Chapter 1 - Lab Safety & Equipment, Scientific Method, Characteristics Of Life
1-6. Define the following words: biology, homeostasis, species, stimulus, response, organism
7. What are cells and what do they enable us to be? Basic unit of life; allow us to grow and become organisims (cells, tissues,
organs, organ systems, organisms)
8. What are the steps of the scientific method in order? Observation, hypothesis, experiment, gather data, conclusion
9. Be able to identify and define the following in given a scenario: hypothesis, control group, experimental group, independent
variable, dependent variable, and conclusion.
10. What are the main characteristics of life? How many must you have to be considered alive? Growth and Reproduction, use of
energy, gas exchange, made of cells, move; ALL
11. What are SI units? Why do scientists use SI units? What are the SI units for: mass, length, & volume? Standard Unit of
Measurments. International system of units – it’s a standard; Mass – grams, Length – meter, Volume -liter
12. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? Qualitative – descriptive data; quantitative - numbers
Chapter 6 Chemistry of Life
Define the following words:
matter, elements, atom, nucleus, compound, molecule, mixture, metabolism, solution, isotope, polar molecule
1. List the 4 elements that compose 96% of the mass of living things. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen
2. Give the charge on the following particles: Electron, Neutron, Proton. Where are each of these found?
Electron – negative, Proton – positive, Neutron – neutral. Electron cloud – electrons; Nucleus – P&N
3. Explain the difference between a solute and a solvent. Solute – substance being dissolved; Solvent – does the dissolving
4. What is covalent bonding? Sharing of electrons
5. What is ionic bonding? Bonding between 2 attractive forces
6. What is the difference between a mixture and a compound? Mixtures maintain properties of the originals (dirt and water) and
can be separated back out. Compounds are chemically combined.
7. What is the difference between an acid and base? What is the pH scale? Scale that determines acidity (0-14). 0-6 acid; 8-14
base; 7 neutral.
8. What are the 4 organic compounds? Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
9. What is the function(s) of a carbohydrate? A protein? A lipid? A nucleic acid?
Carbs – provide energy / Lipids – energy storage
Proteins – provide structure / Nucleic Acids – stores cellular information
10. What are the monomers and polymers for each of the organic compounds (foldable)?
Carbs – monosaccharides / disaccharides
Proteins – amio acids / proteins
Nucleic Acids – nucleotides / DNA and RNA
11. The various enzymes in our body are known as ____. Proteins
Ch 7: Cells-Theory, Microscopes, and Organelles Study Guide
1. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic unit of structure and organization
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
2. What is a cell and why are they important? Basic unit of life; allow us to grow and become organisms (cells, tissues, organs,
organ systems, organisms)
3. Compare and contrast the 2 basic cell types: prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
** see below**
4. Vocabulary words--phospholipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, organelle, selective permeability, prokaryotic, eukaryotic and
transport proteins.
5. What are the functions of the: cell membrane, cell wall, ER, chloroplast, Golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus,
ribosomes, nucleolus and water vacuole? (definitions)
6. What are 3 organelles found only in plant cells? 2 organelles found only in animal cells? Refer to the diagrams below
7. List the levels of organization in order. Cells, tissues, organs, organs systems, organism.
8. Why is it important to have folded membranes in our organelles? (Specifically mitochondria) increase surface area. Allows more
work to be done in a small space
9. Explain the structure of a plasma membrane use the following words in your description: fluid, mosaic, phospholipids,
hydrophobic, and hydrophilic.
Phosopholipids are the main building block of the plasma membrane. They are made of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic
tails forming a “fat sandwich.” We call it fluid because it is a movable shifting organelle with transport proteins embedded in the
structure forming the mosaic picture.
10. Why is the membrane called fluid? How does it move? The structure of the phospholipids allows the membrane to moves in a
wave-like manner
** Be able to Label cells: Plant and Animal ---- see below ---Chapter 8: Cell Transport
1. When does diffusion of molecules stop? Until there is no concentration gradient and an equilibrium has been reached.
2. Vocab to know: osmosis, diffusion, concentration gradient
3. Review cell transport pictures from your notes and/or book (pg 177) (phospholipid bilayer). Be able to identify the parts of them
on the test and tell what each does.
