AP Psychology
Guided Notes #9
Spring Semester 2015
Bacile
Unit IX: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Corresponding Modules: Modules 37-44
Topic: Motivation & Emotion (6-8%)
MOTIVATION, EMOTION & STRESS: MOTIVATION
Motivation: The Basics

Motivation
o A need or desire that _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Influences that account for the ________________________________, _____________________________, _______________________________ &
persistence of behavior
 Sources of Motivation
o ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Extrinsic Motivation
o A desire to perform a behavior because of ___________________________________________________ or threats of punishment
 Example
 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Problem
 Behaviors maintained by extrinsic motivation will not be effectively sustained once the reward is removed
 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Intrinsic Motivation
o A desire to perform a behavior for ____________________________________________ because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in
some internal manner
 Has an edge over extrinsic motivation in some areas, especially creativity
 Tends to result in ____________________________________________________
Motivation: Theories
INSTINCT THEORY

A theory of motivation that asserts that human behavior is guided by ___________________________________________________________________________
o Instinct
 A _______________________________________________________ that occurs without learning; rigidly patterned within a species
o Examples
 Imprinting, salmon spawning, rooting reflex
o Basic human instincts?
DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY

An approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from ____________________________________________________________ that cause internal
tensions ( ______________________________) to push the organism towards satisfying the need, the __________________________________________ tension
and arousal
o Primary drives v. secondary drives
o Physiological aim of drive reduction is ___________________________________________
AROUSAL THEORY

A theory of motivation in which people are said to have an _____________________________________________________________________________ that they
seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
o Goals
 __________________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________________
YERKES-DODSON LAW

The theory that psychological arousal helps performance, but __________________________________________________________________________
o The optimum level of arousal depends on the __________________________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________ has an optimum level of stimulation that they prefer to maintain
INCENTIVE THEORY

A theory of motivation in which incentives (either positive or negative stimuli) __________________________________________________________________
o Behavior is guided by the _________________________________________________________________________________ and the threat of punishment
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
o Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy
of needs, stating that some needs take priority over
others
 Begins at the base with physiological
needs, and then proceeds through
________________________________________________
to psychological needs
 _________________________________________________
won’t become active until lower-level
needs have been satisfied
Motivation: Hunger
THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUNGER


Hunger DOES NOT ___________________________________________________
It comes from our brain
o Hypothalamus
 Regulates appetite; serves as
__________________________________________________
 Damage to this area can cause weight gain
due to lack of restraint in eating

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
o _____________________________________________________
(upon stimulation)
o If the VMH is destroyed, ________________________________________________________

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
o _____________________________________________________ (upon stimulation)
o If the LH is destroyed, ___________________________________________________________
Hormone
Orexin (increase)
Ghrelin (increase)
Insulin (increase)
Leptin (increase)
PYY (increase)
Tissue/Location
Response

Weight Set Point
o __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
o __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When the body falls _____________________________________________________, increased hunger & a lower BMR may act to ____________________________
the weight lost weight….

Implications for Dieting
o A “normal” weight person who overeats will experience an ______________________________________________________________________________,
thus preventing weight gain
o A “normal” weight person who under eats will experience a decrease in metabolism, thus ___________________________________________
______________________________________________
 The body reacts as if it is in starvation mode…

Set Point Theory explains why so many “successful” dieters regain the weight; they return to set point
o Set Point still valid?
 Settling point?
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER

External Influences
o Sight, sound and smell of food
o Memory (of last meal…)
 Due to difficulties with _____________________________________, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food

Cultural/Environmental Influences
o Taste preferences
 Biology or culture?
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Others?
o Conditioned & in many cases adaptive

Anorexia Nervosa
o An eating disorder in which a person becomes ____________________________________________________________________ (15%)
 Self-starvation diets, extreme exercise regimens and delusions
Bulimia Nervosa
o An eating disorder characterized by episodes of __________________________________________ (high-caloric foods), followed by vomiting,
laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise
 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Binge-Eating Disorder



Statistics (WHO, 2007)
o Overweight: ___________________________________________________
o Clinically Obese: ______________________________________________
(BMI 30+)

Which is more dangerous?
o Apple or pear shape?
 Why?
Obesity
o A disorder characterized by excessive weight
 ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
o Obesity gene? Heritability of obesity?

Motivation: Sex

Obviously…
o Sex is natural
o Without sex, none of us would be here
 “Sex is nature’s clever way of making people procreate,
enabling our species to survive…”
o So…
 How do researchers study sex?
THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF SEX

Alfred Kinsey (1950s)
o Research/biologist at the University of Indiana
 Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948)
and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female

_________________________________________________________________________ with 18,000 people in the early 1950s
 Pioneer in terms of sex research
o The ______________________________________________________ (1-6)
Rating
Description
1
2
Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual
3
Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual
4
5
Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual
6
Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual
x


William Masters & Virginia Johnson (1960s)
Set out to explore the ___________________________________________________________________________
o 382 females and 312 males
 After their research was complete they ran an institute that claimed to “turn” _______________________________________________
o Described the sexual response cycle
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________

Hormones & Sexual Behavior
o Sex hormones…
 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Activate sexual behavior
 More loosely in humans than in animals…
 Impact of testosterone…
 In men?
 In women?
 Hormone fluctuations are normal…

Sexual Problems/Dysfunction
o Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual problems
 _______________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
o Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders

External Influences
o Erotic material
 Men?
 Women?
 Impact on sexual relationships?
o Imagined Influences
 Dreams
 Fantasy

Teen Pregnancy
o Factors
o Statistics

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
o Factors
o Statistics

Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for _____________________________________________________________________________________
relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex and/or either sex
o Statistics
o Origins of Sexual Orientation
 ________________________________________________________________________
 The brain and sexual orientation
 Genes and sexual orientation
 Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation