Exam #3
Study Guide
Chapter 35: Senses
1. Define the following types of receptors: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors,
nociceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, photoreceptors.
2. List the pathway of a nerve impulse from sensory receptor to sensory perception.
3. Define sensory adaptation.
4. Define somatic receptors and name what part of the brain receives and processes these
signals.
5. Name three types of mechanoreceptors in the skin.
6. Describe the function of mechanoreceptors in muscle.
7. Describe referred pain, and differentiate between somatic and visceral nociceptors.
8. Name the chemical released from damaged cells that stimulates nociceptors.
9. Define olfaction and list four purposes of this sense.
10. Describe the relative amount of development of olfaction in carnivores, ungulates,
cetaceans, birds, and fish.
11. Describe the process by which inhaled chemicals trigger a nerve impulse.
12. Define pheromones and give examples of their use.
13. List locations where taste receptors are found in animals.
14. List the five types of taste receptors in humans.
15. Describe the functions of antennae, and how they are similar to the nose and tongue in
other animals.
16. Describe the vomeronasal organ and its purpose. What is the flehmen response?
17. Define amplitude and frequency in relation to sound.
18. Define sonic, ultrasonic, and subsonic. Give examples of animals that hear in each range.
19. Define pinna. List the ossicles (common and scientific names).
20. Describe the function of the cochlea and semicircular canals.
21. List and describe how sound vibrations moves from the environment into the ear and then
are transmitted through the ear and perceived as sound.
22. Define the tectorial membrane.
23. Define static and dynamic equilibrium. Describe the process and structures involved in
each.
24. Define echolocation and list animals that use this method.
25. Describe the function and purpose of lateral lines.
26. Describe simple eyes and give examples of animals that use them.
27. Describe the anatomy of compound eyes in arthropods. What type of image do they
produce? What are they good at perceiving? What are they poor at perceiving?
28. Name the type of invertebrates that have the most developed eyes.
29. Define and describe the following terms: cornea, sclera, iris, pupil, lens, aqueous humor,
vitreous humor, choroid, retina, macula lutea, optic disc, tapetum lucidum.
30. Define and describe rods and cones, especially in relation to the type of light and color
they are sensitive to.
31. Define accommodation and how it differs among kinds of vertebrates.
32. Describe the relative benefits and flaws of forward-facing versus side-facing eyes.
33. Define and describe electroception and list the animals that use this sense.
34. Define and describe magnetoception and list the animals that use this sense.
Chapter 36: The Endocrine System
1. Define and describe endocrine versus exocrine glands.
2. Define hormones.
3. Describe and give examples of positive and negative feedback.
4. Define, describe, and give examples of peptide and steroid hormones.
5. Describe the location and anatomy of the pituitary gland.
6. List the hormones produced by the pituitary gland and tell the function or purpose of each
(total of 10).
7. Describe the location and anatomy of the thyroid gland.
8. List the hormones produced by the thyroid gland and tell the function or purpose of each.
9. Describe the location and anatomy of the parathyroid gland, as well as the function of the
hormone it produces.
10. Describe the location and anatomy of the adrenal gland.
11. List the hormones produced by the adrenal gland and tell the function or purpose of each.
Which are produced in the cortex and medulla?
12. Describe the location and anatomy of the thymus gland, as well as the function of the
hormone it produces.
13. Describe the location and anatomy of the pineal gland, as well as the function of the
hormone it produces.
14. Describe the location and anatomy of the pancreas, as well as the function of the
hormones it produces.
15. Describe the location and anatomy of the ovaries, as well as the function of the hormones
they produce.
16. Describe the location and anatomy of the testes, as well as the function of the hormone
they produce.
17. Briefly list and describe endocrine hormones produced by the kidneys, skin, skeletal
muscle, and fat.
18. Describe and define the following hormonal disorders: acromegaly, gigantism, pituitary
dwarfism, hypothyroidism, goiter, hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, diabetes insipidus,
diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease, and Cushing’s disease
Chapter 37: Protection, Support, Movement
1. List and describe the functions of the integumentary system.
2. Describe the basic structure of the cuticle of invertebrates. Give examples of animals
with a cuticle.
3. List the tissue that makes up the epidermis of skin. Define keratinocytes and
melanocytes.
4. Describe the tissues and functions of the dermis and hypodermis.
5. Describe sebaceous glands and the types of sweat glands.
6. Define and describe chromatophores, how they work, and what animals have them.
7. Define, describe, and compare/contrast hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and
endoskeletons.
8. Define, describe, and list the steps of edcysis.
9. List and describe the functions of bone.
10. Be able to describe a bone based on its shape or location.
11. Describe the basic structure of bones.
12. Compare/contrast the structure and functions of the red and yellow marrow. Of compact
and spongy bone.
13. Define and give the functions of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
14. Be able to define the following bones: mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, sternum, rib,
scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, patella.
15. Describe osteomalacia, rickets, and osteoporosis.
16. List, describe, and give examples of the three types of joints.
17. Describe sprains/strains/tears of tendons and ligaments, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid
arthritis.
18. Describe, give locations, and give functions of the three muscle types.
19. Describe the basic structure of skeletal muscle using the following terms: muscle,
fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, thin filament, thick filament, actin, myosin.
20. Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted to a muscle across the neuromuscular
junction. Which neurotransmitter is used?
21. Describe the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction.
22. Describe the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle.
23. Describe the structure of smooth muscle and how it contracts; compare this to skeletal
and cardiac muscle.
24. Describe myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, and tetanus.
This study guide covers the majority of information on the exam but not all of it. You are still
responsible for any information that was covered in the lecture but not put on this guide
(intentionally or unintentionally). Good Luck and Study Hard!!