INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY GUIDED NOTES
Name:_____________________
Anatomy -
_______________________________________________________
Physiology –
_______________________________________________________
Anatomy or physiology?
- Muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria
- Muscle cells expend a lot of energy when contracting
- The epithelial tissue bladder is made of transitional cells.
- Transitional epithelial cells can change shape, elongating to stretch or and rounding to shrink.
Structure facilitates function
 The structure of an object is designed to _________________________________________________
 You can guess a lot about the _________________________ of an object by looking at its structure
 Thinking carefully about the function of an object will better help you __________________________________
its structure.
Examples:
 Muscle expends more energy than most tissue, and so have a higher number of mitochondria.
 Bladder needs to expand (and shrink) to hold urine, and so is lined with transitional epithelial cells that
can change shape.
Your examples:
Levels of Organization
Chemicals 
Cells 
Tissue 
Organs 
Organ systems 
Organism
What is the difference between …
 A cell and a chemical?
 A tissue and an organ?
 An organ and an organ system?
HOMEOSTASIS GUIDED NOTES
HOMEOSTASIS


The _________________________________________________________________________________
________________ process – the body is constantly regulating to keep conditions within acceptable ranges
Many variables are maintained by homeostasis.
Examples include:
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS
Analogies:
Example: Thermoregulation
Variable?
Stimulus?
Receptor?
Control center?
Effector?
Example: Calcium Regulation
Variable?
Stimulus?
Receptor?
Effector?
Control Center?
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Most homeostatic mechanisms are examples of negative feedback.
In negative feedback, __________________________________________________________________.
Example: If the body is hot, the hypothalamus will activate the sweat glands and dilate the blood vessels (the two
outputs) … both of which will act to reduce the body temperature.
Some processes in the body are positive feedback mechanisms.
In positive feedback, ___________________________________________________________________.
Example:
Positive or Negative Feedback?
Compare and Contrast Positive and Negative Feedback
Examples of positive feedback:
Non-examples of positive feedback:
Examples of negative feedback:
Non-examples of positive feedback:
Most disease is caused by a disturbance of homeostatic mechanisms known as homeostatic imbalance.
Homeostatic imbalance can result from




__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
___________________________________________
Body Organization: Directional terms, regions, planes, and cavities guided notes
Anatomical Position
The picture shows a body in anatomical position.
The person is upright, __________________ and __________________.
All directional terms reference position with regards to anatomical position …
even if the body in question is in a different position.
Example: The head is superior (above) to the feet, whether you are standing
up, laying down, or doing a handstand.
Directional Terms
Important terms not shown on the
diagram:

____________ –
__________________________

___________________ –
_________________________
Terms are used to describe __________
_____________________
Example: the ribs are ______________
to the spine
Terms and use explained on page 12 of
textbook!
Directional Terms practice 1
Directional practice 2
1. The knee is _____________________ to the hip bones.
Name a structure that is …
2. The ears are _________________________ to the nose.
… medial to your eye
3. The elbow is on the _________________side of the arm.
… lateral to your heart
4. Your naval is _______________________ to your arms.
…. distal to your wrist
5. Your thumbs are always _____________ to your fingers.
… proximal to your elbow
6. Your heart is _________________________ to your ribs.
… on the posterior side of the hand
7. Your shoulders are ________________ to your elbows.
…on the anterior side of the body
… superficial to the ribs
Regional Terms
The body can be divided into two main regions:

________________ – ____________________


________, _____________, ___________,
______________________ – ___________________

______________, _____________
Your femur is on what part of the body?
Your sternum is on what part of the body?
Body Planes and Sections
The body may be ________________(cut) along a flat surface called a
___________________
The three most common planes are:



______________ (Median) plane - cuts body into left & right
______________ (coronal) plane - cuts body into front & back
_______________ (cross section)- cuts body into superior &
inferior parts)
Which plane could be used to separate the hemispheres of the brain?
Which plane could be used to separate the top and bottom of the kidney?
Which plane could be used to separate the anterior and posterior parts of
the body?
Body Cavities
transverse
In which cavity are the following organs are
Which plane could be used
to separate t
found:
Name
both
the major and minor divisions.
The anterior and posterior
parts
of the
body?
frontal

Spinal cord

Lungs

Brain

Liver
the top and bottom of the
kidney?
Bladder
transverse
 used
Small
Which plane could be
to intestine
separate t
The anterior and posterior parts of the
body?
frontal