Beyond the NEM
and the SWIS:
2011-12 regional and remote
electricity in Australia
October 2013
BREE 2013, Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia, Canberra, October.
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This report was produced by Emma Richardson, Arif Syed and Allison Ball of the Modelling and Policy Integration Program of BREE. It is based
on analysis undertaken by Guy Dundas (project leader), Guy Jakeman and Dr John Soderbaum from ACIL Allen Consulting in June 2 013,
commissioned by the Department of Industry. The guidance and assistance of the Project Steering Committee members are gratefully
acknowledged: Quentin Grafton, Wayne Calder and Bruce Wilson of BREE; Rick Belt, Andrew Hirscher, Michael Tyquin of the Department of
Industry; Damir Ivkovic, of ARENA; Russell Hay of Geoscience Australia.
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Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
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Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
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Foreword
Demand for remote and off-grid power sources is thought to be growing, driven by the growth of industrial demand
in regional Australia. Information on electricity demand and supply for the major Australian energy grid systems is
readily available but relatively little is known about electricity in regional and off-grid areas. Increasingly decision
makers in government and industry are seeking better quality data on the size, composition and location of
Australia’s off-grid energy market.
This report seeks to bring together information and quantify a baseline of off-grid electricity demand and supply in
Australia for 2011-12. It is based on a study by ACIL Allen Consulting, commissioned by the Department of Industry.
Around 6 per cent of electricity supply is sourced from beyond the two major electricity markets in Australia (the
National Electricity Market and the South West Interconnected System). This electricity supports oil and gas
production facilities, mining and mineral processing operations, regional and remote communities, as well as
defence facilities, pastoral stations, tourism facilities and lighthouses. Some of this demand is met via smaller
regional or mini electrical grids. In other cases standalone power stations or generators are used.
Electricity costs will remain high in these areas due to their remote location and the lack of existing infrastructure.
Gas is the dominant source of power generation in these regions. With gas and liquid fuel prices projected to rise,
there may be significant potential for renewable energy sources to play a role in meeting off -grid electricity demand
in Australia in the future.
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has recently launched programs aimed at developing the
supply of renewable energy in regional areas. It is hoped that the information in this study will go some way to
providing a more detailed picture of off-grid energy demand and supply in Australia, enabling further exploration of
renewable energy project opportunities. It would also be desirable to repeat this analysis in future years, to provide
trend information.
Bruce Wilson
Executive Director
Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics
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Contents
Foreword
Abbreviations
Summary
1. Introduction
2. Estimation methodology
Electricity supply
Electricity demand
Choice of regions
3. Off-grid electricity demand and supply in Australia
Electricity demand
Electricity supply
Data coverage
4. Regional analysis
Western Australia
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Rest of Australia
5. Conclusions and future work
References
Appendix A: List of off-grid power stations, operational in 2011-12
Appendix B: List of Data Sources
BREE contacts
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Figures
S1: Off-grid electricity use, by user category, 2011-12
S2: Off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12
Figure 1: Off-grid electricity use, by user category, 2011-12
Figure 2: Off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12
Figure 3: Off-grid electricity generation shares, by fuel, 2011-12
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Maps
Map 1: Off-grid electricity generators, Australia, 2011-12
Map 2: Off-grid regions of Australia
Map 3: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Australia, 2011-12
Map 4: Australia’s natural gas basins and transmission pipelines
Map 5: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Western Australia region, 2011-12
Map 6: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Northern Territory region, 2011-12
Map 7: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Queensland region, 2011-12
Map 8: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, South Australia region, 2011-12
Map 9: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Tasmanian region, 2011-12
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Tables
Table 1: Summary of Australian off-grid electricity demand, by user category, 2011-12
Table 2: Australian off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12
Table 3: Australian off-grid electricity generation shares, by region and fuel, 2011-12
Table 4: Off-grid Australia summary, percentage of supply by type of supplier, 2011-12
Table 5: Percentage of off-grid population with identified power supply, 2011-12
Table 6: Electricity demand, by user, NWIS Pilbara region, 2011-12
Table 7: Electricity generation, by fuel, NWIS Pilbara region, 2011-12
Table 8: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Western Australia region, 2011-12
Table 9: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Western Australia region, 2011-12
Table 10: Electricity demand, by user category, DKIS region, 2011-12
Table 11: Electricity generation, by fuel, DKIS region, 2011-12
Table 12: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Northern Territory region, 2011-12
Table 13: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Northern Territory, 2011-12
Table 14: Electricity demand, by user category, Mt Isa region, 2011-12
Table 15: Electricity generation, by fuel, Mt Isa region, 2011-12
Table 16: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Queensland region, 2011-12
Table 17: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Queensland region, 2011-12
Table 18: Electricity demand, by user, off-grid South Australia region, 2011-12
Table 19: Electricity generation, by fuel, off-grid South Australia region, 2011-12
Table 20: Electricity demand, by user, off-grid Tasmania region, 2011-12
Table 21: Electricity generation, by fuel, off-grid Tasmania region, 2011-12
Table 22: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Australia, 2011-12
Table A1: List of Western Australian Power Stations Identified
Table A2: List of Northern Territory Power Stations Identified
Table A3: List of Queensland Power Stations Identified
Table A4: List of Power Stations Identified - Other States and Territories
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Abbreviations
ABS
Australian Bureau of Statistics
AES
Australian Energy Statistics
APPEA
Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association
ARENA
Australian Renewable Energy Agency
BREE
Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics
DKIS
Darwin Katherine Interconnected System
GWh
Gigawatt hour
Kt CO2-e
Kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent
MWh
Megawatt hour
NEM
National Electricity Market
NGERs
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting scheme
NTPWC
Northern Territory’s Power and Water Corporation
NWIS
North West Interconnected System
Off-grid
Not connected to the NEM or SWIS. This includes the major regional power grids in the Pilbara
region of Western Australia (NWIS), around Darwin and Katherine in the Northern Territory (DKIS),
and the Mount Isa region of north-western Queensland. Off-grid electricity also includes isolated
sources of supply, ranging from large stand-alone generators supplying remote energy and
resources projects to small residential communities. Areas supplied by the NEM and the SWIS are
excluded.
SWIS
South West Interconnected System
TJ
Terajoules
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
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Summary
The Department of Industry commissioned ACIL Allen Consulting to identify Australia’s total regional and off -grid
electricity demand and supply. The Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE), Geoscience Australia
and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) provided technical advice as part of the project steering
committee.
Electricity demand and supply in Australia is reported for the major energy grid systems but relatively little is known
about electricity in regional and remote areas. Throughout this study off-grid electricity will refer to electricity
generated and consumed outside of the National Electricity Market (NEM) and the South West Interconnected
System (SWIS), including the smaller grid systems of the Pilbara, Darwin to Katherine and Mt Isa areas.
There is a growing interest among the public and private sectors in the size and composition of Australia’s off-grid
energy markets but there is a lack of detailed data available. An accurate assessment of the size and composition
of the off-grid energy market would allow opportunities in the market to be identified an d inform public policy,
planning and private investment. This study identifies that the use of renewable energy resources is currently very
low in the off-grid energy market, suggesting there is scope for greater use of renewable energy supply in these
areas.
The objective of this study is to bring together existing information on off -grid electricity, from a variety of sources,
to provide a comprehensive snapshot of off-grid electricity demand and supply in 2011-12. The key findings of this
study include,






In 2011-12 generation of off-grid electricity was 15 812 GWh, representing 6 per cent of Australia’s total
electricity generation and supplying around 2 per cent of Australia’s population.
The resources and energy sector accounted for 77 per cent, or 12 202 GWh of total off-grid electricity
consumption in 2011-12 (figure S1).
Residential, community and commercial electricity demand, associated with population centres, accounted for
just 21 per cent of total off-grid electricity consumption in 2011-12.
Generators of off-grid electricity are distributed from the north east of Queensland to the Pilbara in the west and
from Darwin in the north to King Island in the south (map 1).
Natural gas dominated the mix of off-grid electricity generation, accounting for approximately 78 per cent of
total generation in 2011-12. This reflects the high proportion of resources and energy operations located in
remote areas supplied by natural gas pipelines, such as the Pilbara and Mt Isa regions (figure S2).
Renewable electricity generation accounted for 2 per cent of total off-grid electricity generation in 2011-12
including hydro, wind, solar and geothermal (figure S2). This penetration level compares to renewables
accounting for almost 10 per cent of Australia’s total electricity generation in 2011-12 (BREE 2013b).
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
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S1: Off-grid electricity use, by user category, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
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S2: Off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
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Map 1: Off-grid electricity generators, Australia, 2011-12
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
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1. Introduction
The vast majority of Australia’s electricity demand and supply occurs in areas serviced by extensive, interconnected
electricity generation infrastructure and transmission and distribution networks. This includes the NEM, which
stretches from just north of Cairns to the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia and the main island of Tasmania, and
Western Australia’s SWIS, which serves Perth, Geraldton, Albany and Kalgoorlie, amongst other locations.
There are also small but significant sources of electricity demand beyond the NEM and the SWIS. These include oil
and gas production facilities, mining and mineral processing operations, regional and remote communities, as well
as defence facilities, pastoral stations, tourism facilities and lighthouses. Some of this de mand is met via smaller
regional or mini electrical grids, in other cases standalone power stations or generators are used.
Given their remote location and the lack of existing infrastructure, it is likely that electricity costs are very high in
some regional areas, particularly where the main source of electricity is trucked diesel. There may be significant
potential for renewable electricity sources to play a role in meeting off -grid power demand.
Demand for remote and off-grid power sources is thought to be growing, driven by the growth of the resources
industry in regional Australia. However, very little information is published on the size and composition of off -grid
electricity demand and supply. Data on embedded and non-grid generation capacity is available but comprehensive
data on the size of the off-grid market in Australia is not published.
The objective of this study is to bring together existing information on off -grid electricity, from a variety of sources,
to provide a comprehensive snapshot of off-grid electricity sector demand and supply during 2011-12. Throughout
this study off-grid electricity will refer to electricity generated and consumed outside of the NEM and the SWIS, and
including the smaller grid systems of the Pilbara, Darwin and Katherine regions. Electricity demand and supply in
areas connected by the NEM and the SWIS was excluded. The statistics and analysis in this report are based on a
study by ACIL Allen Consulting, commissioned by the Department of Industry.
This study is a first attempt to comprehensively measure and analyse off-grid electricity demand and supply in
Australia.
This analysis incorporates a comprehensive mapping of information on electricity supply to data for off -grid
population centres. Just under 2 per cent of Australia’s population, or approximately 404 230 people are defined as
off-grid for the purpose of this study. Power sources were identified for around 94 per cent of Australia’s off -grid
population.
