Final Exam Study Guide
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Unit 1 – Mapping
Label a map of Canada on the test
What does S.T.A.B.L.E.D. stand for?
What are the three types of maps? What do each of them look
like and what are they often used for?
What are the three types of map projection?
Road Maps: read star, distance triangle, and settlement index
Compass: Know how to use and identify compass points and
compass bearings; What are the Cardinal and Ordinal points?
Grid Systems
o Latitude and Longitude: Be able to determine latitude and
longitude of a feature on a map; Define latitude, longitude,
prime meridian, international date line; What are the major
lines of latitude and longitude?
o Alphanumeric Grid: Be able to use the grid system correctly
Time Zones: Define Standard time and Universal time; Know the 6
time zone names of Canada and be able to convert between them
Scale: Know the three types of scale and how to convert
Unit 2 – Natural Resources
Types of Industry: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Basic, non-basic
Industry Location: What are 6 location factors? Explain each;
modes of transportation?
Fishing Industry: Define: Inshore, Offshore, Sustained Yield
Management, Grand Banks; Why does the East Coast Banks attract
so many fish; What has caused the East and West coast fisheries
to collapse; 90% of Canadians who fish in the freshwater lakes of
Canada are Natives. What are two reasons why they depend on
freshwater fishing?
Farming Industry: How can farms affect our environment and
health? Think of the Meatrix video; What are the results of
technological change in farming; Advantages and disadvantages of
mechanization; What are the 7 land classes and which class is the
best for agriculture?
Forestry Industry: Differential between commercial and noncommercial forests; Explain the differences between: Clear
Cutting, Shelter Wood Cutting, and Selective Cutting; What are the
current issues facing the forestry industry?
Mining Industry: What are three types of mineral groups; Explain
the three methods of mining and why each is used; Name the
issues facing the mining industry
Energy: What are conventional energy sources? Give examples;
What are alternative energy sources? Give examples; What are
advantages and disadvantages of Hydro Electricity, Thermal
Electricity, and Nuclear Power; What was the message from the
video Fuel? How can we be stewards of the earth?
Ecological Footprint: Define ecological footprint and fair earth
share; How many hectares of land does the average Canadian
need to maintain their lifestyle; How to reduce our ecological
footprint?
Unit 3 - Geology
Geologic History: Structure of the Earth; Alfred Wagener’s Theory
of Continental Drift; What are his 4 proofs that Pangaea existed?;
J. Tuzo’s Theory of Plate tectonics; convection currents; Types of
Plate Movement; Convergent, Divergent, Transform; Shaping the
Earth (Know building processes, and wearing down processes)
Geologic History: Know Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and
Cenozoic Eras (What are the time periods, major geological and
biological events, and what did Canada look like?)
Landform Regions of Canada: 7 landform regions of Canada and
where are they located in Canada
The Rock Cycle: Know it and where each rock can be found
22. Glaciation: features of a glacier, zone of accumulation and ablation and
some of the impacts to the landscape that can occur from glaciation?
23. Soils and Vegetation: What are the parts of soil, theoretical soil profile,
leaching, calcification, and methods of countering soil deficiencies;
what are the 7 vegetation regions in Canada and define transition zone,
grassland, tundra, and forest (deciduous and coniferous)
24. Bioregion: Define bioregion, flora, and fauna
25. Terms: Bedrock; Subduction; Fossil; Geologic Time; Glacier; Ice Age;
Pangaea; Plateau; Seismology; Sedimentary; Metamorphic; Convection
Currents; Erosion; Weathering; Melt water; Deposition; Sediments;
Volcanism; Leaching; Calcification; Folding; Faulting; Volcano;
Escarpment; Igneous
Unit 4 – Climate
26. Define: seasons, weather, climate, precipitation, Moderating Effect, Air
mass; Air pressure; DLR (Dry Lapse Rate); WLR (Wet Lapse Rate)
27. What are the stages of the hydrological (water) cycle and why should
we care about this process?
28. Which type of air can hold more moisture and what is the dew point
(point of condensation)?
29. What are relief (orographic), convectional, and cyclonic precipitation?
Be able to draw an example each. Also be able to explain that strange
effect that happens with each and where in Canada each form of
precipitation would likely occur
30. Factors that affect climate. What are they? Remember LOWER + N: For
each be able to describe the process and where it occurs in Canada
31. Elevation: calculate a change in temperature as elevation changes
32. Climate Graphs (Climographs): Know how to construct one using
temperature and precipitation data; Be able to interpret climate graphs
33. What are natural disasters and what impact does El Nino/La Nina have
on Canada’s weather and climate.
Unit 5 – Human Geography
34. Define Demographics
35. Stats: Know how to calculate birth rate, death rate, immigration rate,
emigration rate, natural increase rate, met migration rate, population
growth rate, doubling time, dependency load
36. Population Pyramid: what are they and what are the common shapes
(stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4 – what country is an example of
each); know how to construct and interpret a pyramid
37. Migration: define migration, what are push and pull factors and types
of immigrations (economic, family, refugee, temporary workers)
38. Aboriginals: Governmental law’s division of aboriginal people – what is
it; what is self-governance; how are Aboriginal people affected by
Canadian law with regard to their spiritual practices?
39. Standards of living: What is a global village; Grouping criteria: life
expectancy, wealth, population growth, food supply, education level,
healthcare; differentiate between developed, developing, and newly
industrializing countries
40. Canada’s International Relationships: What are the diplomatic,
economic, and cultural links between Canada and other countries?
41. Foreign Trade: What are Canada’s main imports and exports; Why
should Canadian care where their products come from?
42. Rural Settlement Patterns: Differentiate between population density
and distribution; how are Canada’s rural settlements divided?
43. Urban Settlement Patterns: What is the difference between high,
medium, and low order goods; describe Christaller’s Central Place
Theory and the theory’s limitations; what are the types of urban
centres (manufacturing, transportation, tourist, government, resourcebased)
44. Urban Land Use: Know the parts to a city (residential, transportation,
commercial, industrial, other land use