the subject. 120 DRAUGHTSMANSHIP CRAFT PRACTICE (271-1) General Comments The questions covered the current syllabus. The candidates’ performance was better than that of last year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) What are the differences between ‘drawing sheet’ and ‘tracing paper’? (b) List the necessary qualities of a drawing sheet. Intended Task Candidates were expected to differentiate between drawing sheet and tracing paper and list qualities of a drawing sheet but they did not answer the questions properly. Question 2 (a) Explain briefly the importance of ‘drawing board’. (b) State five characteristics to be considered in selecting the materials to be used for architectural design. Intended Task Candidates were expected to explain briefly the importance of ‘drawing board’ and state five characteristics to be considered in selecting the material to be used. Those candidates that attempted it performed averagely well. Question 3 (a) Explain the term production drawing. (b) State the sequence of design process. Intended Task Candidates were expected to explain production drawing and state the sequence of design process. Many of the candidates performed well. Question 4 (a) Enumerate five factors influencing the design of a public building. (b) What is schedule? 121 Intended Task Candidates were expected to list five factors influencing the decision of a public building. The candidates performed fairly well. Question 5 (a) Define foundation. (b) List three types of foundation. Intended Task Candidates were expected to define foundation and list three types of foundation. The candidates performance was average. Question 6 a. Draw the electrical symbol of the following: i. Switch, ii. Capacitor, iii. Rectifier and iv. Light bracket. Intended Task The question required that candidates should draw electrical symbols of switch, capacitor, rectifier and light bracket. Some candidates’ performance was good. Question 7 With good diagram, indicate how the following lines are shown in architectural design i. ii. iii. Hidden lines, Cutting planet and Dimension lines. Intended task Candidates were expected to draw and indicate hidden lines, cutting planet and dimension lines in architectural design. Those who attempted it performed well. Candidates’ Strength Candidates performed well in some of the practical works. 122 Candidates’ Weakness The candidates had poor grammatical expression. Suggestion for Improvement More instructors should be provided for practical work in the schools. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, magazines, journals, etc. 123 COSMETOLOGY (311-1) General Comments The paper covered the syllabus. The candidates’ performance was on the average and better than that of last year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) List ten equipment and tools required in a standard salon, stating their uses (b) Describe the occasional care of a salon in detail. Intended Task The candidates were expected to list ten equipment and tools required in a standard salon, stating their uses, and to describe the occasional care of a salon. Many of the candidates could not provide the required answer. Question 2 (a) List and explain four safety measures that should be applied in the day-to-day operation of a salon. (b) State four precautions to take when purchasing chemicals for the salon. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on safety measures. The candidates were expected to explain safety measures applied in the day-to-day operation of a salon and state four precautions to take when purchasing chemicals for the salon. Those who attempted it performed well. Question 3 Explain in details four of the following terms used in the salon. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Water purification, Anti-perspiration, Sanitation, Shampoo, Blowing, Solution and Bath salt. 124 Intended Task Candidates were expected to explain in detail four of the terminologies used in the salon. Candidates performed averagely well. Question 4 (a) (b) (c) (d) Why are hair pieces vogues? List four tools and materials for hair weaving, stating how to care for them. Differentiate between wigs and hair pieces. State two advantages of wearing wigs. Intended Task The question tested candidates on hair pieces vogues. Candidates were expected to explain hair pieces vogues and differentiate between wigs and hair pieces and to list four tools and materials for hair weaving. Many of the candidates performed well. Question 5 (a) List at least five types of hair rinses and explain the advantages of using two. (b) Give and explain two reasons for using hair rinses. Intended Task The candidates were expected to list the types of hair rinses, the advantages of each using two and the reason for using hair rinses. Many of the candidates performed well. Question 6 (a) What is chemical hair relaxer? (b) List five tools and material required for chemical hair relaxing. (c) Enumeration the three basic steps in chemical relaxing. Intended task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of hair relaxer. Candidates were expected to define what a chemical hair relaxer is, the tools and materials required for chemical hair relaxing and the 3 basic steps in chemical hair relaxing. Candidates performed poorly. 125 Question 7 (a) Give two reasons for facial makeup. (b) List three types of facial makeup and explain the use of any two. (c) Differentiate between implements and supplies for facial makeup giving two examples of each. Intended Task The candidates were expected to give reasons for facial makeup, differentiate between implements and supplies for facial makeup and list the types of facial makeup. Many of the candidates performed averagely well. Question 8 (a) Describe briefly how to plan a salon environment in line with environment. (b) List five equipment required to run a standard hair dressing salon. Intended Task The candidates were expected to describe how to plan a salon environment and in line with work environment and list five equipment required in running a standard hair dressing salon. The candidates performed well Candidates’ Weaknesses Inability to differentiate between supplies and equipment. Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Candidates should endeavour to make use of textbooks and internet in their studies. Teachers should endeavour to cover their syllabus. 126 LADIES GARMENT MAKING, GARMENT CONSTRUCTION AND FINISHING (331-1) General Comments Generally, the candidates’ performance was on the average. The questions and candidates’ performance were better than that of last year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) State three reasons why inlay is used in garment making. (b) Name three suitable materials used for inlay garment. (c) How does inlay differ from interfacing? Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on materials used for inlay garment making. Many of the candidates attempted the question and they performed well. Question 3 (a) State three points to consider in designing collar for a garment. (b) Name three types of collar for garment. (c) Mention and illustrate with address diagrams of two collars commonly used in baby dresses. Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on points to consider in designing collar for a garment. Candidates were able to apply their knowledge on garment making efficiently. Hence, their performance was good. Question 4 As a fashion designer, describe to an apprentice under you how to take measurement for a blouse and skirt. Intended Task The question required candidates’ ability to describe how to take measurement for a blouse and skirt. Those who attempted the question were able to explain how to take measurement for a blouse and skirt very well. 127 Question 5 (a) State three ways that pattern marking can be transferred into a garment before sewing. (b) Interpret the following pattern markings. (i) (ii) (iii) -------------- (iv) (c) When do you use ‘on told’ in a blouse or skirt pattern? Intended Task The question examined candidates’ knowledge on pattern. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 6 Write short notes on the following stitches, using sketches as illustrations: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Basting, Shirring, Back stitching, Cross stitching, Button hole stitching and Running stitch. Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on stitches and their ability to recall some terms. They were expected to write short notes on basting, shirring, back stitching, cross stitching, button hole stitching and running stitch. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. 128 Question 7 (a) List the five most important measurements required when sewing a blouse with gather at the waist for a lady. (b) Describe with a sketch how the gathered section is made. Intended task The question required candidates’ ability to recall how to make a blouse with gather at the waist for a lady. The candidates were able to list five most important measurements required when sewing a blouse. They were also able to describe with a sketch how the gathering section is made. Hence, their performance was good. Candidates’ Strengths Candidates answered the question on inlay correctly. Many candidates stated the advantages of the pattern. Candidates named and illustrated collars on garment well. Majority of candidates answered question on blouse well. Candidates stated and interpreted pattern making well. They wrote notes on shirring and basting. They listed important measurements for blouse correctly. Candidates’ Weakness Poor sketching in some questions. Suggestion for Improvement Assignments involving sketching should be intensified. 129 CATERING CRAFT PRACTICE (341-1) General Comments The paper covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was fairly good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) Mention any eight kitchen equipment and classify them into various categories. (b) State eight purchasing points to be considered when buying kitchen equipment. (c) Explain how to clean the following: i. Copper equipment and utensils and ii. Aluminum pots and pans. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of kitchen equipment and classification of their different categories. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 2 (a) Enumerate six Nigerian dishes made from corn. (b) Mention four sources of protein and state the effect of the heat on protein. (c) State the functions of protein carbohydrates and fats and oil in the body. Intended Task The question required candidates’ ability to enumerate six Nigerian dishes made from corn, state the functions of protein, carbohydrates, fat and oil in the body as well as the effect of heat on protein. Those who attempted the question performed poorly. Question 3 (a) What is food poisoning? (b) State eight methods of preventing food poisoning. (c) Explain the procedure to follow in case of five outbreaks in the kitchen. Intended Task The question, tested candidates’ knowledge of food poisoning. They were expected to state eight methods of preventing food poisoning and to explain procedures required in case of fire outbreak in the kitchen. Those who attempted the question performed averagely. 130 Question 4 (a) State the ingredients for all white stocks. (b) Describe the preparation of all white stocks. (c) Give eight rules guiding stock preparation. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of white stock preparation. The candidates were expected to list the ingredients for white stocks, describe its preparation and enumerate eight rules guiding stock preparation. Candidates performed well. Question 5 (a) Enumerate eight bar equipment. (b) Write short notes on the following: i. Aerated water, ii. Juices and iii. Squashes. (c) Describe the service of beer. Intended Task The candidates were required to list 8 bar equipment and write short notes on aerated water, juices, and squashes. Majority of those who attempted it performed poorly Question 6 a. Explain the functions of the following waiters: i. Lounge waiter, ii. Floor waiter and iii. Station head waiter. Describe the service of red wine. b. Write short noted on the following: i. Plate service, ii. Silver service and iii. Russian service. Intended Task The question tested the candidates’ ability to explain the functions of lounge waiter, floor waiter and station head waiter. They were expected to describe the service of red wine, write short notes on plate service as well as silver service and Russian service. Many of the candidates who attempted the question performed well. 131 Question 7 (a) (b) (c) (d) Give examples of four oily fish and four white fish. Describe how to filet flat fish. What is digestion? State the effect of cooking on starch. