Chapter 2 Vocabulary List
adenine
allosteric
amino acid
bicarbonate ion
bioinformatics
buffer
carbohydrate
catabolism
chaperone protein/chaperonin
coenzyme
cofactor
competitive inhibition
confirmation
covalent bond
cytosine
denatured
-a nucleotide that binds to thymine and uracil.
It is a purine
-a type of enzyme that changes its
conformation and its function in response to a
modifier
-organic molecule composed of an amino
group and an acid group; covalently bonds to
produce peptide molecules
-ion that participates in buffering the blood,
and the form in which carbon dioxide is
transported in the bloodstream
-computer technologies used to study the
genome
-substance or group of substances that tend to
resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing
its relative acidity and basicity
-class of organic compounds that includes
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides
-metabolic process that breaks down large
molecules into smaller ones; catabolic
metabolism
-molecule that interacts with a protein so that
it folds into its proper shape
-nonprotein organic molecule that aids the
action of the enzyme to which it is loosely
bound
-nonprotein adjunct required by an enzyme in
order to function; many cofactors are metal
ions, others are coenzymes
-form of enzyme inhibition where the
substrate and inhibitor are both able to bind
to the enzyme’s active site. Only when the
substrate is at the active site will product form
-shape
-chemical bond in which atoms share one pair
of electrons
-one of four nitrogen-containing bases in the
nucleotides composing the structure of DNA
and RNA; pairs with guanine
-loss of an enzyme’s normal shape so that it
DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
disaccharide
electron
endergonic reaction
energy of activation
exergonic
fatty acid
fibrous protein
functional groups
globular protein
glucose
glycerol
guanine
hydrolysis reaction
hydrogen bond
no longer functions; caused by a less than
optimal pH and temperature
-nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent
bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain
the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of
nearly all organisms
-sugar that contains two units of
monosaccharide
-negative subatomic particle, moving about in
an energy level around the nucleus of an atom
-chemical reaction that requires an input of
energy; opposite of exergonic reaction
-energy that must be added in order for
molecules to react with one another
-chemical reaction that releases energy;
opposite of an endergonic reaction
-molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain
and ends with an acid group
-a protein that has only a secondary structure;
generally insoluble; includes collagens,
elastins, and keratins
-specific cluster of atoms attached to the
carbon skeleton of organic molecules that
enters into reactions and behaves in a
predictable way
-most of the proteins in the body; soluble in
water or salt solution; includes albumins,
globulins, histones
-six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a
source of energy during cellular respiration
-three-carbon carbohydrate with three
hydroxyl groups attached; a component of fats
and oils
-one of four nitrogen-containing bases in
nucleotides composing the structure of DNA
and RNA; pairs with cytosine
-splitting of a bond by the addition of water,
with the H+ going to one molecule and the
OH- going to the other
-weak bond that arises between a slightly
positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a
slightly negative atom of another molecule or
between parts of the same molecule
induced fit model
ionic bond
isomers
isotope
lipid
metabolism
molecule
monosaccharide
neutrons
noncompetitive inhibition
nucleic acid
nucleotide
peptide bond
phospholipid
polar covalent bond
polymer
-change in the shape of an enzyme’s active
site that enhances the fit between the active
site and its substrate(s)
-chemical bond in which ions are attracted to
one another by opposite charges
-molecules with the same molecular formula
but a different structure, and therefore a
different shape
-atom of the same element having the same
atomic number but a different mass number
due to the number of neutrons
-class of organic compounds that tends to be
soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and
oils
-all of the chemical reactions that occur in a
cell during growth and repair
-union of two or more atoms of the same
element; also, the smallest part of a
compound that retains the properties of the
compound
-simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be
decomposed by hydrolysis
-neutral subatomic particles, located in the
nucleus and assigned one atomic mass unit
-form of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor
binds to an enzyme at a location other than
the active site; while at this site, the enzyme
shape changes, the inhibitor is unable to bind
to its substrate, and no product forms.
-polymer of nucleotides; both DNA and RNA
are nucleic acids
-monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 5carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base
and a phosphate group
-type of covalent bond that joins two amino
acids
-molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell’s
membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head
bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails
-bond in which the sharing of electrons
between atoms is unequal
-macromolecule consisting of covalently
bonded monomers; for example, a
polypeptide
polysaccharide
prion
protein
proton
RNA(ribonucleic acid)
ribose
steroid
surface tension
thymine
tracer
uracil
polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called
amino acids
-polymer of many amino acids linked by
peptide bonds
-polymer made from sugar monomers; the
polysaccharides starch and glycogen are
polymers of glucose monomers
-infectious particle consisting of protein only
and no nucleic acid
-molecule consisting of one or more
polypeptides
-positive subatomic particle located in the
nucleus and assigned one atomic mass unit
-nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding
of nucleotide monomers that contain the
sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger
RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
-pentose sugar found in RNA
-type of lipid molecule having a complex of
four carbon rings
-force that holds moist membranes together
due to the attraction of water molecules
-one of four nitrogen containing bases in
nucleotides composing the structure of DNA;
pairs with adenine
-substance having an attached radioactive
isotope that allows a researcher to track its
whereabouts in a biological system
-pyrimidine base that occurs in RNA, replacing
thymine