Document

advertisement
英美法各論
真理大學財經法律系
助理教授楊智傑
各種法領域
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
英美侵權法(tort law)
英美契約法(contract law)
美國刑法(criminal laws)
美國刑事訴訟法(criminal procedure)
美國憲法(constitutional laws)
美國行政法(administrative laws)
美國智慧財產權(intellectual property )
上課方式
•
•
•
•
•
本學期主講領域:Tort
挑選中文教材,以利學生閱讀複習
老師上課講解重要概念
搭配講解重要法律英文名詞
挑選英文佳句進行講解
成績評定
• 不定時小考或點名,佔40%
– 考試內容為上課所講解之專有名詞翻譯,或句子翻譯
– 期末將總計所有小考或點名次數,例如若小考加點名
共10次,則一次10分(小考則以實際取得分數為準),
計算平時成績
• 期中考,佔30%
– 考試內容同小考內容,小考考過題目將重複於期中考、
期末考出現
• 期末考,佔30%
– 同上
侵權法的法源
• 聯邦法Federal laws
– Congress Act
– Supreme Court Decisions
• 州法State laws
– Statute
– Common law
• 侵權模範法典Model tort code
侵權類型
•
故意侵權
– Intentional torts
•
未盡注意義務
–
–
–
–
–
•
Negligence
Recklessness
Contributory negligence
comparative negligence
assumption of the risk
嚴格責任
– Strict liability
Intentional tort
• Purpose 意圖 直接故意
• Knowledge 知情 間接故意
• An intentional tort is a category of torts
that describes a civil wrong resulting from
an intentional act on the part of the
tortfeasor.(侵權者)
Negligence
• 合理的注意義務Duty of care
• The term negligence pertains to a tort that
simply results from the failure of the
tortfeasor to take sufficient care in fulfilling
a duty owed
合理注意義務
• It can be generally defined as conduct that
is culpable(應負責) because it falls
short of what a reasonable person (合理之
人)would do to protect another individual
from foreseeable risks(可預見的風險) of
harm.
Recklessness重大過失
• Conduct whereby the actor does not
desire harmful consequence(結果)
but...foresees(預見) the possibility and
consciously(有意識地) takes the risk
(風險)
• a state of mind in which a person does not
care about the consequences of his or her
actions
Contributory negligence促成過失
• where a plaintiff(原告), Claimant(請求
者) has, through his own negligence,
contributed to the harm he suffered.
• Contributory negligence is often regarded
as unfair because under the doctrine(法
律原則) a victim who is at fault to any
degree, including only 1% at fault, may be
denied compensation(賠償) entirely
comparative negligence
比較過失
• 純粹的比較過失,按過失比例分攤
• "pure" comparative negligence. A plaintiff
who was, say, 90% to blame for an
accident could recover 10% of his losses.
比較過失
• 修正的比較過失,原告自己的過失不能超
過50%
• “modified” comparative negligence. One
variant allows plaintiffs to recover only if
the plaintiff‘s negligence is “not greater
than” the defendant’s(被告) (the
plaintiff's negligence must not be more
than 50% of the combined negligence of
both parties).
assumption of the risk自願承擔
風險
• The assumption of the risk defense(防禦、
抗辯) entails the Defendant proving(證
明) that the plaintiff knew of a dangerous
condition and voluntarily exposed himself
or herself to the danger.
strict liability嚴格責任
• strict liability torts refers to situations
where a party is liable for(負責任)
injuries (損害)no matter what
precautions(預防措施) were taken.
嚴格責任
• strict liability is the imposition(施加) of
liability on a party without a finding of fault
(such as negligence or tortious intent). The
plaintiff need only prove that the tort
occurred and that the defendant was
responsible.
– 產品責任product liability
– 雇用人責任respondeat superior
各種責任類型的差異
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
責任範圍
懲罰性賠償金(punitive damege)
抗辯(defense)
監督者責任( respondeat superior )
保險(insurance)
豁免(immunities)
訴訟時效(statutes of limitations)
破產(bankruptcy)
Download