There is scope for further improvement in the coverage and methods of estimation of off-grid electricity demand and
supply in Australia. It is intended that the information from this report is used as a starting point for further analysis.
It is also intended that the information complements other sources of energy statistics and analysis for Australia.
These include the Australian Energy Statistics (BREE 2013a) and Australian Energy Projections to 2049 -50 (Syed
2012). Different methods of classification and data collection were used for this study and cau tion should be taken
in directly comparing across publications.
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2. Estimation methodology
ACIL Allen used two complementary approaches to develop comprehensive estimates of off -grid electricity supply
and demand:
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
Information on the supply-side of off-grid electricity, that is, electricity generation from power generators.
Information on the demand-side of off-grid electricity, particularly population but also including energy, mining,
oil and gas operations, tourism, agriculture and defence facilities.
All data presented is for 2011-12 unless otherwise specified. For consistency, electricity supply (generation) and
demand (consumption) are both presented on a ‘sent out basis’. The sent out figures account for internal electricity
usage in the generation process but not the effect of transmission and distribution losses. Throughout this report
the term off-grid electricity will refer to the major regional power grids the NWIS and the DKIS, the Mount Isa region
and isolated sources of supply, ranging from large stand-alone generators supplying remote energy and resources
projects to small residential communities.
Electricity supply
In general, information on the rated capacity of electricity generators is readily available. Key sources for capacity
information include Geoscience Australia’s published list of power stations, information published by the Energy
Supply Association of Australia, and the Western Australian Government’s Energy and Resources and
Infrastructure map (and related data). These information sources were cross-compared for consistency, collated
into a single list, and augmented with any further information available. For some smaller or recently commissioned
power stations, other sources were used to identify their rated generation capacity.
Information on the output and fuel use of off-grid generators, even quite large generators, is often not available in
the public domain. Access was granted to specific data collected by the Australian Government through the
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting scheme (NGERs). This was limited to corporations with identified off grid electricity generation assets. In 2011-12, NGERs only captured corporations that produced 50 kilotonnes of
carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2-e) or produced or consumed more than 200 terajoules (TJ) of energy. NGERs data
was limited to large energy using and producing corporations. The NGERs data disaggregates energy use to the
facility level (although some facilities aggregate numerous power stations within a singl e operational area of the
corporation). The NGERs data also distinguishes between energy use by fuel type and purpose, and between grid supplied electricity and on-site generation. Emissions data is also included and emissions factors were applied to
the fuel data directly to ensure consistency between generators captured by NGERs and those that are not.
Other sources included published information on remote community power supply from government entities or
utilities, such as Ergon Energy, Horizon Power, the Northern Territory’s Power and Water Corporation (NTPWC),
Hydro Tasmania and the South Australian Department of Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy.
Company reports and websites were also used. A list of off-grid generators identified in this study is available in
Appendix A.
Small stand-alone generators below 20 kW were excluded, for example, generators servicing homesteads (where
generators were identified below this size they were included in the study).
Electricity demand
Residential, commercial and community
Residential, commercial and community demand captures electricity consumption that is associated with residential
(in-home) electricity use and population centres. For example, this category captures electricity demand from small
stores, petrol stations, schools and other community facilities. It is infeasible to distinguish between these sub categories of demand across all regions of this study, and so they are grouped together .
The key element of analysis of off-grid electricity demand was an exhaustive categorisation of Australian Bureau of
Statistics (ABS) census data from the 2011 census to specific off-grid electricity-consuming locations. Using the
smallest available geographic level, census data was matched to one of four categories of residential, commercial
and community demand:
1. Connected to the NEM or SWIS (and therefore excluded from the study).
2. Identified as belonging to a specific electricity-consuming location.
3. Unallocated electricity demand, where the population was not attributable to an identifiable location.
4. A miscellaneous category that captures homeless people, itinerant workers such as shipping workers, and
locations with extremely low population (less than five).
The first and fourth categories of population were excluded from this analysis.
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The data was used to identify the proportion of the population captured by categories two and three above for which
an electricity source has been identified. Only a sub-set of category two will have a power station where data on its
capacity and/or output is available either in the public domain or through NGERs. Those populations where no
power source could be identified are therefore treated as ‘unidentified’. Unallocated populations (that is, from
category three above) cannot have a specific power source matched as meeting their supply, and are therefore also
treated as ‘unidentified’.
This comprehensive population mapping exercise allows the presentation of a percentage of the population in
categories two and three for which a power source has been identified. The 2011 census data indicates that this
study has identified sources of power supply for around 94 per cent of Australia’s off -grid population and that the
off-grid population is around 1.9 per cent of Australia’s total population. Around 0.1 per cent of Australia’s
population receive electricity supply from sources other than the NEM, the SWIS and the generators identified in
this study.
Energy and resources facilities
Residential and general community demand that is closely associated with pop ulation is not necessarily correlated
with demand from major mining or oil and gas facilities (referred to as ‘energy and resources’ in this study). Various
sources were used to find potential off-grid energy and resource facilities and the sources of electricity supply for
these facilities.
For example, Geoscience Australia’s list of operating mines was used to identify facilities and match these to power
sources. This matching process involved,
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
Excluding mines connected to the NEM or SWIS.
Grouping the remaining (off-grid) mines into coherent ‘facilities’ (Geoscience Australia’s data often
disaggregates mining operations into separate ore bodies or working areas, which are for the purpose of this
study a single facility and use a single power source).
Issuing a discrete location code to each off-grid mining facility that is understood to have been operational in
2011-12.
Matching the location code to a specific generator when this generator can be identified as supplying the mining
facility.
Seeking data on the mining facility’s power supply where no generator can be identified.
Other energy and resources facilities (particularly oil and gas facilities) were identified through Australian Petroleum
Production and Exploration Association (APPEA) data and NGERs data.
Energy and resources demand is a broad category that includes traditional mining, minerals processing (such as
refining or smelting) and oil and gas production. It also includes fertiliser facilities that were grouped within this
category to ensure confidentiality.
Other demand
A range of other demand sources are scattered throughout off-grid Australia. Agricultural operations, tourist
facilities and defence installations, with a very small demand from miscellaneous sources such as lighthouses a re
included in this category. Where such facilities are supplied from the NWIS, DKIS or Mount Isa grid, it is generally
not possible to distinguish these demand sources from general community demand. Accordingly, for the NWIS and
Mt Isa, no ‘other’ demand is presented. In the DKIS, an estimate of DKIS-connected pastoral demand was made
and then included in the ‘other demand’ category.
Defence facilities were predominantly identified from a map of significant Australian Defence Force facilities
published as part of the ADF’s Posture Review, in 2011-12. There were 20 defence facilities identified as being offgrid.
Various tourism facilities were identified during the process of matching populations to census mesh blocks. As
there is no central repository of information on tourism facilities, a general web-based search was undertaken to
identify further sites. The tourism facilities that were identified as being both off -grid and where specific power
supply information was found were typically facilities that self-identified as having implemented energy efficiency or
renewable energy measures. Accordingly, the facilities identified are unlikely to be a representative sub -sample of
off-grid tourism electricity demand.
Agricultural demand is also challenging to identify due to the diversity of organisations involved. A list of pastoral
leases is available for each state and territory, and offers a relatively comprehensive list of off-grid agricultural demand
sources. However, the smaller of these stations would fall below the capacity cut-off for this study. No information on
electricity demand or generation for even the larger of these stations has been obtained from the public domain.
Information was provided on pastoral energy use, collected by the Northern Territory Government through a survey
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
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of 35 station owners. This information was used to estimate the aggregate amount of pastoral station electricity
generation for off-grid areas of Queensland and Western Australia. The estimates were prepared by extrapolating
the data collected to other stations based on cattle numbers. Allowances were made for on-grid stations. This
extrapolation was undertaken through the following process,
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The Northern Territory Government’s estimate of generation capacity on cattle stations was converted to an
estimate of electricity generation and consumption on those stations, using an indicative capacity factor
assumption of 36 per cent (derived from a report on energy use for the Northern Territory Cattleman’s
Association).
This aggregate cattle station demand was converted to a demand per thousand head of cattle estimate using
2011-12 agricultural census data from the ABS (specifically 38.8 MWh/thousand head of cattle).
The portion of pastoral stations and cattle in other states assumed to be ‘off -grid’ was estimated based on the
share of cattle in each natural resource management region as estimated in the 2006 -07 agricultural census
(2011-12 agricultural census data was not available at the regional level at the time of ACIL Allen undertaking
this report).
Off-grid generation was directly estimated using the 38.8 MWh/thousand head of cattle assumption derived
above.
Off-grid generation capacity was directly estimated using the 36 per cent capacity factor assumption discussed
above.
Choice of regions
As different regions have different patterns of supply and demand, the data are disaggregated into nine regions,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The NWIS, covering the grids that service the primarily mining loads in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.
The rest of off-grid Western Australia.
The DKIS, the grid servicing the populous northern parts of the Northern Territory.
The rest of the Northern Territory.
The Mount Isa grid in north-western Queensland.
The rest of off-grid Queensland.
Off-grid South Australia.
8. Off-grid Tasmania, primarily consisting of various islands such as King Island, Flinders Island and Cape Barron
Island.
9. The rest of off-grid Australia, capturing the limited amounts of off-grid electricity in New South Wales, Victoria,
the Australian Capital Territory and various external territories such as Christmas Island and the Cocos
(Keeling) Islands.
Aggregation of data at this level reveals the broad variation in demand and supply across different areas of
Australia, whilst also ensuring sufficient aggregation to ensure confidentiality. Eight of the regions analysed are
illustrated in map 2. The ninth region is too small and geographically scattered to present in the figure.
Map 2: Off-grid regions of Australia
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Note: Region 9 includes off-grid areas of New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and external territories. These areas are too
small and geographically scattered to present in this map. Rest of WA excludes SWIS-connected areas of WA. Rest of Qld excludes NEMconnected regions of Queensland.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
A discrete location is treated as a ‘point source’ of a single type of demand. For example, the town of Yunta in
South Australia is a single source of residential demand, whilst the Challenger gold mine is a single source of
energy and resources demand.
A discrete location can have multiple generators associated with it. For example, the town of Marble Bar in W estern
Australia is supplied by both a solar generator and a liquid fuel gen-set operated by Horizon Power. All output from
those generators are attributed to serving the general community demand at Marble Bar. In some cases, multiple
loads and/or multiple generators are connected together to form an electrical grid. In this case, all discrete locations
are given an additional grid code to group them together. A grid in this definition is two or more ‘point source’ loads
that are jointly served by one or more power stations such as the NWIS, DKIS and Mount Isa grids.
