1
PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC FAMILIES
Family 1
Polarity
Hydrogen
bonding
Solubility in water
Melting and
boiling points
O-H bond is very
polar; small
alcohols are
______polar than
large alcohols
Alcohols
experience Hbonding with
other alcohols
and water
Extremely soluble in
water due to Hbonding. Solubility
______________with
increasing number of
carbon atoms.
Due to Hbonding, most
have higher
melting and
boiling points
than alkanes
with same
number of
carbon atoms.
Most are
___________at
room
temperature.
Extremely
flammable
Ethers
______shape
around oxygen
means two C-O
dipoles do not
counteract each
other. C-O bond is
____polar than OH, ether is ____
polar than alcohol.
No H-bonding
due to no O-H
bond. Can
accept Hbonding from
water.
Usually soluble,
solubility decreases
with increasing size
of carbon chains.
Boiling points
much lower
than alcohols.
Extremely
flammable
Amines
C-N and N-H
bonds are polar.
Amines are
usually polar.
N-H bonds
allow Hbonding.
Amines with four or
less carbons are
miscible with water
(due to H-bonding).
Solubility decreases
as # C increases.
Primary and
_____boiling
points than
tertiary (which
do not contain
N-H bond).
-Widely found in
nature. Often
toxic. Many have
medicinal
properties.
-Low molecular
mass amines have
____smell.
-Act as weak
_________.
Aldehydes
and
Ketones
C=O bond is
polar, so both
usually polar
H-bonding
cannot occur
between
molecules
since no O-H
bond. Hbonds can
form with
water.
Those with low
molecular mass are
very soluble in water.
Those with large
molecular mass are
less soluble.
BP are
________than
corresponding
alcohols, and
________than
corresponding
alkanes.
-Aldehydes have
strong ______
smell, while
ketones smell
_______Aldehydes
with large
molecular mass
smell_______.
Both used to
make _________.
-Can act as polar
solvents, but also
as solvents for
non-polar
compounds.
Alcohols
Additional
characteristics
Most are
poisonous
2
Carboxylic
Acids
Due to polar O-H
and C=O bonds,
are polar
compounds.
H-bonding is
strong, and
also occurs
with water.
Those with low
molecular mass are
very soluble.
Solubility decreases
with increasing #C
atoms.
Melting and
boiling are very
high.
-Often have
unpleasant
odours.
-OH group does
not behave like
basic hydroxide
ion (OH-).
-Melting and
boiling points are
very high due to
exceptionally
strong H-bonding.
Esters
Like carboxylic
acids, usually
polar.
Do not have
O-H bonds
therefore
cannot form
H-bonds.
Can accept H-bonds
from water, so those
with low molecular
mass are soluble.
Esters with C chains
longer than 3 are not
soluble.
Low boiling
points due to
no H-bonds.
Usually volatile
liquids at room
temperature.
-Pleasant odour
and taste, used to
produce perfumes
and artificial
flavours.
-Taste of many
fruits come from
esters.
C-N and N-H
bonds are polar
and amides are
similar to
carboxylic acids.
Primary
amides have
stronger Hbonds than
carboxylic
acids due to
two N-H
bonds.
Secondary
also form Hbonds.
Soluble in water.
Solubility decreases
with increasing nonpolar HC part.
Primary amides
have higher
melting and
boiling than
carboxylic
acids. Many
are
_________at
room
temperature.
-Amide called
acetaminophen is
painkiller
-Urea (an amide),
made from carbon
dioxide and
ammonia, first
organic compound
synthesized.
Amides
3
Organic Compounds : Summary
GROUP
STRUCTURE
Alkane
NAMING
GENERAL
FORMULA
PROPERTIES
USES AND OCCURENCE
__________
Non-polar ; Insoluble
;
______ M.P. and B.P.
_____________ and
combustion
Fuels ; petrochemical
building blocks
Major source is
______________l
_________
Same as alkanes
__________and
combustion reactions
starting materials for
many polymers
produced from catalytic
cracking of _________
Same as alkanes
addition of 1 or 2
molecules of adding
agent
Combustion
_________; insoluble
in water
______________
and combustion
DEHYDROGENATION
OF 2 O ALCOHOL
SOLVENT
-ane
Alkene
- ene
Alkyne
- yne
___________
___
Aromatics
Alcohols
Acids
Esters
- benzene or
phenyl
C6HnR(6-n)
(variable)
R -OH etc.
-ol,diol,triol
CnH2n+1OHet
c.
higher B.P.; soluble
in water; many
reactions e.g.
esterfication,
combustion
R-C=O
\
OH
- oic acid
CnH2n+1COO
H
high B.P.
first 4 soluble
all inorganic
reactions;
esterfication
insoluble in water
react with water to
form acid and alcohol
CnH2n+1X
CnH2n-1X
C6H5X
Variable B.P.'s
generally insoluble in
water
intermediates in prep
of many organics
O
R' yl R oate
\\
-C
\
O --R'
Alkyl
halides
R - Xn
X= F,Cl, Br, I
flurochlorobromoiodo-
very diverse solvents,
foods, drugs, explosives
major source is coal tar
very diverse- antifreeze,
alcoholic drinks,
cosmetics, food
methanol from
destructive distillation of
wood
ethanol from distillation
of sugars and
industrially by hydrating
ethene
commonly occurs in
foods, waxes
present in fruits- sour
taste, animal fats and
vegetable oils
used as solvents and
artificial flavours ;
commonly occur in
animal fats and
vegetable oils
natural occuring fruits
etc.
antiseptics
anaesthetics
refrigerants
insect repellants
GROUP
STRUCTURE
(Draw the
simplest in
the family)
NAMING
PROPERTIES
USES AND
OCCURENCE
________
__________IN
WATER
ORGANIC
SOLVENT
__________________
__________IN
WATER
__________B.P.
THAN ALCOHOLS
OXIDIZED TO
_____________
_______________OF
PRIMARY ALCOHOLS
PRODUCED FROM
ALKENES
SOMEWHAT
SOLUBLE IN
WATER
UNREACTIVE
DEHYDROGENATION OF
2 O ALCOHOL
SOLVENT
Drop e
from
alkane
add the
word
amine
_________ODOUR
ORGANIC BASES
____________IN
WATER
NICOTINE-3OAMINE
BIODEGRATION OF
AMINO ACIDS
Drop e
from
alkane
add the
word
amide
HIGH B.P.
INSOLUBLE IN
WATER
VERY WEAKLY
BASIC
SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS
PROTEINS
ETHER
yloxyether
ALDEHYDE
al
KETONE
- ONE
AMINE
AMIDE
H-C-NH2
\\
O
GENERAL
FORMULA
4
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