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of white fish. The question required the candidates’ to give examples of oily fish, white fish as well as filet flat fish. Candidates were also expected to define digestion and state the effect of cooking on starch. Those who attempted the question performed well. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Over emphasis on cookery and Non-coverage of syllabus. Suggestions for Improvement Government should employ competent/qualified teachers who specialize in hotel and catering management. Teachers should not over emphasis cookery theory and practical at the detriment of food service. Teachers should endeavour to cover the specified syllabus. 132 PRINTING CRAFT PRACTICE (361-1) General Comments The paper covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was poor. Detailed Comment on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) Give the names of two trade houses in the printing industry. Explain the functions of each of them and their advantages to the growth of your community. Intended Task The questions required candidates’ knowledge of trade houses in the printing industry as well as its advantages to growth. They were expected to give the names of two trade houses in the printing industry and to explain the functions of each of them and their advantages to the growth of their community. Few candidates attempted this question and they performed poorly. Question 2 (a) Define typography. (b) Re-write the word ‘THY’ to show the following: i. ii. iii. iv. Mean line, Base line, Ascender line and Descended line. Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge on the word typography. Candidates were expected to rewrite the word ‘THY’ to reflect some terminologies from the word. Candidates performed poorly. Question 3 (a) Mention four requirements of type metal. (b) Give the names of two out of three metals used for type alloy. (c) Write shot notes on the two mentioned metals 1(b). 133 Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of metals. They were expected to mention the four requirements of type metal. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 4 (a) Explain the role of a screen in half tone reproduction. (b) Mention three causes of moiré pattern in print reproduction. Intended Task The question required that candidates possess adequate knowledge of reproduction. They were expected to explain the role of screen in half tone reproduction. Those who attempted the question performed fairly well. Question 5 (a) (b) Give three advantages of deep etch plate over albumen processed plates Define the following: i. Temperature and ii. Relative humidity. Intended Task The question required candidates to give three advantages of deep etch plates over albumen processed plates, define temperature and relative humidity. Many of the candidates who attempted the question performed well. Question 6 Write short notes to explain the following feeding techniques: (a) Single sheet feeding. (b) Stream feeding and (c) Web-feb mechanism Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of feeding techniques. They were to write short notes to explain single sheet feeding, stream feeding and web-feb mechanism. Many who attempted the question performed well. 134 Question 7 (a) (b) Give three advantages of signatures. Explain two reasons why there could be excess swelling in a book. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of signatures, and were expected to give reasons for excess swelling in book. Majority of those who attempted the question performed fairly well. Candidates’ Strengths Ability to answer question on feeding techniques. Ability to provide the definition of some terminologies. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Inability to attempt some of the questions. Suggestions for Improvement Seminars should be organized for instructors. Emphasis must be laid down on technological education. Students should cultivate the habit of reading novels, magazine, journals, etc, 135 SPINNING (371-1) General Comments The question covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was high. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) Name three types of bast fibres. Describe how any one of them is produced. Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge of bast fibres and how it could be produced. The candidates were able to name three types of bast fibres. Hence, their performance was on the average. Question 2 (a) (a) What is the difference between a latch needle and a bearded needle used in knitting? Sketch and describe the bearded needle. Intended Task The question required that candidates are able to differentiate between latch needle and a bearded needle. They were asked to sketch and describe the bearded needle. Their performance was good. Question 3 (a) (b) (c) What are the objects of the speed frame? Explain how those objects are achieved. What is the effect of inserting too little or too much twist? Intended Task The question required candidates to state what objects of spread frame are. They were expected to explain, how the objects are achieved and the effect of inserting too little or too much twist. Those who attempted this question performed well. Question 4 (a) (b) (c) What is a fibre? Name five chemical properties of wool. Mention five physical properties of wool. 136 Intended Task The question assessed candidates’ knowledge of fibre and properties of wool. Those who attempted the question performed poorly. Question 5 (a) (b) Enumerate the physical properties of cotton and polyester. Compare and contrast their chemical properties. Intended Task The question required candidates to state what a fibre is and to name five chemical and physical properties of wool. Candidates’ Strengths The candidates had excellent knowledge in presentation of answers. Candidates who attempted the questions performed averagely. Candidates’ Weakness Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Good libraries should be provided in the colleges. Appropriate textbooks are suggested for the teaching of spinning. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. The teaching of English Language should be intensified. 137 WEAVING (372-1) General Comments The paper was in line with the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was good. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 Write short notes on any four of the following: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Shedding, Take up motion, Beat up, Picking, Warp –let off and Warp Protect motion. Intended Task Candidates were expected to write short notes on four out of shedding, take-up motion, beat up, picking, warp-let off or and warp protect motion. Those who attempted the question answered it correctly and their performance good. Question 2 (a) Briefly explain the operation of each of the primary motions on a plain weave design stating the frequency of their actions. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of primary motions. Many of the candidates who attempted the question performed well. Question 3 (a) (b) State any three methods of shedding mechanisms. Write short note on any one of them illustrating with diagram. Intended task The question tested candidates’ ability to recall and explain methods of shedding mechanisms as well as to illustrate one with the aid of a diagram. Those who attempted the question were able to illustrate and explain the methods of shedding mechanisms, hence, they performed well. 138 Question 4 (a) (b) (b) Name three basic types of weaves. Briefly describe each of them. Explain the characteristics of one of them. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of weaves. Candidates were expected to describe briefly as well as to explain the various types of weaves. Those who attempted the question were able to name and explain the characteristics of the types of weaves, hence, they performed well. Question 5 (a) (b) (c) Explain briefly the need for sizing of yarns before weaving commences State the main properties of size. Write short notes on any two of the properties stated. Intended Task The question required candidates’ ability to recall some facts about sizing of yarns. They were expected to state and explain the properties of size. Their performance was good. Candidates’ Strength Good presentation of answers. Candidates’ Weakness Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Libraries should be provided for colleges. Emphasis should be laid on the teaching of English Language. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, magazine, journals, etc. 139 SURFACE DESIGN AND PRINTING (373-1) General Comments The paper met the required standard for the examination and the candidates’ performance was better than that of last year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 Write short notes on any two of the following: (i) (ii) (iii) Discharge printing, Direct printing and Resist printing. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge on printing. The question required candidates’ ability to write short notes on discharge printing, direct printing and resist printing. Many candidates answered this question and they performed well. Question 2 Enumerate five printing faults and explain how they can be rectified. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of printing faults. Those who attempted the question were able to state and explain five printing faults and their rectification process their performance was good. Question 3 With the aid of a diagram, describe the color wheel. Intended Task The question tested candidates on colour wheel. Many of the candidates who attempted the question they performed well. 140 Question 4 (a) Write short notes on two of the following questions of a colour: i. ii. iii. (b) Value, Intensity and Hue. What is a design repeat system? Give three examples. Intended Task The question examined candidates’ knowledge of colour. Candidates were expected to write brief notes on two types of colours. Many of the candidates who attempted this question performed well. Question 5 Explain Roller Printing processing machine. Intended Task The question required candidates’ ability to explain a Roller Printing processing machine. Those who attempted the question performed well. Candidates’ Strength The candidates had knowledge in presentation of answers. Candidates’ Weaknesses Poor grammatical expression. Poor drawing skills. Suggestions for Improvement Emphasis should be laid on the teaching of English Language. Candidates should be taught on the importance of drawing. Qualified teachers in Engineering drawing should be employed. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazines, etc. 141 GRAPHIC DESIGN (381-1) General Comments The questions on Graphic Design covered the syllabus and the candidates’ performance was better than that of last year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) Define the term ‘Lettering’. State five types of lettering. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of lettering. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 2 Write briefly on the following: i. Mosaic, ii. Collage and iii. Embroidery. Intended Task The question required candidates’ ability to write on the terminologies above. The candidates were able to give a brief explanation of the term and hence the performance was very good. Question 3 With the aid of a diagram, illustrate any five types of lines. Intended Task The question required candidates’ ability to illustrate any five types of line with the aid of a diagram. The candidates were able to answer the question correctly. Question 4 (a) (b) What is Poster Design? List any four qualities of a good ‘Poster Design’. 142 Intended Task The question required candidates to define ‘poster design’ and list any four qualities of poster design. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 5 Explain the following processes of printing: i. Silkscreen, ii. Relief process, iii. Lithography and iv. Planographic. Intended Task The question tested candidates on processes of printing. Candidates were expected to explain some technologies in printing. Many of the candidates who attempted the question performed well. Question 6 Write short notes on the following: i. ii. iii. Warm colors, Cool colors and Complementary colors. Intended Task The question tested the candidates’ knowledge of colours. The candidates were expected to write short notes on the above terms. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 7 Briefly explain the following: i. ii. iii. iv. Tint, Shade, Tonal gradation and Harmonious colors. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of graphic design. They were expected to explain briefly tint, shade, tonal gradation and harmonious colors. Those who attempted the question performed well. 143 Candidates’ Strengths Logical and sequential presentation of answers. Good grammatical expression. Candidates’ Weakness Poor drawing skills. Suggestion for Improvement Teaching of basic design should be encouraged. The use of illustration in teaching should be intensified. 144 CERAMIC AND DESIGN (391-1) General Comments The questions and the candidates’ performance were better than that of last year. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 Write short notes on any three of the following terms: (a) (b) (c) (d) Warping, Pin holes, Over-firing and Reduction firing. Intended Task The question required candidates’ ability to write short notes on some terms in ceramic and design. They were able to write short notes on any three terms very well and they performed well. Question 2 List and explain three casting faults Intended Task The question required candidates’ knowledge of casting faults. They were able to list and explain the three casting faults as expected hence, they performed above average Question 3 State six qualities of a good casting slip. Intended task The question required candidates’ ability to recall the qualities of a good casting slip. They were expected to state six qualities of a casting slip. Many of the candidates who attempted the question performed well. Question 4 State three functions each on the following oxides in glaze: (a) Silica and (b) Alumina. 145 Intended Task The question required the candidates’ knowledge of oxides. each of silica and alumina hence, they performed well. They were able to state three functions Question 5 Write short notes on the following: (a) Perspective, (b) Horizon and (c) Unity. Intended Task The question required candidates’ ability to write short notes on perspective, horizon and unity. The candidates were able to give a brief explanation on the above terms and hence, they performed well. Question 6 List and explain three types of rocks. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of rocks. They were able to list and explain three types of rocks as expected, hence, the candidates performed well. Question 7 State and explain four physical properties of clay. Intended Task The question tested candidates’ knowledge of physical properties of clay. The candidates were able to state and explain the four physical properties and they performed well. Candidates’ Weakness Poor grammatical expression. Suggestions for Improvement Emphasis should be laid on the teaching of English Language. Candidates should cultivate the habit of reading novels, journals, magazine etc. 146 TOURISM (441) General Comments The paper covered the syllabus and improvement was recorded in candidates’ performance. Detailed Comments on Each Question Question 1 (a) (b) (c) Distinguish between tourist and excursionist Differentiate tourist products and tourist services Explain briefly two features of tourist resources. Intended Task The question required candidates ability to distinguish between tourist and excursionist, differentiate between tourist products and tourist services as well as explain briefly two features of tourist resources. The candidates did not answer the question well and performed poorly. Question 2 (a) Discuss five economic importance of tourism to the country. (b) List six social impacts of tourism. (c) Highlight four factors responsible for the growth of tourism in Nigeria. Intended Task The question required candidates to discuss the five importance of tourism to the country, list six impacts of tourism and highlight four factors responsible for the growth of tourism in Nigeria. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 3 (a) List and explain two factors responsible for the growth of tourism internationally. (b) Explain three tourism products and their locations. (c) Discuss three contribution of tourism enterprise to the economy of the local area in terms of employment, revenue and investment. Intended Task The question required candidates to list three tourism products and their locations, discuss three contributions of tourism enterprise to the economy of local area in terms of employment, revenue and investment. They were also to list and explain two factors responsible for the growth of tourism internationally. Their attempt at that question was encouraging. 147 Question 4 (a) Mention six factors which may lead to the development of successful tourism business enterprise. (b) What are the four legal requirements for the establishment of a tourism business enterprise? (c) Explain tour operation as an agent of tourism. Intended Task The question required the candidates’ explanation of the development and establishment of successful tourism business. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 5 (a) Give a historical development of tour. (b) What are tour brochure price quotations? (c) Write briefly on the key aspects of a tour brochure. Intended Task The question required candidates to give a historical development of tour, what tour brochure price quotations are and write briefly on the key aspects of a tour brochure. Those who attempted the question performed well. Question 6 (a) Explain the procedure required for tour reservation. (b) Analyse the basic tour accounting procedure. (c) List six reasons why people take tours. Intended Task The question assessed candidates’ knowledge on tour reservation. attempted it performed well. Many of the candidates who Candidates’ Strength A good number of the candidates answered question two and three and their responses were brief and logical. Candidates’ Weaknesses Inability to differentiate between tourist products and tourist services. Poor grammatical expression. 148 Suggestions for Improvement Teachers/students should endeavour to cover the syllabus. Students should improve on their study habits. 149
