Mr. Adam
Fall 2015
Unit: Cell Structure Unit
Name:
Biology II Course Objective(s):

2: Describe and contrast the structures, functions, and chemical processes of the cell
Cell Theory
1. The
states that
are the
2. The cell theory was created from the work of three scientists:
a.
b.
c.
3.
principles comprise the cell theory
a.
living organism is made of
b.
are the
units of
organisms
c.
arise from
and
The Basic Attributes of Cells
4.
cells range in size from about
in
5. Cells need to
with the
6.
part of the cell can be
and
from the
7. If a cell
, it must
8. Common features of all cells:
a. Include
b. Include
c. Use
as
d. Use
to
of
e. The plasma membrane
f.
or
the DNA blueprint and
the
between the cell and its
The structure of the plasma membrane is composed of
and
molecules, and it
of
and
out of cells
and
,
,
the
in and
g. Cytoplasm
i. The cytoplasm consists of
of the
that lie
the
but
of the
ii. The
portion of the cytoplasm is called
contains
,
, and
molecules
iii.
of the cell’s
occur in the cell
h. DNA and RNA
i. All cells use DNA (
hereditary blueprint
and
and
) as a
ii. All cells use RNA (
copy the blueprint and to guide construction of proteins
basic types of cells:
) to
9. There are
a.
b.
10. Prokaryotic (means:
) cells form the bodies of
and
, the
forms of life
11. Eukaryotic ((means:
) cells form the bodies of
, and
,
a. The
of
b. The
to the
of
, such as the
gives
of eukaryotic cells
,
cells includes a variety
and
and
Table 4-1 Functions and Distribution of Cell Structures
Structure
Cell Surface
Cell Wall
Cilia
Flagella
Plasma
Membrane
Function
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes:
Plants
Eukaryotes:
Animals
Table 4-1 Functions and Distribution of Cell Structures
Structure
Function
Organization of Genetic Material
Genetic
Material
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Nuclear
Envelope
Nucleolus
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes:
Plants
Eukaryotes:
Animals
Table 4-1 Functions and Distribution of Cell Structures
Structure
Function
Cytoplasmic Structures
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes:
Plants
Eukaryotes:
Animals
Lysosomes
Plastids
Central
Vacuole
Other Vesicles
and Vacuoles
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells
12.
cells make up the bodies of
a.
b.
c.
d.
13. Eukaryotic cells are very
14. The
of eukaryotic cells houses the
that perform
and
within the cell
15.
and
that are
16. Plant cells have
cells
17. Some animal cells possess
that are
18. Cell Wall:
a.
cells have
to each type of cell
,a
that are
and a
in
,
in
, and
cells
eukaryotic cells are
by
i. The
cell surfaces of
and some
are covered with
relatively stiff coatings called
ii.
cell walls are composed of
other
(
iii.
cell walls are made of
b. Cell walls are
, allowing
, and
,
and
)
and other
,
carrying
to
i. The
the
19. Cytoskeleton:
a. The
and
i.
ii. The cytoskeleton is composed of
1.
2.
3.
,
,
through them
is located just
provides
,
are
,
to a network of
that make up the
types of protein fibers
b. Label the protein fibers that comprise the cytoskeleton
c. Major function(s) of microfilaments:
d. Major function(s) of Intermediate filaments:
e. Major function(s) of microfilaments:
f.
The cytoskeleton
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
the following
:
20. Cilia and Flagella:
a. Both cilia and flagella are
cells through fluids or move fluids past cells
b. They both arise from a
to the
c. Basal bodies are derived from
in
to basal bodies
d. Label the parts of the cilium
e. The
generated by
by
on the
f. The force generated by a
by the
on a
that
, which
them
, which are
can be compared to the force created
of a
can be compared to the force created
g.
are
flagella usually have only
h. Some
use
to
i. Other organisms use
i.
than
, and cells with
or
organisms, such as
through
,
Line diverse structures, such as the
, the
j.
and the
Most
,
rely on
for
k. Label the cilium and flagellum, as well as the direction of locomotion (movement) and propulsion
(movement) of fluid.
21. Nucleus:
a. The
, containing
, is the
of the
cell
i. The nucleus has
1.
2.
3.
ii. Label the major parts of the nucleus
major parts:
b. The
allows
of
i. The
of the cell by a
a
ii. The
nuclear pores that allow
iii. Passage of
and
is
from the rest
that consists of
perforated by
is perforated with
,
to
,
are regulated by
, and
,
called the
nuclear pore
iv. Label the nucleus and nuclear pores with nuclear pore complex
c.
consists of
of
i. Chromatin is a
the
ii. During
associated with
contained in
, chromatin becomes
into
iii. The chromosomes contain
for making a huge
that line each
called
that provide a
of
iv. Label chromatin and condensed chromosome structure
v. Because
in the
are
,
of the
on DNA must
through the
the
vi. To do this,
is
(mRNA), which
to the
in DNA
into
through the
, where it directs
d. Nucleolus
i.
contain at least
, the site of
is a small particle composed of
ii. A
and
iii. The nucleolus consists of
,
in various stages of synthesis, and
,
iv. Label the ribosome, mRNA, protein, and amino acid in the graphic below.
22. Endomembrane system:
a. The eukaryotic
that form the
b. The endomembrane system
from the surrounding
of
c. The endomembrane system includes the:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
23. Vesicles:
a.
are
transporting molecules to the various regions of the
24. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
a. The
contains
to ensure the
forms
within the
b. The endoplasmic reticulum (
and
c. There are
i.
ii.
d. The rough ER has
) is a
that form a labyrinth of
within the cytoplasm
types of ER:
of
, which make
e. The smooth ER has
attached ribosomes
f. Label the rough ER, smooth ER, ribosomes, and vesicles in the graphic below.
g.
of the
and
located in the cell membrane are
h. The
endoplasmic reticulum is
and produces
or for
i. The
endoplasmic reticulum has
lipids, such as
25. Golgi apparatus:
a. The
and
in the
with
destined for
from the cell
,
, and
made from
,
important molecules
,
b. It modifies some molecules, such as
to
and making
c. It also
some
(groups of amino acids)
d. It
various
received from the
according to their
e. It
the
that are then
to
or to the
f. Label the Golgi apparatus in the graphic below.
