Guided Lecture Notes
Chapter 1: Cell Structure and Function
Learning Objective 1. List the cellular organelles and state their functions.

Define organelle (refer to PowerPoint Slide 3).

Explain how the function of each organelle mirrors the function of body systems
(refer to PowerPoint Slide 4 and Fig. 1-1).
Learning Objective 2. State four functions of the cell membrane.

Explain the importance of the cell membrane/plasma membrane in carrying out
vital functions.

List the components of the cell membrane, and explain their importance (refer to
Fig. 1-5).

Differentiate between the functions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Learning Objective 3. Differentiate anabolism from catabolism.

Define metabolism.

Define anabolism, and provide examples that occur in the body.

Define catabolism, and provide examples that occur in the body.
Learning Objective 4. Relate the function of ATP to cell metabolism.

Explain why ATP is necessary to the cell’s ability to function.

Using examples, explain the consequences that result when ATP is no longer
produced.
Learning Objective 5. Compare the processes involved in aerobic and anaerobic
metabolism.

Describe the anaerobic glycolic pathway of ATP production.

Identify which type of cells use this pathway.

Describe the two aerobic pathways of ATP production – the citric acid (Krebs)
cycle and the electron transport chain (refer to PowerPoint Slides 8-15).

Identify which organelle is the site of ATP production using these pathways (refer
to PowerPoint Slide 9).

Explain why the citric acid cycle is the most efficient pathway of ATP production.
Learning Objective 6. Describe the mechanisms of membrane transport associated with
diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis and compare with active transport.

Differentiate between passive and active transport.

Define diffusion, and list factors that increase and decrease the rate of diffusion.

Explain the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion (refer to
PowerPoint Slide 17 and Fig. 1-7).

Explain the process of osmosis, and use examples to explain how this process
regulates the flow of water (refer to PowerPoint Slides 18-20).

Using examples, explain the cell membrane’s ability to move substances into or
out of the cell (endo- and exocytosis).

Using examples, differentiate between pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
Learning Objective 7. Describe the function of ion channels.

Explain why the movement of ions is necessary for cellular function.

Describe the type of diffusion that occurs through ion channels (refer to
PowerPoint Slides 21-22).

Explain the composition of ion channels.

Using examples, explain the difference between gated and nongated ion channels
(refer to Figure 1-9).
Learning Objective 8. Trace the pathway for cell communication beginning at the
receptor and ending with the cellular response, and explain why the process is often
referred to as signal transduction.

Explain the importance of cellular communication in multicellular organisms.

Differentiate between first and second messengers (refer to Fig. 1-10).

Using examples, identify the various types of cellular receptors (ion-channellinked, G-protein-linked, and enzyme-linked).

Use examples of how chemical messengers convert their messages into signals
inside the cell (signal transduction).
Learning Objective 9. Describe the function of G proteins in signal transduction.

Identify the binding sites for G proteins.

Explain how G-protein-mediated signal transduction occurs.

Give examples of G-protein signaling.
Learning Objective 10. Discuss the basis for membrane potentials.

Using examples, explain the importance of membrane potentials.

Define electrical potential.

List the main factors that affect a cell’s ability to generate a membrane potential.

Explain how the permeability of the cell membrane to sodium and potassium
changes between resting membrane potential and generation of an action potential
(refer to PowerPoint Slides 26-28).
Learning Objective 11. Describe the characteristics of the four different tissue types.

Identify the four main tissue types, and explain the location and basic function of
each (refer to Table 1-1).

Describe how epithelial cells may be categorized (according to shape and number
of layers), and list the locations of each type (refer to Fig. 1-12).

List the various types of connective tissue and describe the broad categories into
which they may be classified.

Describe the locations of the various types of connective tissue, explaining how
their specific characteristics enhance their ability to function in those locations
(refer to Fig. 1-14).

Identify the three types of muscle tissue.

Compare and contrast the types of muscle tissue, using examples to illustrate how
their specific characteristics enhance their function (refer to Figs. 1-15 and 1-17).

Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction (refer to Fig. 1-16).

Identify the location of nervous tissue in the body.

Describe the components of neurons and neuroglia, and explain the function of
each.
Learning Objective 12. Characterize the composition and functions of the extracellular
components of tissue (cell junctions and extracellular matrix).

Explain the ability of intracellular junctions to allow cells to communicate with
each other without entering the extracellular fluid.

Using examples, compare and contrast the three types of junctions (refer to Fig.
1-13).

Describe the composition of the extracellular matrix, using examples to explain
the importance of each.