NOTES-Chapter 22 Section 1: Launching the New Deal
Main Idea: In 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president of a suffering nation. He quickly sought to
address the country’s needs with mixed results.
The Election of 1932
 Theodore Roosevelt had a strong political past.
 Suffered from polio that left him paralyzed and in a wheelchair.
 Became _____________________________ of New York in 1929.
o Launched a relief program to aid the victims of the Great Depression, provided relief to 1 out of 10
families.
 During his campaign he promised ________________________________________________________
that would provide jobs.
o Attacked the Republicans response to the Great Depression.
 Roosevelt won the Presidential Election of 1932 by a landslide.
A Political Partnership
 Roosevelt had a personality that appealed to the American public – cheerful and optimistic.
o Used the radio to connect with Americans in his ______________________________________.
 Roosevelt believed that it was the government’s duty to provide _______________________________
to the people.
 Theodore Roosevelt deeply valued his wife Eleanor Roosevelt.
o He trusted her with very important tasks and took her opinion seriously.
o She became a powerful political force campaigning for several causes including ending lynching.
Banking Crisis
 In order to stop the “run” on banks, Roosevelt issued an executive order to temporarily close the banks.
He called it a _______________________________________________.
 He also pushed through the _________________________________________________________ that
gave government officials power to examine each bank, determine its soundness, take steps to correct
problems, and if necessary close the bank.
o This was the first of his Fireside Chats.
o The plan worked, banks began to reopen and ordinary Americans began to return their funds to
the banks.
 The Glass-Steagall Act created the ________________________________________________________
(FDIC) that provides government insurance for depositors’ savings.
The Hundred Days
 The resolution of the banking crisis was just the beginning of a critical period of government activity
that came to be known as the __________________________________________________.
 Roosevelt called his new relief programs ________________________________________________.
3 Main goals:
1) Relief
2) Recovery
3) Reforms
Hundred Days Programs
Program
Type
CCC-Civilian
Conservation Corps
AAA-Agricultural
Adjustment Act
NIRA-National
Industrial Recovery
Act
Federal Securities
Act
SEC-Securities and
Exchange
Commission
TVA-Tennessee
Valley Authority
What it did
Employed young men 18-25 to work on conservation
projects
Gave farmers a subsidy or government payment to
grow fewer crops
Mandated that businesses in the same industry
cooperate with each other to set prices and levels of
production. Included the PWA (Public Works
Administration)
Forced companies to share certain financial information
with the public.
Watched over the nation’s stock markets
Employed thousands of workers to develop resources
such as dams and other public works for Tennessee
Beyond the Hundred Days
 Roosevelt continued to pass legislation to help the nation after his hundred days:
o _____________________________________________________________ (CWA): provided winter
employment to 4 million workers that built highways, sewer lines, and airports.
o Indian Reorganization Act: Limited the sale of Indian lands and provided assistance to native groups
in developing their resources, economy, and culture.
Trouble for the New Deal
 Some believed the New Deal had not gone far enough; some believed that it had gone too far.
 The leading critics of the New Deal were:
o _______________________ who believed the policies were too friendly with banks and businesses.
 Created an organization that provided every family with $5000 to buy a home, proposed to
fund this effort by taxing the wealthy.
o Father Charles Coughlin promoted his religious views and criticism of the president over his radio
talk show “radio priest.”
o Dr. Francis Townsend criticized the New Deal for not doing enough for older Americans. He wanted
a program to provide pensions for people over the age of 60.
o The American Liberty League spoke on behalf of many conservatives who felt that the New Deal
programs had gone too far.
Opposition from the Courts
 Some critics believed that the New Deal programs violated the constitution and challenged them in
court.
o Found parts of the New Deal unconstitutional.
 Roosevelt was still very popular with the American public.
NOTES-Chapter 22 Section 2: The Second New Deal
Main Idea: A new wave of government initiatives starting in 1935 resulted in some strong successes
and stunning defeats for President Roosevelt.
The Second Hundred Days
 Democrats held ¾ of all the seats in the Senate in 1934 – clear indication of American support
of Roosevelt.
 Meanwhile, courts were finding parts of the New Deal unconstitutional and the economy
refused to budge.
o Still liberals wanted Roosevelt to do more.
 During his second hundred days Roosevelt did do more. He called it the __________________
_________________________.
Emergency Relief
 The Second New Deal sought to expand one of the successful parts of the New Deal – _______
___________________________________.
 The ______________________________________________________________ which created
job opportunities for Americans.
o Created the ________________________________________________________ (WPA)
that employed 8.5 million Americans for all kinds of public works projects (parks, zoos,
oral history, arts).
o Americans appreciated being able to work hard for a paycheck rather than just get a
handout.
Social Security
 The _______________________________________________ was passed in 1935 that set up a
pension or regular payments for Americans 65 and older.
o No need to fear hunger and homelessness once you couldn’t work anymore.
o Included unemployment insurance so that you could have a financial cushion while
looking for work.
 Roosevelt would have to raise taxes in order to fund the new Social Security Act.
o To avoid a tax increase some workers were left out of it including farmers, government
employees, and household workers.
Reviving Organized Labor
 Many businesses ignored the NIRA and the new regulations on Unions, government had a hard
time supporting them.
 Passed a new act called the ___________________________ outlawed a number of anti-labor
actions, also set up the Labor Relations Board that gave the government more power in
protecting workers.
 American Federation of Labor (AFL) had been the largest union in the country; it looked down
upon many unskilled (immigrant) laborers.