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3. Off-grid electricity demand and supply
in Australia
The NEM in eastern and southern Australia provides a fully interconnected transmission network, allowing market
determined power flows across the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia,
Victoria and Tasmania. It accounts for more than three quarters of total electricity supply in Australia, supplying
19 million residents and around 199 000 GWh of electricity to businesses and households each year. With
approximately 40 000 kilometres of transmission lines and cables, the network is one of the longest alternating
current systems in the world.
Western Australia and the Northern Territory are not part of the NEM. The main interconnected system in Western
Australia is the SWIS. The SWIS supplies approximately 17 900 GWh of electricity per year to 910 000 residents,
85 000 businesses and 19 000 major customers in the south west of the state. SWIS infrastructure includes around
7 300 kilometres of transmission lines.
Electricity demand
Almost 16 000 GWh of electricity consumption in non-NEM and non-SWIS regions of Australia was identified for
2011-12. Table 1 excludes off-grid NSW, Victoria, the ACT and the external territories, so as to not reveal facility
specific information in any one usage category. The excluded regions comprise around 0.3 per cent of total off -grid
electricity demand, and so national off-grid consumption is essentially the same.
Energy and resources facilities dominate off-grid electricity consumption in Australia, accounting for more than
three-quarters of total consumption in 2011-12 (figure 1). Residential, commercial and community demand
accounted for a further 21 per cent of the total.
Table 1: Summary of Australian off-grid electricity demand, by user category, 2011-12
Consumer type
Consumption
(sent out)
Share of
consumption
Dwellings,
facilities
Consumption/
dwelling
Population
Consumption/
population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
3,365
21
150,180
22.4
376,733
8.9
12,202
77
100
244
2
1,546
15,812
100
Residential,
commercial and
community
Energy and
resources
Other
TOTAL
Note: Excludes off-grid NSW, ACT, Victoria and external territories. Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply
have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
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Figure 1: Off-grid electricity use, by user category, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
The composition of off-grid demand varies significantly from state to state. The primary source of demand in off -grid
Western Australia is resources and energy related, accounting for 80 per cent of total consumption in the regions
not served by the SWIS. In comparison, the Northern Territory is dominated by consumption associated with
population centres (defined as residential, commercial and community demand) with almos t 60 per cent of
electricity consumption, and the resources and energy sector consuming around 38 per cent. The high proportion of
consumption from communities in the Northern Territory is a reflection of the classification of off -grid electricity for
this study because it incorporates the DKIS, linking communities from Darwin to Katherine.
Electricity supply
Fossil fuels account for almost all off-grid electricity supply in Australia, with natural gas accounting for 78 per cent
of total generation, while liquid fuels account for 20 per cent. Table 2 excludes South Australia, NSW, Victoria, the
ACT and the external territories, so as to not reveal facility specific information in any one supply category. After
excluding these states the data presented covers over 98 per cent of off-grid electricity supply identified in this
study, and so provides a representative view of electricity supply by fuel across off -grid Australia (map 3).
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
18
Table 2: Australian off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacity Generation
(sent out)
Generation
shares
Capacity
factor
Fuel use
Thermal
efficiency
Emissions
Emissions
intensity
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/ MWh
Natural gas
3,557
12,312
79
40
156,842
28
8,051
0.65
Liquid fuels
1,187
2,986
19.2
29
27,254
39
1,908
0.64
Wind
13
25.7
0.2
22
0
-
0
0
Solar
3.4
5.1
<0.1
17
0
-
0
0
37.2
246.8
1.6
76
0
-
0
0
4,797
15,575
100
37
184,096
-
9,959
0.64
Other
renewables
TOTAL
Note: Excludes off-grid NSW, ACT, Victoria and external territories. Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and
output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Liquid fuels include biodiesel. Totals may not add due to rounding. The total generation in this table does
not match total generation in Table 1 because some generators were excluded from table 2 to protect confidential information. Electricity demand
and generation are equivalent.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
The generation shares for each region are summarised in table 3, figure 2 and figure 3, with liquid fuels and natural
gas being aggregated for some regions to ensure facility level information remains confidential. Unlike table 2, table
3 and figures 2 and 3 include data for all of Australia. The generation from liquid fuels also includes a very small
(less than 0.1 per cent of total liquid fuels) volume of biodiesel. The share of natural gas is close to 100 per cent in
the Pilbara, Mt Isa and in the DKIS which derive electricity generation from the extensive gas pipelines in those
regions (map 4). By comparison, off-grid Tasmania is dominated by liquid fuel generation and no natural gas
generation. The penetration of liquid fuels is highest in the rest of the N orthern Territory and in off-grid Tasmania.
Renewables account for 2 per cent of total Australian off-grid generation, including hydro, wind, solar and
geothermal. This compares to 9.5 per cent of Australia’s total electricity generation deriving from rene wables in
2011-12 (BREE 2013a). In contrast renewables account for 27 per cent of total off -grid generation in Tasmania, and
in NSW, Victoria, the ACT and the external territories renewables account for 13 per cent of total off -grid generation
(figure 3).
Table 3: Australian off-grid electricity generation shares, by region and fuel, 2011-12
Region
Natural gas
Liquid fuels
Wind
%
%
%
%
%
NWIS
98
2
-
<0.1
-
Rest of off-grid Western
Australia
76
20
0.3
<0.1
3.8
DKIS
97
3
-
<0.1
0.3
Rest of Northern Territory
30
70
<0.1
0.1
-
Mount Isa grid
99
1
-
-
-
Rest of off-grid Queensland
68
32
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
0.1
2.6
25.9
1.3
-
12.6
<0.1
-
0.2
<0.1
1.6
Off-grid South Australia
Off-grid Tasmania
97
0
Rest of off-grid Australia
Off-grid Australia
73
87
78
20
Solar Other renewables
Note: Liquid fuels can include biodiesel. Numbers may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
19
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
20
Figure 2: Off-grid electricity generation, by fuel, 2011-12
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
21
Figure 3: Off-grid electricity generation shares, by fuel, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
22
Map 3: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Australia, 2011-12
Note: Supplied via grid indicates electricity demand locations that do not have an on-site power source but are supplied via an electrical connection
to a regional power grid (e.g. the DKIS) or a ‘mini-grid’ connecting several loads and generators (e.g. the East Kimberley grid).
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
23
Map 4: Australia’s natural gas basins and transmission pipelines
Source: Australian Energy Regulator, 2013
Off-grid supply has also been split into five categories to illustrate the type of organisation supplying the electricity.
These include,
1. Utility: supply both generated and retailed by a single ‘vertically-integrated’ energy company
2. Utility via contract: supply retailed by an energy company but generated under contract by a third party
3. Commercial: supply generated by a commercial entity, including specialised generation companies and energy
and resources operations with excess electricity production, and then sold to other users under contract
4. Own supply (energy and resources): supply generated and used by a single company operating in the energy
and resources sector
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
24
5. Own supply (community/other): supply generated and used by a single entity, including communities, defence
facilities, agricultural facilities or tourism facilities.
Utility supply is predominantly by NT Power and Water (and its subsidiary Indigenous Essential Services), Ergon
Energy and, in a handful of communities, Horizon Power. Utility supply via contract occurs in some Western
Australian and Northern Territory communities, where Horizon Power or NT Power and Water purchase electricity
from third-party generation companies specifically operating to supply those towns. Sales of power to community
customers on the Mount Isa grid by Ergon, using power generated by Stanwell Corporation at its Mica Creek power
station, also fits within this category.
Commercial supply includes a variety of supply arrangements, including Alinta Energy’s supply of BHP Billiton’s
Pilbara mines from its Port Hedland and Newman power stations, Stanwell Corporation’s supply of large mines
through the Mount Isa grid, Southern Cross Energy’s supply of the Mt Keith and Leinster nickel operations on the
small Mt Keith-Leinster grid, and third-party generation company supply of remote mines sites (such as Energy
Developments’ supply of the McArthur River mine in the Northern Territory, amongst many others). This category
also includes arrangements where utilities purchase excess power from mining companies for supply of nearby
communities. This supply is categorised as ‘commercial’ rather than ‘utility via contract’ as the generation asset is
not primarily operated to supply the utility but rather as part of other commercial operations. This happens, for
example, in the case of the towns of Jabiru and Nhulunbuy in Northern Territory, and Kununurra in Western
Australia.
Own supplied electricity by energy and resources companies is the single largest supply category comprising 45
per cent of total off-grid supply. Organisations using large quantities of own-supplied electricity include Rio Tinto,
Woodside Petroleum, Barrick Gold and Incitec Pivot. Own supplied electricity can be generated remotely from the
point of end use. For example, Rio Tinto’s Yurralyi Maya power station near Dampier is used to power both the
Dampier port and a variety of mining operations some distance away. This electricity is allocated to own use by Rio
Tinto, other than the portion that is used to supply Horizon Power’s retail customers. Own supplied electricity by
other categories of users is a small component of off-grid supply, although it covers a large numbers of demand
locations.
The mix of electricity supply by supplier category in off-grid Australia is summarised in
Table 4. Commercial and own supply by energy and resources companies dominates the mix, providing almost 80
per cent of total supply, broadly reflecting the energy and resources sector’s share of total off -grid demand.
Table 4: Off-grid Australia summary, percentage of supply by type of supplier, 2011-12
Region
Utility
Utility via
contract
Commerci
al
Own supply
(energy and
resources)
Own supply
(community/ other)
NWIS
-
16
45
39
-
Rest of off-grid
Western Australia
1
6
29
63
1
DKIS
87
13
-
-
-
Rest of Northern
Territory
23
<1
20
52
4
Mount Isa grid
-
10
77
13
-
Rest of off-grid
Queensland
10
-
20
62
7
Off-grid South
Australia
<1
9
26
64
1
-
94
-
-
6
12
8
34
45
2
Off-grid Tasmania
Off-grid Australia
Note: Excluding NSW, Victoria, the ACT and external territories
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Data coverage
Less than 2 per cent of the Australian population draw their electricity from off -grid sources (table 5). This study
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
25
finds that 99.9 per cent of Australia’s population obtain their electricity from the NEM, the SWIS or off-grid sources
identified here. This indicates that estimates of off-grid electricity demand, combined with information relating to
supply from the NEM and SWIS, provide a comprehensive picture of general electricity demand and supply in
Australia.
