Business Law Final Review, Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____
1. The three branches of the U.S. government are known as the legislative, executive, and administrative
branches.
____
2. The U.S. Supreme Court justices are selected by the states.
____
3. Courts can make laws by deciding whether or not laws conflict with the Constitution.
____
4. When unethical business practices are discovered, new laws are often created to hold all businesses more
accountable.
____
5. The duties and requirements for serving in state and local governments are determined by the federal
government.
____
6. The main sources of the law include constitutional law, commerce law, statutes, and civil law.
____
7. The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.
____
8. Everyone in the United States must follow any treaty that the United States has signed.
____
9. Civil law is enacted to govern the relationships between two parties and usually involves the government.
____ 10. Civil litigation usually begins with pleadings and a pretrial hearing.
____ 11. A crime is an offense against the public good.
____ 12. Motive plays no part in proving criminal liability.
____ 13. A person claiming self-defense must retreat before resorting to force.
____ 14. It is first-degree murder if someone is killed while the accused is committing another serious crime.
____ 15. Robbery is the wrongful and violent taking of personal property.
____ 16. Embezzlement is what criminals do when they need to hide large amounts of money illegally.
____ 17. Aiding and comforting enemies of the United States is called treason and is illegal.
____ 18. The person accused of a crime is called the plaintiff.
____ 19. The American legal system is a dual system made up of the federal court system and the state court system.
____ 20. The purpose of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is to provide free attorney services to U.S. citizens
arrested overseas.
____ 21. A tort is a wrong committed against an individual.
____ 22. Public officials must prove actual malice to succeed in a defamation lawsuit.
____ 23. Invasion of privacy is an unintentional tort.
____ 24. Even the most careless conduct will not result in liability for negligence unless there is actual harm.
____ 25. The main difference between intentional torts and negligence is that one is deliberate, while the other is
usually caused by carelessness.
____ 26. Although the reasonable person test is very subjective, it is used primarily in intentional tort cases.
____ 27. The tortfeasor is the plaintiff in a lawsuit.
____ 28. Mexican tort law does not provide for compensation for pain and suffering.
____ 29. Current tort reform legislation includes survival statutes and wrongful death statutes.
____ 30. If you are driving your car too fast on a rainy evening and have an accident, you might have committed an
intentional tort.
____ 31. An oral contract is not enforceable by law.
____ 32. A valid contract must contain at least four of the six elements of a contract.
____ 33. Consideration is the legal ability to enter a contract.
____ 34. When a bilateral contract is made, one person makes a promise to do something if and when another person
does something.
____ 35. Contracts for clothing and motor vehicles are examples of exceptions to the mirror image rule.
____ 36. According to common law, when you send an acceptance over long distances, it is effective three days after it
is sent.
____ 37. A contract that is void has no legal effect.
____ 38. The Statute of Frauds requires that both parties involved in the contract be honest with each other.
____ 39. Advertisements in newspapers, price tags, and signs in store windows are treated by the law as invitations to
negotiate.
____ 40. An offer must always be made seriously for it to be legal.
____ 41. A minor has an absolute right to avoid a contract.
____ 42. A minor may affirm part of a contract while disaffirming another part.
____ 43. An emancipated minor is a child who is no longer under the legal control of his or her own parents.
____ 44. Refraining from doing something illegal is a type of detriment.
____ 45. Parents have certain rights under the law regarding their minor children, including the right to discipline and
the right to manage their children’s property.
____ 46. Minors who have signed a military enlistment agreement can legally get out of it based on their age.
____ 47. Capacity rules allow minors, people with mental impairments, and people under the influence of drugs and
alcohol to disaffirm a contract.
____ 48. One of the characteristics of consideration is that it must involve something of value.
____ 49. For a contract to be considered unconscionable, there must be equal power between the parties involved.
____ 50. Minors are not allowed to enter into any contracts.
____ 51. The doctrine of employment-at-will is based on the principle that an employer or employee should be able to
end an employment relationship at any time without penalty.
____ 52. The Landrum-Griffin Act of 1959 was the first federal law dealing with collective bargaining.
____ 53. The Employee Polygraph Protection Act prevents employers from using lie detector tests to screen employees
except in certain cases.
