Unit 13: Organic Chemistry
Name: _________KEY____________
Text Questions from Corwin
1. What was the vital force theory?
the notion that organic compounds contain a life force
2. What was surprising about Wohler’s result of obtaining urea from ammonium cyanate?
ammonium cyanate was considered an inorganic compound; urea is an organic compound
19.1
3. What is organic chemistry?
the study of carbon and its compounds
4. Why are there so many organic compounds?
carbon atoms have the ability to link together and form long chains
5. What is the difference between a hydrocarbon and a hydrocarbon derivative?
a hydrocarbon contains only H and C; a derivative has H and C, but also other elements
6. What does a saturated hydrocarbon have?
a single bond between each of its carbon atoms
7. Why can a carbon atom bond to as many as four other atoms?
it has four valence electrons
8. What does an unsaturated hydrocarbon have?
a double or triple bond between two carbon atoms
9. What characterizes an aromatic compound?
six carbon atoms bonded into a circular benzene ring
19.2
10. What are alkanes, and what is the suffix on their names?
saturated hydrocarbons; -ane
11. Using the information from Table 19.1, write down the prefixes (not the whole alkane name) and the
associated number of carbon atoms for compounds having one to ten carbon atoms.
1, meth-; 2, eth-; 3, prop-; 4, but-; 5, pent-; 6, hex-; 7, hept-; 8, oct-; 9, non-; 10, dec12. What are isomers?
two compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas
13. Isomers also have different _physical_ properties, such as…
14. A. When is an alkyl group formed?
melting and boiling points
when an H atom is removed from an alkane
B. What is the symbol for an alkyl group?
R–
15. A. When is an aryl group formed?
when an H atom is removed from an aromatic hydrocarbon
phenyl; C6H5–
B. What are the name and formula for the most common aryl group?
16. To name an alkane:
A. Name the alkane for its…
longest continuous carbon chain
B. Number the carbon chain starting from…
the end closest to the first branch
C. Indicate the position of the alkyl group(s)…
by name and number
D. Use _prefixes_ if there are two or more of the same alkyl group attached to the chain.
17. Why are alkanes unreactive at room temperature?
because they have strong C–C and C–H bonds
18. What are the products from the combustion of an alkane?
carbon dioxide and water
19.3
19. The unsaturated hydrocarbons are the _alkenes_, which have one or more double bonds, and the
_alkynes_, which have one or more _triple_ bonds.
20. To name an alkene:
A. Name the alkene for the longest continuous carbon chain that…
contains the double bond
B. Number the carbon chain starting from…
the end closest to the double bond
The lowest number possible is given to the double bond.
C. Indicate the position of the alkyl group(s)…
by name and number
D. Use _prefixes_ if there are two or more of the same alkyl group attached to the chain.
21. What suffix is used at the end of alkyne names?
-yne
22. Why are alkenes and alkynes more reactive than alkanes?
because of their multiple bonds
23. What do alkenes and alkynes do during addition reactions?
add atoms at the location of their multiple bonds
24. What is added to an alkene or alkyne in a… …hydrogenation reaction?
hydrogen atoms
…halogenation reaction?
halogen atoms
25. What is a polymer?
a giant molecule made up of many small m’cules (monomers) joined in a long chain
26. Polymers are the result of connecting monomers in what is termed a _polymerization_ reaction.
19.4
27. Originally, why were compounds with a benzene-like structure called “aromatic” compounds?
they had a pleasant aroma
28. What are arenes?
a family of compounds that are aromatic hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring
29. Why are some of the electrons in benzene said to be delocalized?
they are not in fixed positions, but shift between carbon atoms
30. A. What is the formula for benzene?
C6H6
B. Draw Kekule’s model structures AND
the delocalized electron model structure.
Br
Br
31. Following the pattern in the text,
draw AND label the three isomers
of dibromobenzene.
Br
Br
Br
19.5
ortho-dibromobenzene
32. What do all of the compounds in a given class share?
meta-dibromobenzene
similar properties
Br
para-dibromobenzene
33. What does the general formula of a class of compounds indicate?
the unique structural feature that characterizes the class
34. What is a functional group?
the unique structural feature that characterizes the class
35. What is the symbol for the carbonyl group?
C=O
19.6
36. How is an organic halide formed?
when a halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon
37. Why are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) being replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)?
CFCs are responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer
38. List three physical properties that organic halides have in common with alkanes.
low boiling points, soluble in hydrocarbon solvents, and are insoluble in water
19.7
39. The formula for an alcohol is _R–OH_ and for a phenol is _Ar–OH_. Each of these contains the
functional group called the _hydroxyl_ group.
40. Why are most alcohols polar?
because of the polar –OH (hydroxyl) group
41. List two properties that alcohols have by which they are different from their parent alkanes.
alcohols have higher boiling points and are soluble in polar solvents
42. Ethers have the general formula _R–O–R’_ and are formed when two _alkyl_ groups attach to an
_oxygen_ atom.
19.8
43. What are the three general formulas that an amine can have?
44. Why are most amines polar?
R–NH2
R2–NH
R3–N
because of the –NH2 group
19.9
45. Why are aldehydes and ketones used as flavorings or perfumes?
they have an appealing taste and a fragrant odor
46. What is the formula for an aldehyde?
RCHO
47. What is the suffix used on the name of aldehyde?
-al
48. The formula for a ketone is _RCOR’_ and the suffix used is _-one_.
19.10
49. What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?
RCOOH
50. A carboxyl group, which has the formula _–COOH_ is merely a _carbonyl_ and a _hydroxyl_ group
bonded together.
51. Carboxlic acid names drop the final _e_ on the alkane name and adding the suffix _-oic acid_.
52. Esters typically have what type of odor?
fruity
53. Copy the summary of the ten hydrocarbon derivatives from Table 19.14.
Family Name
General Formula
Functional Group
Organic halide
R–X
–X
Alcohol
R–OH
–OH
Phenol
Ar–OH
–OH
Ether
R–O–R’
–O–
Amine
R–NH2
–NH2
O
O
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic acid
R–C–H
–C–H
O
O
R–C–R’
–C–
O
O
R–C–OH
O
Ester
R–C–O–R’
O
Amide
R–C–NH2
–C–OH
O
–C–O–
O
–C–NH2