ALL THE VERB ENDINGS.
Yes. This is it. Every single verb ending, period. There are no verb endings left out.
All verbs are welcome here. We adore verbs, and we treat them with respect.
Respect your verbs, and verbs will respect you. Learn these.
HOW VERBS LOOK:
Verbs consist of four (4, IV) principle parts. Let us examine neco, “I kill.”
neco, necare, necavi, necatus
FIRST PRINCIPLE PART: NECO
What it is:
The FIRST PRINCIPLE PART of the verb (neco) is the first person, present, singular
form of the verb. It actually has a meaning (“I kill””). Boom, you already know a
peace of the chart.
What it tells you:
Basically, the only use of this form is to tell you whether the word is an “io” verb or
not. Certain 3rd conjugation verbs are io verbs, and this is basically a separate
conjugation. For the most part, you don’t really need the first principle part. It’s kind
of tradition. But, it should still be memorized regardless, as it gives your overall
memorization a structure.
THE SECOND PRINCIPLE PART: NECARE
What it is:
The SECOND PRINCIPLE PART is the present, active, infinitive. It has a meaning, “to
kill.” It is basically the abstract concept of the action, and in many ways functions as
a noun (“necare est malum” – “to kill is bad”), but also can complete the meaning of
certain verbs “volo dormire” – (“I want to sleep”).
What it tells you:
The second principle part tells you two things:
1) it tells you the conjugation the verb belongs to.
Conjugation is a kind of verb class; think of it like declensions for nouns. Each verb
belongs to one of four conjugations, with a fifth conjugation called ”3rd io.”
You can identify the conjugation by looking at the VOWEL BEFORE THE RE. Here are
the identifiers:
-are = 1st conjugation
-ēre = 2nd conjugation
-ere = 3rd conjugation
-ere, with a first principle part ending in io = 3rd io conjugation
- ire = 4th conjugation
NOTE WELL: The ONLY way to tell the difference between a 2nd and third
conjugation verb is the long vowel in the second conjugation. For this reason, YOU
MUST KNOW WHETHER THE E IS LONG OR SHORT WHEN YOU MEMORIZE
PRINCIPLE PARTS.
The good news: conjugation only applies to the present system (present, perfect,
imperfect).
2) it tells you the present stem of the verb
If you take the infinitive (necare), and drop the –re (neca-), you have what is
traditionally called the present stem. Traditionally, Latin verbs are thought of as
consisting of the present stem, to which indicators and endings are added. We will
examine a simpler process, but it is important to know.
THE THIRD PRINCIPLE PART: NECAVI
What it is:
The THIRD PRINCIPLE PART is the first person, perfect, singular, ACTIVE form of
the verb. It has a meaning, “I killed/I have killed.” Boom, you know part of the chart
now.
What it tells you:
The third principle part tells you the perfect active stem, which is used to make all
the tenses of the perfect system – perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect – IN THE
ACTIVE ONLY. (The perfect passive uses an ENTIRELY different system). Basically,
this tells you what to stick the perfect endings onto.
To get the perfect stem, take the third principle part (necavi), and drop the -i (necav).
THE FOURTH PRINCIPLE PART:
What it is:
The fourth principle part is the perfect passive participle. It has the translation of
“having been killed / killed.” It is an ADJECTIVE (rex necatus = the killed king), and
is declined like an adjective (regina necata = the killed queen, regnum necatum = the
killed kingdom). Its dictionary form, were it in the dictionary, would be
necatus, necata, necatum – having been killed.
What it tells you:
The fourth principle part is used to make the PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM. The
perfect passive system is actually a two word system, using the participle as the first
word (declined to agree with the subject – if regina is the subject of a passive perfect
passive sentence, the participle becomes necata), and a form of “sum” as the second
part.
THE PRESENT SYSTEM: PART ONE: TRANSLATION
The present system can be thought of as an ongoing action, occurring either in the
present time, the past time, or the future time.
The present tense indicates an ongoing action in the present.
The imperfect tense indicates an ongoing action in the past.
The future tense indicates an action occurring in the future.
Schematically:
Present
Imperfect
Future
Active
I am throwing
I was throwing
I will throw
Passive
I am being thrown
I was being thrown
I will be thrown
THE PRESENT SYSTEM: PART TWO: ALL THE FORMS
For the purposes of THIS CHART, the present system is formed by dropping the
vowel and the –re (ie, take necare, and drop -are, giving you nec-), and then adding
these endings.