____ 54. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 makes it unlawful to discriminate against women because of pregnancy or
childbirth.
____ 55. The law protects workers from being fired based solely on their age.
____ 56. Most U.S. employment laws apply to citizens who are working for American companies overseas.
____ 57. The Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932) outlawed yellow dog contracts.
____ 58. The purpose of the EPA is to inspect workplaces at random to ensure employees are safe.
____ 59. The Fair Labor Standards Act regulates the employment of minors.
____ 60. The Texas Workforce Commission protects the privacy of state workers when they are employed in
government jobs.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 61. A set of laws made by the courts based on the customs and traditions of the people is called
a. the Roman Code.
c. common law.
b. administrative law.
d. moral law.
____ 62. Decisions made by the highest court of any state follow the law of
a. original jurisdiction.
c. citation.
b. prosecution.
d. precedent.
____ 63. One difference between criminal and civil procedure is
a. the judge can decide who has the right to due process and who does not.
b. in civil cases the procedures must be followed exactly, while in criminal cases they do not.
c. in civil cases the defendants have the right to due process, but in criminal cases they do
not.
d. in criminal cases the procedures must be followed exactly, while in civil cases they do not.
____ 64. Young people who appear before a juvenile court have
a. the right to an open trial in front of the jury.
b. the right to request to be tried as an adult.
c. no right to a trial and no right to be released on bail.
d. a right to a trial and a right to be released on bail.
____ 65. Article IV of the U.S. Constitution is very important to American businesses because
a. many companies do business in more than one state.
b. it creates the opportunity for businesses to have freedom of speech.
c. it creates the system of checks and balances that companies must follow.
d. many companies plan on adjudicating civil cases across state lines.
____ 66. An appeal in a civil case can
a. be based only on the arguments made during arraignment.
b. be based only on a legal mistake by the judge.
c. lead to a retrial at the appellate level.
d. lead to fines or imprisonment.
____ 67. One advantage of mediation is
a. the parties are kept apart from each other.
b. the final decision remains in the hands of the parties.
c. the final decision is in the hands of an objective third party.
d. it can actually highlight the disagreement between the parties.
____ 68. A case that has been decided by a state supreme court may be appealed to the
a. general trial court.
c. U.S. Supreme Court.
b. special U.S. court.
d. intermediate appellate court.
____ 69. In the United States, it is everyone’s responsibility to
a. share the same ethics.
c. create the laws that govern us.
b. be compassionate about others.
d. obey the law.
____ 70. Statutory laws are signed by the President or Governor after they are passed by the
a. judges.
c. legislators.
b. commerce board.
d. regulatory agencies.
____ 71. The unlawful killing of one human being by another, without malice aforethought, is
a. justifiable homicide.
c. second-degree murder.
b. first-degree murder.
d. manslaughter.
____ 72. In a criminal proceeding, the government is referred to as the
a. defendant.
c. plaintiff.
b. offender.
d. protagonist.
____ 73. If a law enforcement officer induces a law-abiding citizen to commit a crime, the accused may claim
a. self-defense.
c. endangerment.
b. entrapment.
d. insanity.
____ 74. Threatening a person at gunpoint is called
a. kidnapping.
c. torture.
b. aggravated assault.
d. larceny by false pretenses.
____ 75. The wrongful taking of another's property by a person who has been entrusted with that property is
a. extortion.
c. larceny.
b. robbery.
d. embezzlement.
____ 76. The two elements of a crime are
a. the criminal act and the required state of mind.
b. the criminal act and the violence involved.
c. the required state of mind and the violence involved.
d. the motive and whether or not violence was involved.
____ 77. If someone is found not guilty by reason of insanity, he or she
a. will go free.
b. must receive psychiatric treatment.
c. has probably tricked the court.
d. will be convicted of a misdemeanor instead.
____ 78. Crimes are categorized into crimes against people, property, motor vehicles, and
a. murder, manslaughter, and rape.
b. assault, battery, and arson.
c. business, government, and society.
d. kidnapping, domestic violence, and vandalism.