Table 5: Percentage of off-grid population with identified power supply, 2011-12
State/territory
Total
population
Population
Off-grid
that is on-grid population
or
miscellaneous
Off-grid
population
%
Off-grid
population
with identified
power supply
Off-grid
population
with identified
power
supply %
Queensland
4,333,257
4,283,343
49,914
1.2
48,190
97
South
Australia
1,596,615
1,589,354
7,261
0.5
5,424
75
Western
Australia
2,239,065
2,109,297
129,768
5.8
117,689
91
Tasmania
495,566
493,220
2,346
0.5
2,346
100
Northern
Territory
212,001
172
211,829
99.9
203,084
96
Rest of
Australia
12,631,74
2
12,628,633
3,109
<0.1
3,074
99
Australia
21,508,24
6
21,104,019
404,227
1.9
379,807
94
Note: Total population figures may not match aggregate census estimates due to randomisation of population data at the level of small statistical
divisions. Miscellaneous population includes shipping workers and others with no fixed address.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Total electricity generation in Australia was approximately 253 851 GWh in 2011-12 and this includes both on and
off-grid generation (BREE 2013a). The findings detailed in this study are broadly consistent with BREE’s Australian
Energy Statistics (AES) (2013a), taking into consideration differences in classification. Off -grid electricity generation
of 15 575 GWh identified in this study constitutes 6 per cent of total generation reported in the 2013 AES. This
proportion of off-grid electricity should be used as a guide only because the methodologies used for collection of the
AES vary from that used for this study. Caution should be taken in directly comparing across publications.
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
26
4. Regional analysis
Western Australia
NWIS Pilbara
The North-West Interconnected System in the Pilbara region of Western Australia is an electrically interconnected
grid operated by Rio Tinto that serves its mining operations in the Robe River and Hamersley areas, and by
Horizon Power serving various towns including Karratha, Port Hedland and Dampier (map 5). This region also
includes the neighbouring, smaller, electrical grid serving the BHP Billiton mines in the eastern Pilbara (particularly
Yandi and Newman).
Map 5: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Western Australia region, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
The primary source of demand is related to resources and energy operations, accounting for 80 per cent of total
consumption in the region. Horizon Power also retails power generated by Rio Tinto and other entities to residents
and businesses in the population centres of the region (table 6). By allowing for the amount of mining related
demand supplied within the Horizon Power supply area (primarily Port Hedland, Dampier and Karratha), a sub -set
of Horizon’s supplied load on the NWIS was attributed to general community demand. In addition, general
community demand in several townships, including Newman, Tom Price, Paraburdoo and Pannawonica, is supplied
directly by the relevant mining company. The volume of general community demand from these townships was
estimated based on the relative populations of these centres and the Horizon -supplied centres.
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
27
Table 6: Electricity demand, by user, NWIS Pilbara region, 2011-12
Consumer type Consumption
Share of Dwellings Consumption/
(sent out) consumption , facilities
dwelling
Residential,
commercial
and community
Energy and
resources
Other
TOTAL
Populatio
n
Consumption/
population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
493
20
19,434
25.4
53,201
9.3
1,973
80
16
-
-
-
2,467
100
Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Given its close location to the gas fields of the North-West Shelf, electricity generation in the Pilbara is dominated
by natural gas, which accounts for 98 per cent of total generation in the region (table 7). Renewables account for
less than 0.1 per cent of total off-grid generation in the Pilbara region.
Table 7: Electricity generation, by fuel, NWIS Pilbara region, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacit
y
Generatio
n (sent
out)
Generatio
n shares
Capacity
factor
Fuel
use
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
Natural gas
964
2,426
98.3
29
31,447
28
1,614
0.67
Liquid fuels
29
41
1.6
16
498
29
35
0.85
Wind
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Solar
0.2
0.4
<0.1
19
0
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
993
2,467
28
31,945
-
1,649
0.67
Other
renewables
TOTAL
Thermal Emission Emission
efficienc
s
s
y
intensity
Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Totals may not add due
to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered to be high, given the predominance of
NGERs data on the supply side. However, it was not possible to comprehensively account for all non -mining loads
on the grid. The residual attributed to general community demand is only approximate. The level of electricity
consumption per head of population in the Pilbara region is broadly consistent with estimates from other regions.
Rest of off-grid WA
Western Australian off-grid electricity usage beyond the Pilbara is also dominated by energy and resources facilities,
which account for more than 90 per cent of electricity use in the region (table 8). There is also a significant
residential load around 70 remote centres of Western Australia. Estimates of electricity demand and supply in these
remote centres of Western Australia are included in this study.
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
28
Table 8: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Western Australia region, 2011-12
Consumer type
Consumptio
n (sent out)
Residential,
commercial
and community
Energy and
resources
Other
TOTAL
Share of Dwellings,
consumption
facilities
Consumption
/ dwelling
Populatio Consumption/
n
population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
506
8
30,965
16.3
64,488
7.8
5,860
91
51
48
<1
316
6,414
100
Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Natural gas accounts for more than three-quarters of electricity generation in the region
(table 9). This includes a large number of mines located close to the Goldfields Gas Pipeline (see map 4) which
runs through the centre of Western Australia, a range of oil and gas processing facilities, including the North -West
Shelf and Pluto liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants, the Varanus Island gas plant, and various oil and gas production
sites (including Stybarrow, Vincent, Barrow Island and Enfield). LNG is increasingly being trucked to power stations
that are remote from gas pipeline infrastructure. ACIL Allen estimates that trucked LNG supplied around 8 per cent
of all generation using natural gas in non-NWIS Western Australia in 2011-12.
Table 9: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Western Australia region, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacit Generation
y
(sent out)
Generatio
n shares
Capacity
factor
Fuel Thermal Emission
use efficiency
s
Emission
s
intensity
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
1,446
4,898
76.4
39
67,433
26
3,461
0.71
Liquid
fuels
676
1,254
19.6
21
12,770
35
887
0.71
Wind
9.6
19.1
0.3
23
0
-
0
0
Solar
0.9
1.5
<0.1
19
0
-
0
0
36
241.5
3.8
77
0
-
0
0
2,169
6,414
100
34
80,203
-
4,438
0.68
Natural
gas
Other
renewable
s
TOTAL
Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Totals may not add due
to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Liquid fuels, predominantly diesel, play a significant role in supplying more remote mines, accounting for around 20
per cent of electricity generation. Renewable generation also has a greater presence in broader Western Australia
(around 4 per cent of the total), including the Ord River Hydro scheme near Kununurra, and various remote solar
and wind generators that displace diesel use.
Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered moderate to high. Many mines report both
electricity production and fuel use for remote mining operations. Horizon Power publicly reports the volumes of
electricity it generates or purchases to supply to various remote towns. It also reports (through NGERs) on fuel
used by several larger power stations and the aggregate fuel use of its smaller power stations. Together, this
provides good information on total fuel use and emissions outcomes arising from Horizon’s supply, even though
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
29
some information regarding the efficiency and fuel use of some smaller generators is absent. Information about
electricity use at smaller tourism, defence and agricultural facilities is of lower quality and relies on ACIL Allen
estimates.
Northern Territory
Darwin-Katherine Interconnected System
The grid servicing the populous northern part of the Northern Territory is the DKIS (map 6). The DKIS serves a
population of over 130 000 people, or around 64 per cent of the Northern Territory population. It predominantly
services the general community load of the broader Darwin region, although several small mining operations are
supplied from the grid, as is some pastoral demand (table 5).
Map 6: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Northern Territory region, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
30
Table 10: Electricity demand, by user category, DKIS region, 2011-12
Consumer
type
Consumptio
n (sent out)
Share of Dwellings, Consumption/
consumption
facilities
dwelling
Populatio Consumption
n
/ population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
Residential,
commercial
and
community
1,408
92
55,226
25.5
134,546
10.5
Energy and
resources
105
7
5
17
1
50
1,530
100
Other
TOTAL
Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
The majority of power generated for delivery on the DKIS is generated by Northern Territory Power and Water
Corporation (NTPWC), with the Channel Island power station providing over half the supply alone. The remainder is
supplied by third party generators contracted to the NTPWC. All major power stations on the DKIS operate on
natural gas, except for NTPWC’s Berrimah which operates primarily on kerosene. However, most of the gas -fired
generators co-fire with liquid fuels on some occasions. Natural gas accounts for 97 per cent of total generation in
the DKIS, while liquid fuels account for 3 per cent (table 11).
Table 11: Electricity generation, by fuel, DKIS region, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacity
Generatio
n (sent
out)
Generatio
n shares
Capacity
factor
Fuel Thermal
use efficiency
Emission
s
Emission
s
intensity
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
Natural
gas
409
1,479
96.7
41
17,081
31
877
0.59
Liquid
fuels
41
46
3
13
469
35
33
0.71
Wind
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Solar
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
18
0
-
0
0
Other
renewable
s
1.1
4.8
0.3
50
0
-
0
0
TOTAL
451
1,530
39
17,550
-
909
0.59
Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Totals may not add due
to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Data quality of electricity supply in this region is considered high because of the high coverage of power stations by
the NGER scheme. Data on the composition of demand is of moderate quality. NTPWC provided a broad estimate
of the breakdown between general community and mining demand. Estimates of defence consumption were not
available and ACIL Allen estimates of pastoral demand are approximate.
Rest of off-grid Northern Territory
The Northern Territory outside of the DKIS consists of several sizable townships, including Alice Springs, almost
100 small communities, and a variety of mining, defence, agriculture and tourism facilities. Energy and resources
facilities account for around two-thirds of electricity use in the region, with residential, commercial and community
demand accounting for a further 30 per cent (table 12).
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
31
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
32
Table 12: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Northern Territory region, 2011-12
Consumer
type
Consumptio
Share of Dwellings,
n (sent out) consumption
facilities
Consumption/
dwelling
Populatio
n
Consumption/
population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
Residential,
commercial
and
community
519
30
22,540
23
68,538
7.6
Energy and
resources
1,136
65
8
89
5
204
1,744
100
Other
TOTAL
Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
As with remote Western Australia, remote Northern Territory relies on a variety of fue l sources in the generation mix.
Natural gas supplies generators on the Alice Springs and Tennant Creek grids, and some remote sites such as the
McArthur River zinc mine, accounting for 30 per cent of total generation in the region (table 13). For other so urces,
liquid fuels are the predominant generation fuel (70 per cent of total generation in the region), although sometimes
small-scale renewable generation is also used.
Table 13: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Northern Territory, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacity
Generatio
n (sent
out)
Generatio
n shares
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
Natural
gas
193
517
29.7
31
Liquid
fuels
286
1,224
70.2
Wind
<0.1
0.2
Solar
1.7
Other
renewable
s
TOTAL
Capacity Fuel use Thermal
factor
efficiency
Emission
s
Emission
s
intensity
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
7,180
26
369
0.71
49
9,433
47
673
0.55
<0.1
23
0
-
0
0
2.4
0.1
16
0
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
481
1,744
41
16,614
-
1,042
0.6
Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Totals may not add due
to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered moderate to high. NGERs data is
available for major sources of generation on the Alice Springs and Tennant Creek grids, whilst the McArthur River
mine also reports under NGERs. Further, NTPWC reports via NGERs on energy use associated with its rem ote
community supply. However, consumption at some smaller communities and mines are estimated from demand
trends from similar facilities. Demand from pastoral facilities is based on an NT Government survey and is
approximate.