26. Secreted Proteins:
a.
a
into
and
molecules into
are
the cell
as they
b. Secreted proteins are made in the
,
through the
, and then are
through the
c. Pathway of proteins from the ribosome on the rough ER until they are exported from the cell membrane
(Label the interstitial fluid, cytosol, Golgi apparatus, and forming vesicle):
i. Step 1: The
are
on
into channels
and are
of the
ii. Step 2: The proteins are
and
iii. Step 3:
and
passes through the
into
to the
fuse with the
are
,
as the protein
iv. Step 4: Proteins are
into their
and are packaged into
of the Golgi apparatus
v. Step 5: The vesicles
with the
and
the
(
the cell)
27. Lysosome:
a.
b.
into the
serve as the
Are made in the
through the
in membrane-enclosed
c. A lysosome
on the
,
, and are
as
with a
and
food into
d. Pathway of enzymes (proteins) from rough ER into lysosomes to a food vacuole, where food is digested
(Label the interstitial fluid, food, cytosol, food vacuoles, lysosome, digestive enzymes, and Golgi
apparatus):
i. Step 1:
on
and
ii. Step 2: The enzymes are
and
to the
iii. Step 3: The Golgi apparatus
for
to the
iv. Step 4: The enzymes are
in
v. Step 5: A lysosome
and the enzymes
28. Vacuoles:
a.
are
through the
into
the
to the
with a
the
,
serve many functions, including
, and
,
b. Many
possess
composed of collecting ducts, a central
reservoir, and a tube leading to a pore in the plasma membrane that
c.
is used to
from the
of the
into
d. A
contractile vacuole contracts,
out through a
in the
e. Label the parts of the contractile vacuole found in a Paramecium (protist).
f.
cells have
i. A
central vacuole occupies
or more of the
of
cells and has several functions
ii. Central vacuoles provide
iii.
within the vacuole,
the
up
iv. Functions of the central vacuole:
1.
2.
plant
(
pressure),
portion of the
the
3.
29. Mitochondria:
a. Mitochondria
and chloroplasts
b.
eukaryotic cells have
from
that capture energy
by producing high-energy
molecules
also have
, which can
from
and
c. The cells of
capture energy
it in
d. Biologists believe that both
and
evolved from
that became incorporated into
the
of other
(
)
e. The Endosymbiont Hypothesis:
i. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the
(
in diameter)
ii. Both have a
, the
membrane possibly coming from the
and the
membrane from the
iii. Both have
that they use to
iv. Both possess
and
v. Label the aerobic bacterium, cyanobacterium, mitochondrion, and chloroplast in the graphic
below.
,
f. Mitochondria are organelles that function as
g. The energy extracted by mitochondria from food molecules is
in
h. The
involves
(
and
(
reactions
i. Label the structures of the mitochondria in the graphic below.
j.
Mitochondrial structures:
i. The
ii. The
the
iii. The
iv. The
30. Chloroplasts:
a. Chloroplasts are the
b.
c. The
from the
d. The
(called
e. The
and
)
)
membrane is
and
membrane
into structures called
lies
membranes
is within the
the organelle
are
membrane
membrane encloses the fluid
,
,
) made of individual
membranes contain the
and
and make
(in a process called
membrane
organelles surrounded by a
the
and contains
, which
from
)
f.
Label the structures of the chloroplast in the graphics below.
31. Plastids:
a. Plants use
b. Plastids are found
c. They are surrounded by a
d. Plastids are
such as
for
and photosynthetic
for various molecules,
and
e. Label the plastid and starch molecules in the graphic below.
Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells
32.
33. Prokaryotic cells have
than eukaryotic cells
34. Most prokaryotic cells are
cells are
features
and possess
specialized structures within their
than
with a
compared to
35. Prokaryotic cells usually have a
cells
36. Label the internal structures of a typical prokaryotic cell in the graphic below.
37. Prokaryotic cells can take several
Shape
38. Draw: bacillus bacterium
:
Singular Form
coccus bacterium
Plural Form
spirillum bacterium
39. Capsules and Slime Layers:
a. Bacteria secrete
and
i. Capsules and slime layers are similar except
called
outside their cells
are
ii. Capsules and slime layers assist in the formation of
iii. Examples include
and
iv. Both
(drying out)
,
,
bacteria and keep them from
40. Pili:
a.
(meaning
) are
of the cell walls in some bacteria that further enhance
i.
are
and
to
: they help bacteria
b. Draw a bacillus bacterium with attachment pili.
c.
bacterium’s sex pili
of the
i. Sex pili allow bacteria to
process called
are
it to a
in number and
: one
of
)
(in a
d. Label the bacteria, pili, and sex pilus (singular) in the graphic below.
41. Nucleoid:
a. In the
, which is
of the prokaryotic cells is an area called the
from the
b. Within the nucleoid is a
,
of
c. Small rings of DNA (called
) are located in the
d. Label the chromosome, plasmid, and nucleoid region in the graphics below.
42. No Membrane-Bound Organelles or Nucleus:
a. Prokaryotic cells have
or
present
used to capture
b. Some have
43. Cytoplasm and Ribosomes:
a. Prokaryotic cells are filled with
b. The cytoplasm may contain
i. These ribosomes are
those found in
and
to
cells