____ 79. When you lie under oath during a court process, you are committing
a. disorderly conduct.
c. bribery.
b. perjury.
d. treason.
____ 80. A minor offense that is usually punishable by a fine rather than jail time is called
a. a misdemeanor.
c. entrapment.
b. a felony.
d. an infraction.
____ 81. A wrongful injury to, or interference with, the property of another is
a. nuisance.
c. trespass.
b. defamation.
d. invasion of privacy.
____ 82. A false statement made orally to a third party is
a. slander.
c. breach of duty.
b. defamation.
d. libel.
____ 83. People who are engaged in extremely dangerous activities may be held liable even without negligence or
malice; this is known as the doctrine of
a. assumption of risk.
c. unintentional liability.
b. strict liability.
d. dangerous liability.
____ 84. To determine if the defendant's conduct was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury, the court applies the
a. proximate cause test.
c. forensic test.
b. actual cause test.
d. foreseeability test.
____ 85. The negligence defense that might be used by a baseball club that is sued by spectators is
a. contributory negligence.
c. assumption of risk.
b. comparative negligence.
d. proximate cause.
____ 86. The difference between a crime and a tort is that a crime is committed against the public good, while a tort
a. is committed against a particular person or property.
b. is caused when someone is being threatened.
c. is considered a wrong against all of society.
d. hurts all members of the community.
____ 87. Examples of intentional torts include
a. false imprisonment and disparagement.
b. negligence and arson.
c. assault and rape.
d. forgery and proximate cause.
____ 88. Your neighbor continues to play very loud music that is keeping you awake at night. This is an example of
a. strict liability.
c. product liability.
b. an intentional tort.
d. negligence.
____ 89. Using explosives and keeping alligators as pets are examples of
a. survival statutes.
c. conversion.
b. negligence.
d. strict liability.
____ 90. The remedies available in tort law usually include
a. a public apology by the tortfeasor printed in the local newspaper.
b. prison time for the tortfeasor.
c. financial compensation to the victim for injuries caused by the tortfeasor.
d. financial compensation for the victim and prison time for the tortfeasor.
____ 91. The taking back of an offer by the offeror is
a. revocation.
c. cancellation.
b. rejection.
d. consideration.
____ 92. A contract that amounts to nothing and has no legal effect is
a. unenforceable.
c. void.
b. voidable.
d. unilateral.
____ 93. A contract that contains a promise by both parties is
a. express.
c. bilateral.
b. implied.
d. unilateral.
____ 94. To be effective, an offer must be communicated to the
a. attorney.
c. lender.
b. offeree.
d. offeror.
____ 95. In order for the acceptance to be legally binding, it must be
a. made in person and in writing by the offeree.
____ 96.
____ 97.
____ 98.
____ 99.
____ 100.
____ 101.
____ 102.
____ 103.
____ 104.
____ 105.
____ 106.
____ 107.
____ 108.
b. unconditional and in writing by the offeror and offeree.
c. made in person and follow the rules regarding the method of acceptance.
d. unconditional and follow the rules regarding the method of acceptance.
If you wait too long to bring a lawsuit, the court may not uphold it because it could be
a. unenforceable.
c. voidable.
b. limited.
d. fraudulent.
Your friend has lost her bracelet and offers you a reward of $50 if you find it. This is an example of a(n)
a. bilateral contract.
c. acceptance contract.
b. unilateral contract.
d. revocation of a contract.
In China, when people sign a contract, it means
a. all parties know what to do and by when.
b. they are ready to fulfill the contract.
c. that everyone will complete the requirements of the contract.
d. they simply want to do business with each other.
In contract law, consideration can be defined as
a. the thing of value promised in exchange for something else of value.
b. anyone who enters into a legal contract has the ability to do so.
c. contracts that involve illegal acts are not allowed.
d. both parties communicating clearly when entering into a contract.
Invitations to deal, trade, or make an offer by the seller are considered invitations
a. of legality.
c. to make a counteroffer.
b. to negotiate.
d. for consideration.
The age of majority in most states is
a. 16.
c. 20.
b. 18.
d. 21.
A minor who claims to be over the age of majority commits
a. fraud.
c. extortion.
b. misrepresentation.
d. larceny by false pretenses.