Queensland
Mount Isa grid (north-western Queensland)
The Mount Isa region of north-western Queensland is serviced by a grid centred on the Mica Creek Power Station
(map 7). The region is characterised by large mining and minerals processing loads, which accounts for 90 per cent
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
33
of electricity consumption (table 14), with general community demand primarily consisting of the township of Mount
Isa itself and Cloncurry to the east. Several mining facilities are located relatively close to Mount Isa but are not
included in this region as they are not electrically connected to the regional grid. These facilities are instead
included with the rest of off-grid Queensland.
Map 7: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Queensland region, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Table 14: Electricity demand, by user category, Mt Isa region, 2011-12
Consumer
type
Consumptio
n (sent out)
Share of Dwellings
consumption , facilities
Consumption/
dwelling
Populatio
n
Consumption/
population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
Residential,
commercial
and
community
223
10
10,041
22.2
24,039
9.3
Energy and
resources
2,016
90
8
-
-
-
2,239
100
Other
TOTAL
Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
The centralised generating facilities at Mica Creek, operated by the Queensland Government’s Stanwell
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
34
Corporation, supply the majority of the electricity in the region. However, most major energy and resources facilities
in this region have on-site power generation facilities for grid back-up. The AGL-APA Group Diamantina power
station is expected to be fully operational in the first half of 2014. This power station will consist of 242 MW of
combined-cycle gas turbine generation and 60 MW of back-up generation, and will largely displace generation from
the ageing Mica Creek power station. However, as this power station was not operational in 2011-12, it is not
included.
The dominant fuel source for generation on the Mount Isa grid is natural gas (table 15), which is supplied from the
Ballera-Moomba gas hub via the Carpentaria pipeline. Some small power stations operate on liquid fuels, but run at
low capacity factors and therefore constitute only a very small fraction of supply. Further, many gas -fired generators
co-fire with small quantities of liquid fuels.
Table 15: Electricity generation, by fuel, Mt Isa region, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacity
Generatio Generatio
n (sent
n shares
out)
Capacity Fuel use Thermal
factor
efficiency
Emission
s
Emission
s
intensity
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
Natural
gas
415
2,208
98.6
61
24,934
32
1,280
0.58
Liquid
fuels
39
31
1.4
9
311
36
22
0.7
Wind
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Solar
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
renewable
s
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
454
2,239
100
56
25,245
1,302
0.58
TOTAL
Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Totals may not add due
to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Data quality on electricity supply in this region is considered high, as the sizable generation sources report their
energy generation under NGERs. Data quality on the demand composition is only moderate as it is not possible to
comprehensively categorise demand into energy and resources and general community demand using NGERs data.
ACIL Allen assumed that general community demand per head of population would be the same on the Mt Isa grid
as in the NWIS, and attributed the remainder of demand to the energy and resources sector.
Rest of off-grid Queensland
The extensive Ergon Energy and Energex distribution networks cover the vast majority of Queensland, and service
approximately 99 per cent of Queensland’s population. Off-grid Queensland outside of the Mount Isa grid consists
of around 40 remote communities and a few remote energy and resources facilities. The primary concentration of
off-grid communities is in the Torres Strait and Cape Yorke region, but also includes coastal islands such as Palm
Island and inland towns such as Camooweal, Boulia and Jundah. The largest energy and resources facilities in offgrid Queensland are the Ballera gas plant and the Weipa bauxite mine. Despite the large number and variety of
small non-energy and resources demand sources in this region, the size of the energy and resources fac ilities bring
their electricity consumption to nearly 80 per cent of regional electricity demand (table 16).
Table 16: Electricity demand, by user, rest of off-grid Queensland region, 2011-12
Consumer type
Residential,
commercial
and community
Consumption
Share of
(sent out) consumption
Dwellings, Consumption Population Consumption
facilities
/ dwelling
/ population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
155
13
7,523
20.6
24,151
6.4
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
35
Energy and
resources
919
79
9
86
7
927
1,160
100
Other
TOTAL
Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Ergon Energy supplies 33 remote communities with power, predominantly using diesel, bu t has begun using a
biodiesel blend to reduce emissions. It also operates various renewable generators to displace diesel usage in
remote communities, including the 450 kW Thursday Island wind farm, the 80 kW Birdsville geothermal power plant,
and the 264 kW Doomadgee solar farm (under construction).
Outside of Ergon’s operations, the primary generation sources service electricity demand from various energy and
resources facilities. The natural gas fired off-grid generators include the Ballera gas plant and various mining
operations located close to, but electrically separate from, the Mount Isa grid. Rio Tinto uses liquid fuels at its 36
MW generator at Weipa, which service the bauxite mine and township. Natural gas accounts for around two -thirds
of electricity generation in the region, while liquid fuels account for the remaining one -third (table 17).
Table 17: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Queensland region, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacit
y
Generatio Generation Capacity
n (sent
shares
factor
out)
Fuel Thermal
use efficiency
Emission
s
Emission
s
intensity
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
Natural
gas
130
784
67.6
69
8,766
32
450
0.57
Liquid
fuels
107
374
32.2
40
3,626
37
249
0.66
Wind
0.5
0.8
<0.1
19
0
-
0
0
Solar
0.3
0.5
<0.1
20
0
-
0
0
<0.1
0.5
<0.1
70
0
-
0
0
237
1,160
100
56
12,392
-
699
0.6
Other
renewable
s
TOTAL
Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Liquid fuels include
biodiesel. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered moderate, with substantial data available
through NGERs, including aggregated data on fuel use and output of Ergon’s remote generators. Data on the
capacity and utilisation of power supply at various small and remote mines could not be obtained and hence these
facilities were excluded.
South Australia
Off-grid electricity consumption in South Australia is concentrated in three energy and resources facilities (table 18).
The remainder (less than 20 per cent) consists of supply for around 30 remote communities (map 8), the Wilpena
Pound Resort, and an estimated volume of demand for off-grid pastoral properties.
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
36
Map 8: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, South Australia region, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Table 18: Electricity demand, by user, off-grid South Australia region, 2011-12
Consumer type
Residential,
commercial
and community
Energy and
resources
Other
TOTAL
Consumptio
Share of Dwellings,
n (sent out) consumption
facilities
Consumption/ Population Consumption/
dwelling
population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
40
17
2,924
13.7
5,424
7.4
193
82
3
3
1
45
236
100
Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Off-grid electricity supply is weighted towards natural gas and liquid fuels, which account for 97 per cent of total
generation (table 19). These are grouped together to ensure confidential information about specific facilities is not
revealed. Small-scale renewables also have a small but growing role in displacing the use of fossil fuels in off -grid
South Australia. The share of renewable electricity generation in off-grid South Australia is in contrast to gridconnected South Australia, which at the time of writing has amongst the highest penetrations of wind generation in
the world.
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
37
Table 19: Electricity generation, by fuel, off-grid South Australia region, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacity
Generatio Generation
n (sent
shares
out)
Capacity
factor
Fuel Thermal Emission
use efficiency
s
Emission
s
intensity
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
75
229
97
35
2,401
34
146
0.64
Wind
0.3
0.7
0.3
24
0
-
0
0
Solar
0.2
0.3
0.1
18
0
-
0
0
1
6.2
2.6
70
0
-
0
0
76
236
35
2,401
146
0.62
Natural
gas and
liquid fuels
Other
renewable
s
TOTAL
Note: Liquid fuels and natural gas combined to obscure facility-specific information. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is considered moderate. NGERs data was available for
several large energy users. A KPMG review of the Remote Area Energy Supply scheme provided current data on
usage in most remote, non-indigenous communities in South Australia. Reports from the South Australian
Government to the Essential Services Commission of South Australia revealed data on generation and approximate
fuel use in various remote indigenous communities.
Tasmania
The main island of Tasmania has almost universal grid coverage, with the unserviced south-west corner of the
island consisting of essentially uninhabited national park. Off-grid electricity use in Tasmania is limited to the
smaller surrounding islands, principally King Island and Flinders Island, but also smaller islands including Cape
Barron, Maria, Maatsuyker and Clarke islands (map 9). On Kind Island and Flinders islands, the largest component
of electricity consumption is for general community demand, with minor usage by lighthouses and tourism facilities
(table 20).
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
38
Map 9: Off-grid and small grid electricity generation, Tasmanian region, 2011-12
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Table 20: Electricity demand, by user, off-grid Tasmania region, 2011-12
Consumer
type
Consumption
(sent out)
Share of
consumptio
n
Dwellings,
facilities
Consumption/
dwelling
Populatio Consumption/
n
population
GWh
%
No.
MWh
No.
MWh
Residential,
commercial
and
community
22
99
1,527
14.3
2,346
9.3
Energy and
resources
-
-
-
Other
<1
<1
4
TOTAL
22
100
Note: Dwellings/facilities only include observations where details on power supply have been obtained. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Hydro Tasmania and other organisations have pioneered operations of hybrid diesel, wind and solar generation
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
39
systems on Tasmania’s remote islands. Reflecting this, the penetration of renewable generation in the supply mix
for this region is in excess of 25 per cent (table 21). Liquid fuels account for around 73 per cent of total generation
in the region.
Table 21: Electricity generation, by fuel, off-grid Tasmania region, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacit
y
Generatio
n (sent
out)
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
Natural
gas
-
-
-
-
Liquid
fuels
9
16
72.9
Wind
2.9
5.7
Solar
0.2
Other
renewable
s
TOTAL
Generation Capacity
shares
factor
Emission
s
Emission
s
intensity
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
-
-
-
-
20
148
39
11
0.66
25.7
23
0
-
0
0
0.3
1.5
16
0
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
22
-
11
0.48
21
Fuel Thermal
use efficiency
148
Note: Where natural gas and liquid fuels are burned in combination, capacity and output are pro-rated based on fuel input. Liquid fuels include
biodiesel. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Data quality on electricity demand and supply in this region is moderate to low. Hydro Tasmania publishes annual
output estimates for the three largest power stations in off-grid Tasmania (the King Island diesel and wind
generators and the Flinders Island diesel generator) comprising over 80 per cent of identified off -grid Tasmanian
electricity. Only approximate data on the efficiency of Hydro Tasmania’s and other diesel generators in this region
was obtained so fuel use and emissions estimates have a higher degree of uncertainty. Capacity factors for other
wind generators have been assumed to be the same as the capacity factor derived from the King Island output
figures. Solar capacity factors have been generically estimated by ACIL Allen as 13.5 per cent based on the
southern location of these systems.
