anaphase
In mitosis and meiosis II, the stage initiated by the separation of sister chromatids,
during which the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell; in meiosis I, marked by
separation of replicated homologous chromosomes
binary fission
Asexual reproduction by division of one cell or body into two equal or nearly equal parts
cell cycle
generation
The repeating sequence of growth and division through which cells pass each
cell plate
The structure that forms at the equator of the spindle during early telophase in the
dividing cells of plants and a few green algae
centromere
A visible point of construction on a chromosome that contains repeated DNA sequences
that bind specific proteins. These proteins make up the kinetochore to which microtubules attach during
cell division
chiasmata
An X-shaped figure that can be seen by the light microscope during meiosis; evidence of
crossing over, where two chromatids have exchanged parts; chiasmata move to the ends of the
chromosome arms as the homologues separate
chromatid
chromosome
One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that is joined by a single
chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins of which eukaryotic chromosomes are exposed;
chromatin is highly uncoiled and diffuse in interphase nuclei, condensing to form the visible
chromosomes in prophase
cleavage furrowThe construction that forms during cytokineses in animal cells that is responsible for
dividing the cell into two daughter cells
cyclins Any of a number of proteins that are produced in synchrony with the cell cycle and combine
with certain protein kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases, at certain points during cell division
cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division
diploid Having two sets of chromosomes (2n); in animals, twice the number characteristic of gametes;
in plants, the chromosome number characteristic of the sporophyte generation; in contrast to haploid
(n)
fertilization
The fusion of two haploid gamete nuclei to form a diploid zygote nucleus
gametes
A haploid reproductive cell
haploid Having only one set of chromosomes (n), in contrast to diploid (2n)
histone One of a group of relatively small, very basic polypeptides, rich in arginine, and lysine, forming
the core of nucleosomes around which DNA is wrapped in the first stage of chromosome condensation
homologue
One of a pair of chromosomes of the same kind located in a diploid cell; one copy of
each pair of homologues comes from each gamete that formed the zygote
interphase
The period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions in which a cell grows and its DNA
replicates; includes G1, S, and G2 phases
karyotype
The morphology of the chromosome of an organism as viewed with a light microscope
kinetochore
Disk-shaped protein structure within the centromere to which the spindle fibers attach
during mitosis or meiosis
meiosis In a diploid organism consists of two rounds of division, called meiosis I and meiosis II, with each
round containing prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages
metaphase
The stage of mitosis or meiosis during which microtubules become organized into a
spindle and the chromosomes come to lie in the spindle's equatorial plane
mitosis Somatic cell division; nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form
two genetically identical daughter nuclei
nucleosome
A complex consisting of a DNA duplex wound around a core of eight histone proteins
prophase
The phase of cell division that begins when the condensed chromosomes become visible
and ends when the nuclear envelope breaks down. The assembly of the spindle takes place during
prophase
recombination The homologous exchange chromosomal material
septation
In prokaryotic cell division, the formation of spectrum where new cell membrane and
cell wall is formed to separate the two daughter cells
somatic cells Any of the cells of a multicellular organism except those that are destined to form
gametes (germ-line cells)
synaptonemal complex A protein lattice that forms between two homologous chromosomes in
prophase I of meiosis, holding the replicated chromosomes is precise register with each other so that
base pairs can form between nonsister chromatids for crossing over that is usually exact within a gene
sequence
telophase
The phase of cell division during which the spindle breaks down, the nuclear envelope of
each daughter cell forms, and the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse
tubulin Globular protein subunit forming the hollow cylinder of microtubules
Phases:
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







Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis
Figure 11.7 (Page 212-213)
Meiosis ends up with 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell.
Crossover affects the genetics outcome
Creates gametes
Homologues attach to each other, then crossover