When a minor disaffirms a contract, the merchandise received upon entering the contract should be
a. undamaged.
c. paid for.
b. returned.
d. ratified.
A minor is held responsible for the fair value of
a. athletic shoes.
c. medical care.
b. CDs.
d. video games.
When a guardian is appointed by the court for a mentally impaired person, that person’s contracts are then
declared
a. voidable.
c. void.
b. binding.
d. disaffirmed.
Giving up something that one has a legal right to do is a type of
a. benefit.
c. detriment.
b. forbearance.
d. obligation.
A court may refuse to enforce a contract that it finds
a. fair.
c. inadequate.
b. illusory.
d. unconscionable.
Contracts that must be in writing include those contracts
a. involving minors.
b. that require more than a year to perform.
c. for all sale of goods.
____ 109.
____ 110.
____ 111.
____ 112.
____ 113.
____ 114.
____ 115.
____ 116.
____ 117.
____ 118.
____ 119.
____ 120.
d. involving motor vehicles.
The best evidence rule requires that
a. the original written agreement be used as evidence in court.
b. evidence of oral contracts cannot be presented in court.
c. all parties understand real-world rules.
d. all contracts over $500 be in writing.
A promissory estoppel is an example of an exception to the requirement of
a. legality.
c. the statute of limitations.
b. consideration.
d. capacity.
A broad legal principle stating that people may not do anything that injures society at large is the principle of
a. public policy.
c. employment-at-will.
b. wrongful discharge.
d. civic protection.
Requiring unions to give a 60-day notice before calling a strike is part of the
a. Wagner Act.
c. Landrum-Griffin Act.
b. Taft-Hartley Act.
d. Fair Labor Standards Act.
Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, interviewers MAY ask applicants questions about
a. race.
c. marital status.
b. religion.
d. work experience.
The Immigration Reform Act makes employers responsible for
a. ensuring that all employees have written work permits.
b. hiring 5% of their workforce from outside the United States.
c. keeping a special file on all nonimmigrant visa holders.
d. verifying the identity of all employees.
Indirect discrimination occurs when an employer makes a hiring decision based on
a. a qualification that is related to job performance.
b. the race or sex of the applicant.
c. a qualification that is not related to job performance.
d. the age of the applicant.
A government program providing continuing income to workers and their dependents when they retire or are
disabled is called the
a. Social Security Act.
b. Employment Retirement Income Security Act.
c. Unemployment Compensation Act.
d. Family and Medical Leave Act.
When an employer has said, written, or done something that leads an employee to reasonably believe he or
she is not an employee-at-will, it is called a(n)
a. public policy tort.
c. implied covenant.
b. implied contract.
d. promissory estoppel.
The law requiring employers to negotiate wages, hours, and conditions of employment with unions is called
the
a. Norris-LaGuardia Act.
c. Taft-Hartley Act.
b. Wagner Act.
d. Landrum-Griffin Act.
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of OSHA?
a. inspecting workplaces at random
b. investigating written employee complaints
c. investigating workplace disasters
d. regulating wages, hours, and benefits
Work-related accidents and death on the job became a serious problem
a. when machines were introduced into industry.
b. as workers began to increase the number of hours worked per day.
c. before unions began to protect the workers.
d. when employees were required to bring their own tools to the worksite.
Completion
Complete each statement.
121. In a(n) ____________________ case, the indictment and arraignment take place before the trial and
sentencing.
122. The heart of the ____________________ is empathy, which means putting yourself in another’s situation.
123. When people are arrested, they must be informed of their ____________________, including what crimes
they are being arrested for.
124. Another name for bringing a civil lawsuit to court is called ____________________.
125. The first amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which protect our individual freedom, are called the
____________________.
126. ____________________ are laws specifically passed by a governing body created for that purpose.
127. The first three Articles of the Constitution form a system of checks and balances so that one branch of the
government has no more ____________________ than another.
128. According to the principle of ____________________ a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime in
the same court.
129. In a civil case there are two types of ____________________: one is a payment of money and the other is
some other action by the defendant.