 The Committee for Industrial Organization or _________ rose to challenge the AFL.
o Helped organize the first ________________ strike for workers at General Motors (GM).
o After six weeks GM recognized the union and the CIO had its first labor victory.
Election of 1936
 In one last effort to satisfy Americans before election time Roosevelt passed the ___________
__________________________________________ (REA) that would provide money to groups
trying to bring electricity to people living outside of cities.
o Increased electricity availability to 90%.
 The economy had finally taken a turn for the better and unemployment was down 10%.
 American voters had no problem voting in Roosevelt in 1936.
o African Americans switched from Republican to Democrat.
A Troubled Year
 Frustrated that the courts had ruled many of his legislative acts unconstitutional Roosevelt
came up with a plan to reorganize the court system.
o Wanted to add _______________________ and give the president the power to appoint
new judges.
o Many people were against this and felt it gave the president too much power.
 People in his own party began to desert him.
 __________________________________________ was passed to aid the tenant farmers and
sharecroppers.
o Many had been pushed off the land due to other New Deal programs.
o Gave them the opportunity to ______________________________________________.
 Roosevelt’s New Deal program also had wins in the Supreme Court that enabled Roosevelt to
move forward.
 There was a drop in the economy in 1937; Roosevelt feared a _____________ in the economy.
o __________________________________________________ supported the ideology
that deficit spending could provide jobs and stimulate the economy.
 By the end of his second term the positive feelings about Roosevelt and the New Deal had
begun to fade.
NOTES-Chapter 22 Section 3: Life During the New Deal
Main Idea: The Great Depression and the New Deal had a deep impact on
American culture during the 1930s.
New Roles for Women
 Eleanor Roosevelt became an important figure in campaigning for women’s
issues.
 Other women also moved into political roles – _________________________
became Secretary of Labor.
o Roosevelt appointed women to many different political roles while he
was president.
 Women in society still experienced discrimination.
o New Deal programs paid men more than women.
o Women in the workforce were looked down upon – men believed they
shouldn’t be working.
New Roles for African Americans
 Roosevelt appointed many African Americans to different federal positions
while he was president.
o Unofficial group called the ____________________________________
met under Mary McLeod Bethune and advised the president.
 African Americans still experienced hardships in society.
o Roosevelt could not pass as much legislation affecting African
Americans as he wanted because of Southern Democrats.
o African Americans were still voting Democrat for the first time since
before Lincoln.
Story of the Great Depression
 Artists exposed the stories of the Great Depression through art and
literature.
 ________________________________________ photographed the Great
Depression; she worked as a part of the Farm Security Administration
taking pictures of the rural poor to raise awareness.
 Books like The Grapes of Wrath were published to expose the hardships of
the poor during the Great Depression.
Popular Entertainment in the 1930s
 People started going to the movies weekly.
o Few movies were depression themed.
o Movies tried to help movie goers escape from their problems.
 Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire appeared in movies with glamorous dance
themes.
 New movie techniques allowed different types of movies to be released.
o __________________________________________________________
became the first full length animated movie.
o The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind were also released.
 Radio brought a variety of news and views into American homes.
o Roosevelt conducted his fireside chats over the radio and other political
and religious views.
 Entertainment radio was also very popular – The Lone Ranger, War of the
Worlds and other entertainment shows were broadcast over Radio.
 Radio broadened the appeal of Jazz and helped popularize ______________.
o Swing featured “big bands” and allowed for different dance styles.
o Duke Ellington and Count Basie were two famous African American
swing musicians.
NOTES-Chapter 22 Section 4: Analyzing the New Deal
Main Idea: The New Deal had mixed success in rescuing the economy, but it
fundamentally changed Americans’ relationship with their government.
Relief, Recovery, and Reform
 Relief programs successfully helped millions of people get some sort of relief
from the Great Depression and became a permanent fixture of the American
government.
o Social Security and Unemployment insurance still exist today.
 New Deal was not as successful in recovering the American economy,
unemployment remained high. Many gains were wiped out in the recession
of 1937.
 New Deal reforms were more successful and long lasting.
o The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation helped restore public
confidence in the Banking system.
 The New Deal had ______________________________.
o Some historians believe the New Deal hurt businesses confidence and
slowed down the pace of recovery.
o Some believe the New Deal was too timid and a lot more money should
be spent to help relieve hard times.
 The New Deal overall had an impressive track record for internal
improvements for America.
o Many roads, bridges, dams, and public buildings were built through
New Deal programs.
Changing Relationships
 The New Deal changed the relationship between ______________________
_______________________.
o Expanded the role of government to helping citizens by providing aid
and relief.
o Moved away from the laissez-faire economics of the 1920s.
Limits of the New Deal
 While the relief programs gave aid to millions of people they were never
meant to provide a permanent solution to joblessness and often did not
provide enough money to live comfortably.
 Level of government assistance varied from state to state.
 Some New Deal programs allowed discrimination against African Americans,
Hispanics, women, and other groups.
o Didn’t want any programs to go against local standards.
The End of the New Deal
 The country’s sense of optimism with the New Deal plans had depleted by
1938.
 Republicans and Southern Democrats called out Roosevelt on his promises
to cut taxes, balance the budget, and return more power to the states.
 Last piece of legislation to pass was the Fair Labor Standards Act that
established a ________________________________________ and set the
maximum number of hours a person could work a week and established
overtime pay.
 Roosevelt thought the best way to defend his New Deal plans would be to
hand pick the Democratic candidate.
o None of the president’s candidates won.
 No more New Deal legislation would be passed.
 American attention turned away from domestic affairs and towards
growing conflict in Europe that would result in WWII.