ACTIVE:
1st (are)
2nd (ēre)
3rd (ere)
O
As
At
Amus
Atis
ant
IMPERFECT abam
abas
abat
abamus
abatis
abant
FUTURE
abo
abis
abit
abimus
abitis
abunt
Eo
Es
Et
Emus
Etis
ent
eBam
eBas
eBat
eBamus
eBatis
ebant
ebo
ebis
ebit
ebimus
ebitis
ebunt
O
Is
It
Imus
Itis
unt
eBam
eBas
eBat
eBamus
eBatis
ebant
Am
Es
Et
Emus
Etis
ent
1st (are)
2nd (ēre)
3rd (ere)
Or
Aris
Atur
Amur
Amini
antur
IMPERFECT abar
abaris
abatur
abamur
abamini
abantur
FUTURE
abor
aberis
abitur
abimur
abimini
abuntur
Eor
Eris
Etur
Emur
Emini
entur
ebar
ebaris
ebatur
ebamur
ebamini
ebantur
ebor
eberis
ebitur
ebimur
ebimini
ebuntur
Or
eris
itur
Imur
Imini
untur
ebar
ebaris
ebatur
ebamur
ebamini
ebantur
ar
eris
etur
emur
emini
entur
PRESENT
3rd io (ere,
io)
io
Is
It
Imus
Itis
iunt
ieBam
ieBas
ieBat
ieBamus
ieBatis
iebant
Iam
Ies
Iet
Iemus
Ietis
Ient
4th (ire)
3rd io (ere,
io)
ior
eris
itur
Imur
Imini
iuntur
iebar
iebaris
iebatur
iebamur
iebamini
iebantur
iar
ieris
ietur
iemur
iemini
ientur
4th (ire)
io
Is
It
Imus
Itis
iunt
ieBam
ieBas
ieBat
ieBamus
ieBatis
iebant
Iam
Ies
Iet
Iemus
Ietis
Ient
PASSIVE:
PRESENT
ior
iris
itur
Imur
Imini
iuntur
iebar
iebaris
iebatur
iebamur
iebamini
iebantur
iar
ieris
ietur
iemur
iemini
ientur
THE PERFECT SYSTEM: PART ONE: TRANSLATION
The present system can be thought of as a completed action, occurring either in the
present time, the past time, or the future time.
The perfect tense indicates a completed action from the present perspective.
(therefore, the action occurred in the past – it is completed)
The pluperfect tense indicates a completed action from the perspective of the past.
The future perfect tense indicates a completed action from the perspective of the
future.
Schematically:
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
Active
I have thrown/ I threw
I had thrown
I will have thrown
Passive
I have been thrown
I had been thrown
I will have been thrown
THE PERFECT SYSTEM: PART TWO: ALL THE FORMS
The perfect ACTIVE system is formed by taking the 3rd principle part (necavi),
dropping the “-i” (necav-), and adding the following endings. IT DOES NOT VARY BY
CONJUGATION (di sunt boni…)
The Perfect PASSIVE system is formed by taking the 4th principle part and using a
form of to be. These are TWO DIFFERENT SYSTEMS.
PERFECT
PLUPERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
Active
Necav-i
Necav-isti
Necav-it
Necav-imus
Necav-istis
Necav-erunt
Necav-eram
Necav-eras
Necav-erat
Necav-eramus
Necav-eratis
Necav-erant
Necav-ero
Necav-eris
Necav-erint
Necav-erimus
Necav-eritis
Necav-erint
Passive
Necatus sum
Necatus es
Necatus est
Necati sumus
Necati estis
Necati sunt
Necatus eram
Necatus eras
Necatus erat
Necati eramus
Necati eratis
Necati erant
Necatus ero
Necatus eris
Necatus erit
Necati erimus
Necati eritis
Necati erunt
PARTICIPLES:
Participles are ADJECTIVES with VERB-LIKE QUALITIES. As such, they are declined
like adjectives, match the noun they modify in gender number and case like
adjectives, and should be thought of first and foremost as adjectives. However, they
also have verb like qualities – they can take a direct object, etc.
Latin, unlike Greek, has only four participles. They are:
The present active participle,
The perfect passive participle,
The future active participle,
And the future passive participle.
PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
Meaning:
The present active participle is translated as “BLANK-ing.” Be wary – this, in English,
looks exactly like the gerund. The present active participle is an ADJECTIVE – “the
killing king,” “the fire-breathing dragon.”
Being active, it can take a direct object. Rex virum necans malum est = the king
killing the man is bad.
Forms:
The present participle is a 3-3-3 adjective, and formed by adding –ns, -ntis to the
present stem. Thus:
1st: ans, antis (necans)
2nd: ens, entis (tenens)
3rd: ens, entis (mittens)
3rd io: iens, ientis (capiens)
4th: iens, ientis (audiens)
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE:
Meaning:
The perfect passive participle is best translated as “having been BLANKED,” or
simply, “blanked.” Rex amatus = the beloved king, rex necatus = the killed king / the
king having been killed.
As a passive form, it can take an ablative of means or agent.
Rex, a servo necatus, est mortuus.
The king, having been killed by the slave, is dead.
Forms:
The Perfect Passive Participle is the last principle part of the verb, and a 2-1-2
adjective. It is independent of conjugation, and must be memorized with the verb.
Thus, from necatus, we make the adjective necatus, necata, necatum.
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE:
Meaning:
The future active participle is best translating as “about to BLANK,” but can be
translated with the acronym GILDA
Going to BLANK
Intending to BLANK
Leaning towards BLANKING
Determind to BLANK
About to BLANK
As an active participle, it can take a direct object.
Rex, amicum necaturus, necatus est ab inimico.
The king, about to kill his friend, has been killed by his enemy.
(the friend made it!!!!!)
Forms:
The future active participle is formed by taking the fourth principle part (necatus),
dropping the us (necat-), and adding the endings urus, ura, urum. Thus:
Necaturus, necatura, necaturum.
Like the perfect passive participle, it is independent of conjugation.
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE:
Meaning:
The future passive participle, AKA the gerundive, has a complicated meaning and a
variety of uses, to be discussed in class. In general, it can be translated as “about to
be blanked,” but it implies a sense of urgence. “Carthago delenda est” should be read
as “Carthage ought to be destroyed,” or even, “Carthage must be destroyed.”
Forms:
The future passive participle is formed by taking the present stem and adding the
endings ndus, nda, ndum. Thus:
1st: andus, anda, andum (necandus)
2nd: endus, enda, endum (tenendus)
3rd: endus, enda, endum (mittendus)
3rd io: iendus, ienda, iendum (capiendus)
4th: iendus, ienda, iendum (audiendus)