130. The person being tried for a crime is called the ____________________.
131. A crime that is less serious and has a less severe penalty than a felony is a(n) ____________________.
132. A father who uses force to save his child from an attack may claim ____________________.
133. Killing someone without intending to do so is ____________________.
134. The removal or restraint of a person against that person's will is ____________________.
135. Shoplifting is a form of ____________________.
136. The willful and malicious burning of a house or building is ____________________.
137. Some states classify lesser crimes as minor misdemeanors or ____________________.
138. If you signed a false signature on a check intending to deceive someone, you would be committing
____________________.
139. When one person interferes with another's rights, either intentionally or negligently, a(n)
____________________ is committed.
140. Loud noises late at night, noxious odors, and fumes coming from a nearby house are all examples of
____________________.
141. The wrongful act of injuring another person's reputation by making false statements is known as
____________________.
142. If a wrongdoer has injured another party, a court will usually award ____________________ to the injured
party.
143. ____________________ consists of lies about objects.
144. A(n) ____________________ is a wrong committed by a person who knows and wants the resulting
consequences.
145. In a product liability case, both the seller and the ____________________ of the item are liable for injuries
caused by the product.
146. Under the doctrine of ____________________, the amount of the plaintiff's recovery is reduced by the
percent of his or her negligence.
147. Entering another person's land or property without permission is called ____________________.
148. Any agreement enforceable by law is a(n) ____________________.
149. People sometimes enter into ____________________ contracts without exchanging a word.
150. Requesting a change in terms is the same as making a(n) ____________________.
151. The offeree's refusal, or ____________________, of an offer ends that offer.
152. A contract is ____________________ if it can be canceled by one of the parties.
153. A(n) ____________________ contract is stated in words and may be either oral or written.
154. An offer must be definite, communicated to the offeree, and ____________________.
155. To fully understand the nature of contracts, we must understand the ____________________ that make up a
contract.
156. A valid offer plus a valid acceptance equals a(n) ____________________.
157. After reaching the age of majority, a person may ____________________ a contract made during minority by
using, selling, or keeping the item, or by making payments.
158. Contracts made by a mentally ill person who has been declared insane by a court action are
____________________.
159. The ____________________ rule says that a written contract should contain everything that was agreed upon
between the parties.
160. Consideration is the exchange of ____________________ and detriments by the parties to an agreement.
161. A contract in which one party has much more power than another is considered ____________________.
162. Minors must understand that driving is a(n) ____________________, not a right, and it must be earned.
163. Charging more than the maximum legal interest rate is called ____________________.
164. Blake and Philip decide to legally settle their contractual dispute by having Blake accept as full payment $100
less than the amount in the original contract. This is called ___________________.
165. For valid ____________________, each party must give up something in order to get something in exchange.
166. The Wagner Act of 1935 created the ____________________ to hear complaints about unfair labor practices.
167. Employment relationships are based on the ____________________, or promise, that the employer and
employee will be fair and honest with one another.
168. The ____________________ exception arises when an employer has said, written, or done something to lead
the employee to reasonably believe that he or she is not an at-will employee.
169. The ____________________ Act prevents a labor union from featherbedding.
170. If a drug test is given improperly, it can violate the ____________________ Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.
171. Employees have the right to health and ____________________ protections in the workplace.
172. The ____________________ was created to protect the environment and human health from exposure to
hazardous chemicals and waste.
173. Employees who believe they have been discriminated against while interviewing for a job may file a
complaint with the ____________________.
174. The ____________________ of 1990 forbids discrimination on the basis of a disability as long as the
disabled person can do the essential functions of the job.