Rest of Australia
As in other parts of Australia, fossil fuel generation dominates the supply mix, accounting for 87 per cent of total
generation (table 22). The penetration of renewables was relatively high compared to total off-grid renewable
penetration, with wind accounting for around 13 per cent of generation in the rest of Australia region. Due to the
small number of off-grid facilities in the remainder of Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital
Territory and Australia’s external territories) disaggregated data on electricity consumption by user type is not
presented to protect confidentiality. Generation estimates by fuel type are also aggregated for natu ral gas and liquid
fuels to ensure confidentiality is protected. Aggregation was necessary because there was only a single energy and
resource facility in this region, which was also the only facility to use natural gas.
Table 22: Electricity generation, by fuel, rest of off-grid Australia, 2011-12
Fuel type
Capacity
Generatio
n (sent
out)
Generatio
n shares
MW
GWh
%
%
TJ
17
31
87.4
21
Wind
1
4.4
12.6
Solar
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Natural
gas and
liquid
fuels
Capacity Fuel use Thermal
factor
efficiency
Emission
s
Emission
s
intensity
%
kt CO 2-e
tCO 2-e/
MWh
311
36
20
0.65
50
0
-
0
0
16
0
-
0
0
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
40
Other
renewable
s
TOTAL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18
35
100
23
311
-
20
0.57
Note: Liquid fuels and natural gas combined to obscure facility-specific information. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: ACIL Allen Consulting 2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
41
Data quality for these miscellaneous sources of off-grid demand and supply are considered moderate to poor. Very
few off-grid facilities in these locations report under NGERs and efficiency and output estimates are often based on
comparable observations elsewhere. Due to the scattered and varied nature of these energy-using facilities,
consistent and comprehensive sources of information are generally not available.
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
42
5. Conclusions and future work
This study finds that the off-grid population of Australia is small, accounting for fewer than 2 per cent of the total
population. Off-grid electricity generation is approximately 6 per cent of total generation in Australia, or around 15
812 GWh in 2011-12. Growth in the resources and energy sectors in regional areas of Australia is creating interest
in the opportunities for the off-grid electricity market. This study contributes toward filling the information gap for
electricity demand and supply in off-grid Australia.
Off-grid electricity consumption was dominated by the resources and energy sector in 2011 -12, accounting for
around 77 per cent of total off-grid electricity consumption. Western Australia consumes the majority off-grid
electricity in Australia reflecting the high proportion of resources and energy facilities in the state. Off -grid Western
Australia accounts for almost 56 per cent of Australia’s total off-grid electricity consumption, or 8 882 GWh in 201112. Western Australia’s dominance of the off-grid electricity market could be expected to continue because of the
investment in new resources and energy projects in the state. As at May 2013 Western Australia has 28 resources
and energy projects at the committed stage, the most of any state in Australia (Barber, et al. 2013).
Renewable energy generation accounted for just 2 per cent of off-grid electricity in
2011-12. This figure compares to renewables accounting for almost 10 per cent of total electricity generation in
Australia in 2011-12 (BREE 2013a). Energy costs are likely to be high in areas classified as off -grid in this study,
due to their remote location and the lack of existing infrastructure. There may be significant potential for renewable
energy sources to play a role in meeting off-grid power demand in the future. In 2013 ARENA launched the
Regional Australian Renewables initiative which aims to demonstrate and deploy renewable energy technology in
off-grid regions. By 2030 some solar photovoltaic and wind electricity generation t echnologies are projected to have
the lowest levelised cost of electricity of any electricity generating technology (Syed, A. 2012). As renewable
technologies become more cost competitive, the potential for increased use of solar, wind and geothermal is
relatively high in some off-grid areas.
Future work
The main sources of information for this study were NGERs data, as well as numerous public sources of
information. In the future, more information could be sought in areas where data in the public domain is limited and
must be directly accessed from particular organisations, or where specific surveys would be required to fill data
gaps. This includes obtaining information from the Department of Defence for electricity demand associated with
off-grid defence facilities.
Public information is not available on energy supply and demand in a range of smaller remote communities.
Substantial data on remote communities’ energy usage was obtained from information published by NT Power and
Water, Ergon Energy, Horizon Power and the SA Government. Further information on power supply for remote
communities may be obtained through indigenous corporations that manage remote communities with the
assistance of the Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations.
Information on electricity demand on pastoral properties would require a direct approach to station owners and
could be facilitated by using the registers of pastoral properties maintained by the various state and territory
governments. For electricity from off-grid tourism facilities, engagement with peak industry bodies could yield
information already collated but not in the public domain. Assistance from peak industry bodies could also
streamline a direct approach to tourism facilities. However, this study identified energy sources for 94 per cent of
off-grid Australia and the relative cost of obtaining higher coverage would need to be balanced against the cost.
Estimates of off-grid electricity demand outlined in this study, combined with information relating to supply from the
NEM and SWIS, provide a comprehensive picture of general electricity demand and supply in Australia.
This study also benefitted substantially from data available from the 2011 Census (ABS 2011). As censuses are not
undertaken annually, such a comprehensive a look at off-grid populations will not be achievable again until the
2016 Census. This would create new challenges with future studies of this kind, particularly where the regional
distribution of populations change rapidly. However, the supply-focused elements of this study could essentially be
replicated without census data.
In the future BREE intends to report on the demand and supply of electricity in off-grid Australia on a regular basis.
This study is the first of its kind and forms a baseline understanding of off -grid electricity demand and supply in
Australia from which changes to the off-grid market can be measured. Further information about trends in the size,
composition and distribution of generation and consumption is necessary for understanding the opportunities for the
off-grid market.
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
43
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
44
References
ACIL Allen Consulting 2013, Off-Grid Electricity Study - Desktop analysis of off-grid electricity demand and supply
in Australia, Report to the Department of Industry, July.
ABS 2011, Census of Population and Housing for Mesh Blocks, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, cat no.
2074.0, December.
AER 2013, State of the Energy Market 2013, Australian Energy Regulator, Canberra, April.
Barber, J., Shael, T., Cowling, S., Bialowas, A., Hough, O. 2013, Resources and Energy Major Projects April 2013,
BREE, Canberra, May.
BREE 2013a, 2013, Australian Energy Statistics, BREE, Canberra, July.
BREE 2013b, Energy in Australia 2013, BREE, Canberra, May.
Syed, A. 2012, Australian energy projections to 2049-50, Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Canberra,
December.
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
45
Appendix A: List of off-grid power
stations, operational in 2011-12
Table A1: List of Western Australian Power Stations Identified
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
BHP - various Pilbara locations
1*
Liquid fuel
BHP Billiton
ACIL Allen assumption
BHP - various Pilbara locations
<0.1*
Solar
BHP Billiton
ACIL Allen assumption
Cape Lambert
105
Natural gas
Rio Tinto
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Dampier
120^
Natural gas
Rio Tinto
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Hamersley iron
0.2
Solar
Rio Tinto
Geoscience Australia (2)
Karratha
86
Natural gas
ATCO
Australia
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Newman
184
Natural gas
Alinta Energy
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Paraburdoo
140
Natural gas
Rio Tinto
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Port Hedland
210
Natural gas
Alinta Energy
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Yurralyi Maya
250
Natural gas
Rio Tinto
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Ardyaloon
0.8
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Argyle Diamond mine
32
Liquid fuel
Argyle
Diamond
mines (Rio
Tinto)
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Balginjirr
<0.1
Solar
Balginjirr
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
Barrow Island
10*
Natural gas
Chevron
ACIL Allen assumption
Beagle Bay
0.7
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Bidyadanga
1.3
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Blackstone
0.3
Liquid fuel
Community
Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (5)
Brightstar gold mine
3.5
Liquid fuel
A1 Minerals
Energy Power Systems
Bronzewing gold mine
15
Liquid fuel
Pacific Energy Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
(2)
Broome
49
Natural gas
Energy
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Developments Department of Finance (2)
Burringurrah
0.5
Liquid fuel
Community
Practical Management and Development
Burrup Fertilisers
44
Natural gas
Yara
Fertilisers
Pilbara
Geoscience Australia
NWIS
Rest of off-grid Western Australia
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
46
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Burrup Peninsula (NWSJV)
240
Natural gas
Woodside
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Burrup Peninsula (Pluto Phase 1)
160
Natural gas
Woodside
WA Department of Finance (2)
Cape Preston magnetite mine
450
Natural gas
CITIC Pacific
Mining
Geoscience Australia
Carnarvon - Horizon
15.3
Natural gas
Horizon
Power
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
(2)
Carnarvon - solar
<0.1
Solar
Solex
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Carnarvon - wind
<0.1
Wind
Solex
WA Department of Finance (2)
Carosue Dam gold mine
10
Liquid fuel
Pacific Energy Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
KPS
(2)
Christmas Creek iron ore mine
58
Liquid fuel
Contract
Power
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
(2)
Cloud break iron ore mine
45
Liquid fuel
Contract
Power
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Coobina chromite mine
1.5
Liquid fuel
Consolidated
Minerals
Holdings
UON
Coral Bay - fossil
2.2
Liquid fuel
Verve Energy/
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Coral Bay - wind
0.8
Wind
Verve Energy
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Cosmos nickel mine
12
Liquid fuel
KPS (Pacific
Energy)
Monash University
Cue
0.8
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Darlot gold mine
11.6
Natural gas
Barrick Gold
of Australia
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
(2)
Darlot gold mine - solar
<0.1*
Solar
Barrick Gold
of Australia
ACIL Allen assumption
DeGrussa
20^^
Liquid fuel
KPS (Pacific
Energy)
Pacific Energy KPS
Denham - fossil
2.6
Liquid fuel
Verve Energy/
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Denham - wind
1
Wind
Verve Energy
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Derby
13.1
Natural gas
Energy
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
Developments (2)
Devil Creek gas plant
10*
Natural gas
Apache
Energy
Djarindjin
0.7
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Enfield project
10*
Natural gas
Woodside
Petroleum
ACIL Allen assumption
Esperance
38.5
Natural gas
Burns & Roe
Worley
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Esperance (Nine Mile Beach)
3.6
Wind
Verve Energy
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Esperance (Ten Mile Beach)
2.3
Wind
Verve Energy
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
ACIL Allen assumption
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