4. What will happen to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution? A plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
It will shrink / it will shrink
5. What will happen to an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution? A plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
It will swell / it will swell but may not burst due to the cell wall
6. What will happen to an animal cell placed in an isotonic solution? A plant cell placed in an isotonic solution?
Size will stay the same / stay the same
7. Compare and contrast active and passive transport on the following: energy requirement, use of transport proteins, and
movement of molecules.
Passive Transport:
• Passive transport: movement of materials through a membrane that does not require the cell to used energy
• Facilitated diffusion: the passive transport of materials across the membrane using transport proteins.
• Active transport: movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient that requires energy
from the cell
Mitosis
1. A. What is the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell?
Diploid has twice the number of chromosomes (2n)
2. What is the cell cycle? Describe the 3 major steps of the cell cycle.
Interphase-cell growth, mitosis-cell division, cytokinesis-2 new cells produced
4. What is mitosis and what is its purpose? Cell division / produce identical(clone) cells for repair
5. Explain the steps of mitosis (what happens in each) and draw a picture to represent each. ** know them in order** (PMAT)
6. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? How does the cell get ready to divide?
Interphase; chromosomes are copied
7. What is a chromosome? A chromatid? A centromere? Carrier of genetic material; the halves of a chromosome; structure that
pulls apart the chromatids during cell division
DNA and Genes
1. What makes up the “parts” of the DNA double helix? Rungs – nitrogen bases / backbone – phosphates and sugars
2. What type of bonds hold DNA together? Amino Acids? Covalent / Peptide
3. What are the complementary base pairs in DNA? Write the 1 letter symbol & spell them out. A-T / C-G (adeninethymine) / (cytosine-guanine)
4. What are the complementary base pairs in RNA? Write the 1 letter symbol & spell them out. A-U / C-G (adenine –
uracil)
5. DNA & RNA are made of chains of ____? (think monomers) nucleic acids
6. Compare and contrast RNA and DNA by their structure and sugars. DNA – 2 strands, deoxyribose sugar
RNA – single strand, ribose sugar
7. List the three types of RNA and explain the function of each and where they are found (during what process).
mRNA is found in the nucleus during Transcription. It takes the genetic material to the cytoplasm
rRNA is found in the cytoplasm during Translation. binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble the amino
acids in the correct order.
tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein
8. Ultimately, what does DNA code for? Proteins
9. Name the two scientists that discovered the structure of DNA and what their contribution was. Watson-Crick
discovered the shape/structure of DNA, Franklin took the first picture with an x-ray machine
10. What is a codon and what does is its “job?” three nitrogen bases, one codon will code for one amino acid
11. If a sequence of a DNA strand is GTC CAA GGG CAG TGA, what is the corresponding sequence in a strand of
mRNA? What would the amino acids be?
DNACAG GTT CCC GTC ACT
mRNA - GUC CAA GGG CAG UGA
AA - val gln gly gln trp
12. What are the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide? Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
13. What process forms proteins? (think transcription vs translation)
14. What are different types of mutations (as discussed in class). Does/would mutations change the final protein?
Point/substitution, deletion, insertion, frameshift, inversion
In order to determine if the mutation would code for a different final protein, you will have to know how to find
amino acids from codons. Find the amino acids in the original strand and compare to the amino acids in the mutated
strand
15.What three things can cause a mutation? Replication errors, cell division errors, external/environmental agents(factors)
16. Where do translation and transcription take place in the cell? Transcription – nucleus / Translation - cytoplasm
17. What are the steps in the DNA to RNA process? What is the main purpose of each?
Transcription – makes mRNA to genetic material can leave the nucleus
Translation – uses rRNA and tRNA to code for amino acids. The amino acids join together to form proteins