General Biology (BIO 10)
MWF 9:00 – 9:50
Exam 2
Study Guide
Exam Format:
50 (2 pts each) multiple choice questions + extra credit (1 pt each) multiple choice
questions.
Study Hints:
Study your Top Hat questions – you just may see them again!
Read through each chapter carefully. Pay attention to the objectives at the start of the
chapter, the review and the practice questions.
Review your notes and fill out any parts that you missed.
Make sure to get a copy of someone’s notes for any days you missed.
Study vocabulary so that you can recognize words used in context.
Make sure that you understand the concepts that we discussed.
Chapter 14 Evolution and Natural Selection
Natural selection – definition, role of heritable variation
Types of natural selection (disruptive, directional, stabilizing)
Genetic drift
Darwin’s work, finches
Evidence for evolution – different types
Homologous vs analogous
Hardy Weinberg – assumptions & what happens when we violate them?
Populations evolve
Examples of adaptation
How species form
Chapter 15 How we name living things
Taxonomy
Classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum …….Species
Binomial nomenclature – scientific name
What is a species?
Three domains & six kingdoms of life
Chapter 16 Prokaryotes:
What is a bacterium? Shapes?
Bacteria vs archaea
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
How do bacteria obtain energy? Different modes
Viruses
Structure, mode of infection
Chapter 17 Protists
Origin of Eukaryotic cells (organelles)
Origin of nucleus & ER, and mitochondria & chloroplasts
Advantages of sexual vs asexual reproduction
Movement in protists (pseudopods, cilia & flagella)
What is a protest? Major groups (like Ciliates, flagellates)
Protists that led to plants & to animals
Chapter 18 Fungi
How are fungi classified (mode of sexual reproduction)
Reproduction in zygomycetes, basidiomycetes, and ascomycetes – characteristic
structures
Imperfect fungi
Chytrid fungi – killing frogs
Ecological roles of fungi
What is a lichen?
Mycorrhizae?
Chapter 19 Evolution of animal phyla
Choanoflagellates ------ Animals
5 features that animals have in common
**6 key transitions in body plan - examples
tissues (none, diploblastic, triploblastic)
Symmetry (radial vs bilateral)
Protostome vs deuterstome (developmental features)
Body cavity (NOT the gut) Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate
Lophotrochozoa vs ecdysozoa
Major phyla – what are they & which of the above features do they have?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
Chapter 20 History of the vertebrates
What is a vertebrate?
Classes – major features:
Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii
Chondrichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
Important fossils:
Jawless fishes
Placoderms
Relationship between birds & dinosaurs
Chapter 21 How humans evolved
Primates
Apes – contrast with monkeys
Hominids (Human, gorilla, chimp & fossil ancestors)
Humans & chimps sister species
Hominins (humans & ancestors)
Major human ancestors:
Homo habilis
Homo ergaster
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Australopithicus
Chapter 22 The animal body and how it moves
Innovations in body plan – radial vs bilateral symmetry, segmentation,, molting,
protostome vs deuterstome
Epithelial tissue (shapes & simple vs stratified)
Connective tissue – what do they have in common? Types
Muscle tissue – three types and characteristics
Nerve tissue – anatomy of a cell, CNS vs PNS
Skeletal system – axial vs appendicular
Joints
Types of skeletal systems
Muscles – structure, how do they work? Sliding filament model
Why can muscles only pull, not push?
Chpater 23 Circulation
Open vs closed circulatory systems
Compnents – blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries
Structure of the heart,
Path of blood flow through the heart
Double loop circulation
The lymphatic system
Components of blood
Circulation in fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
Sphincters & valves – what do they do?
Role of hemoglobin
How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Chapter 24 Respiration
Types of respiratory systems – flatworms, insects, fish, birds, mammals
define respiration
How do gills work? Structure & function
How do lungs work? Structure & function
Causes of lung cancer mutations in which genes? Smoking?
Chapter 25 Digestion
Types of food molecules and enzymes that break down each
Macromolecules & components
Types of digestive systems in different phyla
Gastrovascular cavity
Alimentary canal
Incomplete vs complete digestive systems
What happens in each part of the digestive system?
Mouth physical & chemical (amylase)
Esophagus
Stomach (acidic, protein digestion – pepsin)
Small intestine – digestion (enzymes from pancreas) & absorption
Large intestine storage and compaction of waste
Major steps in digestion: Eating food & mechanical breakdown, digestion, absorption,
evacuation
Accessory digestive organs
Pancreas, gall bladder, liver
Chapter 26 Maintaining internal environment
Homeostasis
Negative feedback loop
Osmoregulation
Protoniphridia, nephridia, kidneys
Kidney structure & urinary system organs
Nephron structure
Mammals & birds can produce hyperosmotic urine
Kidney function: Pressure filtration, reabsorption of water, selective reabsorption, tubular
secretion, more reapsorption of water.
Different types of nitrogenous waste – ammonia, urea, uric acid