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UNIT ONE Carbohydrate Lipid Proteins Nuclei Acids Nucleotides Amino acids Fatty acids Monosaccharides Hemoglobin Glucose Cellulose Enzyme Insulin Starch Glycogen DNA RNA Phospholipids, proteins Protein Carbohydrate Carbohydrate Nucleic acid Proteins Lipids Carbohydrate Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acid Lipid Insulin Enzyme Nucleotide Active site Ph, temperature Activation energy Short term energy Long term energy, membranes, insulation Speeds up reactions, transport, strength, regulate Genetic material Building block of nucleic acids Building block of proteins Building block of lipids Building block of carbohydrates Carries oxygen in blood Simple sugar Cell walls of plants Speeds up reactions Hormone that controls blood sugar Stores energy in plants Stores energy in animals Double helix, stores genetic information Assembles proteins Makes up cell membranes Insulin Glucose Cellulose DNA Hemoglobin Steroids Starch Enzymes Glycogen RNA Phospholipids Pancreas produces this, which controls blood sugar levels Speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy Composed of phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base Place on enzyme where substrate bonds Can denature an enzyme Energy needed for a reaction to occur Nucleus Cell wall Mitochondria Vacuole Chloroplast Ribosome Plasma membrane Plants Prokaryotic cell UNIT 2 Control center of cell, contains genetic information Provides support for plants Provides energy, site of cellular respiration Stores water and waste Site of photosynthesis, makes glucose, only in plants Site of protein synthesis Controls what goes in and out of cell Chloroplast, large vacuole and cell walls found in what cells Cells with no organelles, small, simple, has DNA and ribosomes, bacteria Eukaryotic cell Stem cells Embryonic Adult Blood Sperm Egg Xylem Phloem Nerve cells Muscle cells Adult stem cells Hormone Buffer Active transport Passive transport Diffusion Osmosis Plasma membrane Hypertonic Hypotonic Acidic Basic Homeostasis Cilia Flagella Contractile vacuole Turgor pressure Plasmolysis Cells with organelles, large, complex, DNA and ribosomes Cells that can differentiate into different types of cells Type of stem cells that can become any type of cell Type of stem cells that are limited to what type of cell they can becom Cells that carry oxygen, nutrients, and fight disease Male gamete Female gamete Tissue in plants that carry water Tissue in plats that carry sugar Cells that send impulses in brain and spinal cord Cells that flex and extend Cells in adults that can differentiate only into certain types of cells Chemicals signals that travel through body and signal other cells Regulates change in pH Transport that requires energy, moves form low to high concentration Transport that does not require energy, moves from high to low concentration Movement of particles from high to low concentration Movement of water Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded Solution that causes cells to shrink Solutions that causes cells to swell Ph between 1 and 7 Ph between 7 and 14 Maintaining a steady or balanced state in the body Short hair like projections used for movement Long hair like projection used for movement Special vacuole that pumps water out to maintain homeostasis Pressure against cell wall in plants when in hypotonic solution Cell membrane pulling away from cell wall in hypertonic solution UNIT 3 Photosynthesis Process that occurs in plants and makes glucose Cellular respiration Process that occurs in all living things and releases ATP Cellular respiration C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2 Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis occurs Mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration occurs Oxygen Gas released during photosynthesis Carbon dioxide Gas released during cellular respiration Autotroph Organisms that can make their own food Heterotrophy Organisms that must eat plants to get energy Oxygen Waste of photosynthesis CO2 Waste of cellular respiration Anaerobic respiration Occurs without oxygen around Lactic acid fermentation Produces lactic acid in muscles of humans Alcoholic fermentation Occurs in yeast UNIT 4 DNA Nitrogenous bases Deoxyribose Cell cycle G1 S phase Mitosis G2 phase Cytokinesis Prophase Crossing over Asexual Sexual Nondisjunction Fertilization Meiosis Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Haploid Diploid Transcription Translation mRNA tRNA Peptide Mutation mRNA RNA Double helix In DNA are guanine, thymine, cytosine, adenine Sugar found in DNA Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis Part of interphase where growth and functioning occur Part of interphase when DNA is replicated Nuclear division of the cell Part of interphase when getting ready for mitosis Division on the cytoplasm Stage when crossing over occurs The swapping of genes by homologous chromosomes Reproduction when one parent produces 2 kids that are clones Reproduction when 2 parents produce unique kids When homologous chromosomes don’t separate and may cause trisomy Union of egg and sperm Sexual reproduction of cells that makes egg and sperms Produces 4 cells Produces 2 cells Division that produces haploid cells Cells with half the amount of chromosomes Cells that have 2 copies of every chromosomes Occurs in the nucleus and makes RNA Occurs at ribosome makes protein Job is to move blueprint to make proteins from nucleus to ribosome Brings amino acids to ribosome Bond that links amino acids together Change in nitrogenous base in DNA Codon located on what RNA Bases include uracil instead of thymine Recessive Dominant Phenotype Genotype Down syndrome, Incomplete dominance Complete dominance Sickle cell anemia Cystic fibrosis Huntington’s disease AA or AO BB or BO AB OO UNIT 5 Trait that can be masked by another Trait that can hide a recessive trait The picture or what the allele looks like The allele combination, for example: Tt Trisomy 21 When neither trait is dominant so the phenotype blends When both traits are dominant and we see both phenotypes: checkered Odd shaped RBC in blood, can’t carry oxygen well, recessive Mucus build up in lungs, recessive Deteriorate of the brain, dominant disorder genotypes for A blood genotypes for B blood Genotypes for AB blood Genotype for O blood Hemophilia Color blindness XX XY Male TT or tt Tt Gel electrophoresis Restriction enzymes Electricity Transgenic Recombinant DNA Plamid Human genome project Sex-linked trait when blood doesn’t clot Sex-linked trait when people can’t see the colors red and green Sex chromosomes of female Sex chromosomes of males Which sex cannot be carriers of sex-linked traits Genotype for a pure individual Genotype for a hybrid individual Process used to separate DNA molecules by size Used to cut DNA into different sizes Factor that pull the different sized DNA through the gel Organisms who DNA has been modified DNA that contains foreign DNA Circular DNA found in bacteria Project to map the location of all genes in humans Describe what is going on in the picture below: protein synthesis Is this karyotype for a man or woman? man Who matches the blood stain? john Is this pedigree for a dominant or recessive trait? recessive What is the genotype of I 1 Hh and 2hh? III 2 H?, IV 2? hh, Label these parts of the DNA: phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base. Write in the correct missing bases.