Matching
Match each term with its definition.
a. substantive law
b. appellate court
c. alternative dispute resolution
d. constitution
e. precedent
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
general trial courts
ethical
procedural law
jurisdiction
administrative law
A document that spells out the principles by which the country’s, state’s, or local government operates
Rules and procedures established by regulatory agencies
Has two major divisions: civil and criminal
Tells us what the law is, not how the law works
State courts located in each county handling criminal and civil cases
A requirement for a judge to follow an earlier court decision when deciding a case with similar circumstances
Courts that review cases from lower courts
Changes in these standards often lead to new laws
Federal courts have this over patent and copyright cases
A substitute for a lawsuit used to resolve disagreements outside the court system
Match each term with its definition.
a. crime
b. insanity
c. infractions
d. plaintiff
e. self-defense
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
prosecutor
battery
felonies
manslaughter
misdemeanor
____ 185. In court, the party that accuses a person of a crime
____ 186. A type of defense for people who believe they were in danger and had no other choice but to use force to
protect themselves
____ 187. Major crimes such as murder or rape
____ 188. Killing someone without intending to do so
____ 189. A type of defense for people who do not know what they are doing
____
____
____
____
____
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
An offense committed against the public good or society
Sometimes called the district attorney; represents the people
A speeding ticket and other minor traffic violations are examples
Less serious crimes such as driving without a license
The forceful and unlawful touching of another person
Match each term with its definition.
a. intentional tort
b. strict liability
c. nuisance
d. defamation
e. negligence
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
duty of care
proximate cause
contributory negligence
comparative negligence
assumption of risk
____ 195. The obligation to use a reasonable standard to prevent injury to others
____ 196. Anything that interferes with the enjoyment of life or property
____ 197. Negligence of each party is compared, and the amount of the plaintiff's recovery is reduced by the percent of
his or her negligence
____ 198. The failure to exercise the degree of care that a reasonable person would have exercised in the same
circumstances
____ 199. Behavior by the plaintiff that helped to cause the injury
____ 200. Actions that are deliberate and cause hurt or embarrassment to others
____ 201. When the plaintiff knew of the risk involved and still took a chance of being injured
____ 202. The wrongful act of injuring another's reputation by making false statements
____ 203. The legal connection between unreasonable conduct and the resulting harm
____ 204. A legal doctrine that says some activities are so dangerous that liability will always follow
Match each term with its definition.
a. contract
b. offer
c. acceptance
d. mirror image rule
e. unilateral contract
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
express contract
implied contract
counteroffer
revocation
rejection
A contract that comes about from the actions of the parties
The terms stated in the acceptance must match the terms of the offer
A refusal of an offer by the offeree that brings the offer to an end
Any agreement enforceable by law
A response to an offer that changes the terms of the original offer
Unqualified willingness to go along with an offer
Contains a promise by only one person to do something when the other party performs some act
Proposal by one party to another party to enter into a contract
The taking back of an offer by the offeror
A contract stated in words; may be oral or written
Match each term with its definition.
a. capacity
b. disaffirm
c. forbearance
d. consideration
f.
g.
h.
i.
adhesion contract
ratification
promissory estoppel
Statute of Frauds
e. unconscionable contract
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
j.
illegality
The act of agreeing to go along with a contract that could have been voided
When the consideration is so out of line that it shocks the court
A take-it-or-leave-it offer
Legal ability to enter a contract
Can destroy an otherwise valid contract
The principle that a promise made without consideration my be enforced to prevent injustice
A state law that requires certain laws be in writing
Not doing what you have the right to do
To show the intent not to live up to a contract
The exchange of benefits and detriments by the parties to the contract
Match each term with its definition.
a. employment-at-will
b. union
c. collective bargaining
d. disparate treatment
e. disparate impact
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
public policy tort
implied covenant
employment contract
unemployment compensation
workers’ compensation
____ 225. A process in which union and management representatives work together on such issues as wages, working
conditions, and hiring policies
____ 226. A legal theory that permits discharged employees to bring a wrongful discharge suit against a former
employer based on the fact that it hurt the population at large
____ 227. Can prevent people from leaving a job whenever they want and working for whomever they want
____ 228. An insurance program that provides income for workers who are injured on the job
____ 229. A doctrine that states an employer is permitted to discharge an employee at any time, for any or no reason,
with or without notice
____ 230. A system of government payments to people who are out of work and looking for a job
____ 231. A legal argument that says any employment relationship is based on a promise that the employer and
employee will be fair and honest with each other
____ 232. An organization of employees that is formed to promote the welfare of its members
____ 233. When an employer has an employment policy that seems neutral on the surface but has an unfair impact on
members of a protected class
____ 234. When an employer intentionally discriminates against an individual belonging to a protected class