47
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Eucla - fossil
0.9
Liquid fuel
Amber Hotel
WA Department of Finance (2)
Eucla - solar
<0.1
Solar
WA
Geoscience Australia (2)
Department of
Agriculture
Eucla - wind
<0.1
Wind
WA
Geoscience Australia (2)
Department of
Agriculture
Exmouth - Defence
18
Liquid fuel
Department of Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
Defence
(2)
Exmouth - fossil
8
Natural gas
Worley
Parsons
WA Department of Finance (2)
Exmouth - wind
<0.1
Wind
Verve Energy
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Fitzroy Crossing
3.7
Natural gas
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Garden Well mine
12^^
Liquid fuel
KPS (Pacific
Energy)
Gascoyne Junction
0.4
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Gorgon project
20*
Liquid fuel
Chevron
ACIL Allen assumption
Granny Smith gold mine - fossil
30.6
Liquid fuel
Barrick Gold
of Australia
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
(2)
Granny Smith gold mine - solar
<0.1*
Solar
Barrick Gold
of Australia
ACIL Allen assumption
Gwalia Deeps gold mine
17
Natural gas
Pacific Energy Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
KPS
(2)
Halls Creek
3.3
Natural gas
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Higginsville gold mine
11
Liquid fuel
Pacific Energy Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
KPS
(2)
Hopetoun - fossil
2.2
Liquid fuel
Verve Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Hopetoun - wind
1.2
Wind
Verve Energy
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Jaguar base metals mine
9*
Liquid fuel
Independence ACIL Allen assumption
Group NL
Jigalong
0.7
Liquid fuel
Community
JORN - Laverton
2.4
Liquid fuel
Department of Australian Parliament
Defence
Jundee gold mine
22.5
Natural gas
Energy
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
Developments (2)
Kalumburu - fossil
1.1
Liquid fuel
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Kalumburu - solar
0.1
Solar
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Kandiwal
<0.1
Solar
Kandiwal
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
Kimberley diamond mine
11.4
Liquid fuel
Powerwest
Power West
Kiwikkurra
0.4
Liquid fuel
Community
WA Government (Planning) (4)
Pacific Energy KPS
Illawarra Store
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
48
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Koolan Island iron ore mine
3.2
Liquid fuel
Powerwest
Power West
Koolyanobbing iron ore mine
3
Liquid fuel
Cliffs Natural
Resources
Cliffs Natural Resources
Kununurra - fossil
12.4
Liquid fuel
Horizon
Power
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
(2)
Kununurra - solar
<0.1
Solar
WA
Geoscience Australia (2)
Department of
Agriculture
Laminara project
15*
Natural gas
Woodside
Laverton - fossil
1.5
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Laverton - solar
<0.1
Solar
WA
Geoscience Australia (2)
Department of
Justice
Leinster nickel mine
65
Natural gas
Southern
Cross Energy
Leonora
4.4
Natural gas
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Looma
1
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Marble Bar - fossil
1.3
Liquid fuel
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Marble Bar - solar
0.3
Solar
Horizon
Power
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Meekatharra
2.9
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Meekatharra gold mine
8^^
Liquid fuel
Pacific Energy Pacific Energy KPS
KPS
Menzies
0.3
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Mindibungu
0.9
Liquid fuel
Community
Healey Engineering
Mount Lawlers gold mine
2*
Liquid fuel
Barrick Gold
of Australia
ACIL Allen assumption
Mount Magnet
1.9
Natural gas
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Mount Magnet mine
22
Natural gas
Remelius
Resources
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Mt Keith nickel operations
116
Natural gas
Southern
Cross Energy
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Mulan
0.5
Liquid fuel
Community
WA Government (Planning)
Murrin Murrin nickel mine
80
Natural gas
Glencore
Investments
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Nifty copper mine
22.8
Natural gas
Aditya Birla
Geoscience Australia
Norseman
9.7
Liquid fuel
Contract
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Nullagine
9
Liquid fuel
Pacific Energy Pacific Energy KPS
KPS
Nullagine - fossil
1
Liquid fuel
Horizon
Power
ACIL Allen assumption
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
WA Department of Finance (2)
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
49
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Nullagine - solar
0.2
Solar
Horizon
Power
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Onslow - Horizon
3
Liquid fuel
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Onslow - private
3.6
Natural gas
Onslow
WA Department of Finance (2)
Electric Power
Ord River
30
Other
renewable
Pacific Hydro
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Ord Sugar Mill
6
Other
renewable
Cheal Jedang
Corp (South
Korea)
Geoscience Australia (2)
Parnngurr
0.5
Liquid fuel
Community
WA Government (Planning) (3)
Patjarr
<0.1
Liquid fuel
Community
Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (2)
Paulsen gold mine
4
Liquid fuel
Powerwest
Power West
Pia Wadjari
<0.1
Wind
Pia Wadjari
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
Plutonic gold mine
28.3
Natural gas
Barrick Gold
of Australia
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
(2)
Plutonic gold mine - solar
<0.1*
Solar
Barrick Gold
of Australia
ACIL Allen assumption
Punmu
0.3
Liquid fuel
Community
WA Government (Planning) (2)
Rottnest Island - fossil
2
Liquid fuel
Rottnest
Island
Authority
WA Department of Finance (2)
Rottnest Island - wind
0.6
Wind
Rottnest
Island
Authority
Geoscience Australia (2); Geoscience Australia (2)
Sandstone
0.4
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Savannah nickel mine
10.8
Liquid fuel
Contract
Power
Energy Supply Association of Australia; WA Department of Finance
(2)
Sinclair mine
8
Liquid fuel
KPS (Pacific
Energy)
Monash University
Spinifex Ridge iron ore mine
0.8*
Liquid fuel
Moly Mines
AAC assumption based on NGERs output; Moly Mines
Stag Project
10*
Liquid fuel
Apache
Energy
ACIL Allen assumption
Stybarrow oil and gas
30*
Natural gas
BHP Billiton
ACIL Allen assumption
Sunrise Dam gold mine
26.8
Natural gas
Energy
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Developments Department of Finance (2)
Telfer gold mine
161
Natural gas
Newcrest
Mining
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Telfer gold mine - solar
<0.1*
Solar
Newcrest
Mining
ACIL Allen assumption
The Mount mine
1*
Liquid fuel
Focus
Minerals
ACIL Allen assumption
Thevanard Island
2.5*
Natural gas
Chevron
ACIL Allen assumption
Tjukurla
0.3
Liquid fuel
Community
Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (7)
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
50
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Tjuntjuntjarra
0.2
Liquid fuel
Community
WA Government (Planning) (6)
Tropicana mine
47^^
Natural gas
KPS (Pacific
Energy)
Pacific Energy KPS
Varanus Island gas plant
8*
Natural gas
Apache
Energy
ACIL Allen assumption
Vincent project
15*
Natural gas
Woodside
ACIL Allen assumption
Violet Valley
<0.1
Solar
Violet Valley
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
WA pastoral properties
11.3*
Liquid fuel
Various
ACIL Allen assumption
Wanamulyandong
<0.1
Solar
Wanamulyand Geoscience Australia (2)
ong
Community
Wanarn
0.2
Liquid fuel
Community
Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (4)
Wandoo
2.5*
Natural gas
Vermilion Oil
and Gas
ACIL Allen assumption
Warakurna
0.4
Liquid fuel
Community
Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku
Warburton
0.8
Liquid fuel
Community
Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (3)
Warmun
1.3
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Wheatstone
1*
Natural gas
Chevron
Wiluna
1.3
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Wiluna gold mine
20.6
Natural gas
Apex Gold
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia; WA
Department of Finance (2)
Wingellina
0.6
Liquid fuel
Community
Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku (6)
Woodie Woodie - solar
<0.1*
Solar
Consolidated
Minerals
Holdings
ACIL Allen assumption
Woodie Woodie manganese mine
4
Liquid fuel
Consolidated
Minerals
Holdings
UON
Wyndham
2
Liquid fuel
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Yagga Yagga
<0.1
Solar
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
Yalgoo
0.4
Liquid fuel
Energy
WA Department of Finance (2)
Developments
Yungngora - fossil
0.8
Liquid fuel
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
Yungngora - solar
<0.1
Solar
Horizon
Power
WA Department of Finance (2)
ACIL Allen assumption
Table A2: List of Northern Territory Power Stations Identified
Power station
Capacity (MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
51
Power station
Capacity (MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Berrimah
30
Liquid fuel
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Channel Island
255
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Jilkminggan
<0.1
Solar
Public
Geoscience Australia (2)
Katherine
28
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Mt Todd
35^^
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Geoscience Australia
Pine Creek
49
Natural gas
Energy
Developments
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Shoal Bay
1.1
Other renewable Landfill
Management
Services
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia (2)
Weddell
88
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
DKIS
Rest of Northern Territory
Alice Springs
58.7
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Geoscience Australia
Alice Springs
Airport
0.2
Solar
Alice Springs
Airport
Geoscience Australia (2)
Alpurrurulam
1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Amanbidji
0.2
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Amunturangu
0.5
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Apatula
0.6
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Areyonga
0.7
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Arlparra
1.2*
Liquid fuel
Community
ACIL Allen assumption
Atitjere
0.7
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Borroloola
3.2
Liquid fuel
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Bradshaw
0.1
Solar
Department of
Defence
Geoscience Australia (2)
Bradshaw Field
- fossil
<0.1
Liquid fuel
Department of
Defence
PSMC (2)
Brewers Estate
8.5
Natural gas
Central Energy
Power
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Bulman
<0.1
Solar
NT Power and
Water
Geoscience Australia (2)
Bunbidee
0.3
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Daly Waters
0.6
Liquid fuel
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Elliott
1.7
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Engawala
0.3
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
52
Power station
Capacity (MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Epenarra
<0.1
Wind
Private
Geoscience Australia (2)
Galiwinku
5.4
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Gapuwiyak
1.9
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Gove
105
Liquid fuel
Alcan Gove (Rio
Tinto)
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Groote Eylandt
16
Liquid fuel
BHP / GEMCO
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Gudabijin - fossil 0.3
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Gudabijin - solar <0.1
Solar
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Gulin Gulin
(Bulman)
0.5
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Gunbalanya
3.6
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Hermannsburg fossil
1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Hermannsburg solar
0.2
Solar
Hermannsburg
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
Ikuntji
0.4
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Imangara
0.5
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Imanpa
0.5
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Jabiru
28
Liquid fuel
Energy
Resources
Australia (ERA)
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Kalkarindji
1.8
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Kaltukatjara
0.7
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Kangaroo Flats - 0.2
fossil
Liquid fuel
Department of
Defence
PSMC
Kangaroo Flats - <0.1
solar
Solar
Department of
Defence
Geoscience Australia (2)
Kings Canyon fossil
1
Liquid fuel
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Kings Canyon solar
0.2
Solar
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia (2)
Lajamanu fossil
1.9
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Lajamanu - solar 0.3
Solar
Lajamanu
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
Laramba
0.7
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Maningrida
4.8
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Manyalluluk
0.2
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
McArthur River
21
Natural gas
Energy
Developments
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Natural gas
Energy
Developments
Energy Developments
McArthur River - 53^^
expansion
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
53
Power station
Capacity (MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Milikapiti
1.1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Millingimbi
2.4
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Milyakburra
0.8
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Minjilang
0.7
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Minyerri
1.1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Mungoobada
0.8
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Nauiyu
1.9
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Nganmaryanga
1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Nguiu
5
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Ngukurr
3.4
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
NT pastoral
properties
21.6
Liquid fuel
Various
NT Govt
Nturiya
1.7
Liquid fuel
IES
NT Govt
Numbulwar
1.6
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Nyirripi
0.5
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Orwaitilla
0.4
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Owen Springs
3.9
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Owen Springs stage 2
32.1
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Power and Water Corporation (9)
Papunya
1.1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Peppimenarti
0.7
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Pine Gap
defence facility
<0.1
Natural gas
Department of
Defence
Australian Government (Department of Defence)
Pirlangimpi
1.1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Ramingining
1.6
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Ron Goodin
58.7
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Tanami - Dead
Bullock Soak
gold mine
19.8
Liquid fuel
Energy
Generation
Newmont Mining
Tanami - The
Granites gold
mill
14.3
Liquid fuel
Newmont
Newmont Mining
Tara
0.3
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Tennant Creek 1 3.9
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Tennant Creek 2 14.3
Natural gas
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Ti Tree
Liquid fuel
NT Power and
Energy Supply Association of Australia
1.8
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
54
Power station
Capacity (MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Water
Timber Creek
1.3
Liquid fuel
NT Power and
Water
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Titjikala
0.7
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Umbakumba
1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Wadeye
4
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Walangkura
0.9
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Warruwi
0.8
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Wickham Point
15
Natural gas
Conoco Phillips
Geoscience Australia
Willowra
0.7
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Wilora
0.2
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Wutungurra
0.3
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Yarralin
1
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Yuendumu fossil
2.4
Liquid fuel
IES
Indigenous Essential Services
Yuendumu solar
0.2
Solar
Yuendumu
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
Table A3: List of Queensland Power Stations Identified
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Ernest Henry
32
Liquid fuel
Xstrata plc
Geoscience Australia
Lady Annie copper
mine
1*
Liquid fuel
CST Minerals
ACIL Allen assumption
Mica Creek
325
Natural gas
Stanwell
Corporation
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Mount Gordon mine
1.5*
Liquid fuel
Aditya Birla
Group
ACIL Allen assumption
Mt Isa - Mines Station
45
Natural gas
Xstrata
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Mt Isa Fertilisers
10
Natural gas
Incitec Pivot
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Project X41, Mt Isa
39
Natural gas
APA Group
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Mount Isa
Rest of off-grid Queensland
Aurukun
2.3*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Badu Island
1.4*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Balcooma mine
2*
Liquid fuel
Kagara
ACIL Allen assumption
Ballera - south-west
Queensland gas plant
42*
Natural gas
Santos
ACIL Allen assumption
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
55
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Bamaga
4*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Bedourie
0.2*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Birdsville
<0.1*
Other
renewable
Ergon Energy
Geoscience Australia (2)
Birdsville - fossil
0.9*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Boigu Island
0.4*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Boulia
0.4*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Burketown
0.4*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Camooweal
0.3*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Cannington
38.1
Natural gas
Energy
Developments
Energy Supply Association of Australia; Geoscience Australia
Coconut Is - fossil
0.3*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Coconut Is - solar
<0.1*
Solar
Ergon Energy
Geoscience Australia (2)
Coconut Is - wind
<0.1*
Wind
Ergon Energy
Geoscience Australia (2)
Coen
0.6*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Couran Cove Island
Resort
1.3
Natural gas
(LPG)
Ramada
Lim and McAleer; Couran Cove Resort
Darnley Island
0.7*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Dauan Island
0.2*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Doomadgee - fossil
1.8*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Doomadgee - solar
0.3^^
Solar
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy (7)
Eloise mine
10*
Liquid fuel
FMR
Investments
ACIL Allen assumption
Gununa Mornington
Island
2*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Hammond Island
0.4*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Hidden Valley
<0.1
Solar
Private
Hidden Valley Cabins
JORN - Stonehenge
2.4
Liquid fuel
Department of
Defence
Australian Parliament
Jundah – fossil
0.2*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Jundah - solar
<0.1
Solar
Barcoo Shire
Council
Geoscience Australia (2)
Kowanyama
1.8*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Kubin, Moa Island
0.7*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Lady Elliot Island fossil
<0.1
Liquid fuel
Lady Elliott
Island Eco
Resort
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
Solar
Lady Elliott
Island Eco
Geoscience Australia (2)
Lady Elliot Island - solar <0.1
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
56
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Resort
Lady Elliot Island - solar <0.1
- phase 2
Solar
Lady Elliott
Island Eco
Resort
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
Lady Loretta zinc mine
1*
Liquid fuel
Xstrata
ACIL Allen assumption
Lockhart River
0.8*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Mabuiag Island
0.5*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Mapoon
1.3*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Mt Isa - Phosphate Hill
26.5
Natural gas
Incitec Pivot
Energy Supply Association of Australia
Murray Island
0.7*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Osborne mine
22.3
Natural gas
Ivanhoe
Australia
Ivanhoe Australia
Palm Island
2.5*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Pormpuraaw
1.2*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Port Stewart
<0.1
Solar
Moojeeba and
Theethinji
Communities
Geoscience Australia (2)
QLD pastoral properties 22.1*
- fossil
Liquid fuel
Various
ACIL Allen assumption
Saibai Island
0.9*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Stephens Island
<0.1*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Thursday Island
0.5*
Wind
Ergon Energy
Geoscience Australia (2)
Thursday Island - fossil
3.6*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Warraber Island
0.4*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Wasaga, Horn Island
0.9*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Weipa
36
Liquid fuel
Rio Tinto
Rio Tinto
Windorah - fossil
0.1*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Windorah – solar 1
0.2*
Solar
Ergon Energy
Geoscience Australia (2)
Windorah – solar 2
<0.1
Solar
Barcoo Shire
Council
Geoscience Australia (2)
Yam Island
0.6*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Yorke Island
0.4*
Liquid fuel
Ergon Energy
Ergon Energy
Table A4: List of Power Stations Identified - Other States and Territories
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Amata
0.9
Liquid fuel
SA Government
SA Government (2)
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
57
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Andamooka
1.7
Liquid fuel
Independent
KPMG
Blinman
0.3
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/ SAPN
KPMG
Challenger gold mine
9.6
Liquid fuel
Powerwest
Powerwest (2); Clean Energy Council
Cockburn
<0.1
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/ SAPN
KPMG
Coober Pedy - fossil
4
Liquid fuel
Energy
Developments
KPMG
Coober Pedy - wind
0.2
Wind
Energy
Developments
KPMG
Coober Pedy 1
0.2
Wind
Public
Geoscience Australia (2)
Glendambo
0.4
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/ SAPN
KPMG
Innamincka
1
Other
renewable
Geodynamics Ltd
Geoscience Australia (2)
Jacinth Ambrosia
11
Liquid fuel
KPS (Pacific
Energy)
Pacific Energy KPS
Kingoonya
0.1
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/ SAPN
KPMG
Mannahill
0.2
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/ SAPN
KPMG
Marla
0.9
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/ SAPN
KPMG
Marree
0.5
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/ SAPN
KPMG
Mintabie
<0.1
Solar
South Australian
Geoscience Australia (2)
State Government
Moomba
35
Natural gas
Santos
Geoscience Australia
Murpurtja - fossil
0.3
Liquid fuel
SA Government
SA Government (2)
Murputja - wind
<0.1
Wind
Public
Geoscience Australia (2)
Nundroo
0.4
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/SAPN
KPMG
Oak Valley
0.5
Liquid fuel
SA Government
SA Government (2)
Oak Valley
<0.1
Solar
Oak Valley
Community
Geoscience Australia (2)
Oodnadatta
0.9
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/SAPN
KPMG
Parachilna - fossil
0.2
Liquid fuel
Cavpower/SAPN
KPMG
Parachilna - solar
<0.1
Solar
Cavpower/SAPN
KPMG
Pipalyatjara
0.8
Liquid fuel
SA Government
SA Government (2)
Pukatja
0.8
Liquid fuel
SA Government
SA Government (2)
SA pastoral properties - fossil
0.9*
Liquid fuel
Various
ACIL Allen assumption
Umuwa
3.6
Liquid fuel
SA Government
SA Government (2)
Watarru
0.2
Liquid fuel
SA Government
SA Government (2)
Watarru - fossil
<0.1
Wind
Anangu
Pitjantjatjara
Geoscience Australia (2)
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
58
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Lands
Watarru - solar
<0.1
Solar
Anangu
Pitjantjatjara
Lands
Geoscience Australia (2)
Wilpena Pound - fossil
0.4
Liquid fuel
AGL
Wilpena Pound Resort
Wilpena Pound - solar
0.1
Solar
AGL
Geoscience Australia (2)
Yalata
0.7
Liquid fuel
SA Government
SA Government (2)
Yunta
0.5
Liquid fuel
Dalfoam
KPMG
Bruny Island Lighthouse - fossil
<0.1
Liquid fuel
Tasmanian Parks
& Wildlife
Tasmanian Government
Bruny Island Lighthouse - solar
<0.1
Solar
Tasmanian Parks
& Wildlife
Tas Govt
Cape Barren
<0.1
Wind
Public
Geoscience Australia (2)
Cape Barren Island - fossil
0.1
Liquid fuel
Community
ITP Power
Cape Barren Island - solar
<0.1
Solar
Community
Tasmanian Government
Cape Barren Island - wind
<0.1
Wind
Community
Tasmanian Government
Clarke Island - fossil
<0.1
Liquid fuel
Tasmanian
Aboriginal Centre
Hydro Tasmania (4); Pitt & Sherry
Clarke Island - solar
<0.1
Solar
Tasmanian
Aboriginal Centre
Hydro Tasmania (4); Pitt & Sherry
Clarke Island - wind
<0.1
Wind
Tasmanian
Aboriginal Centre
Hydro Tasmania (4); Pitt & Sherry
Flinders Island - fossil
2.8
Liquid fuel
Hydro Tasmania
Hydro Tasmania (2)
Flinders Island - solar
<0.1
Solar
Private
Tasmanian Government
Flinders Island - wind
0.3
Wind
Private
Tasmanian Government
Flinders Island - wind
<0.1
Wind
Private
Geoscience Australia (2)
Flinders Island - wind 2
<0.1
Wind
Private
Geoscience Australia (2)
King Island - fossil
6
Liquid fuel
Hydro Tasmania
Hydro Tasmania
King Island - solar
0.1
Solar
Hydro Tasmania
Geoscience Australia (2)
King Island - solar
<0.1
Solar
Private
Tasmanian Government
King Island - solar
<0.1
Solar
Private
Tasmanian Government
King Island - wind
2.5
Wind
Hydro Tasmania
Geoscience Australia (2)
Maatsuyker Island - fossil
<0.1
Liquid fuel
Tasmanian Parks
& Wildlife
Tasmanian Government
Maatsuyker Island - solar
<0.1
Solar
Tasmanian Parks
& Wildlife
Tasmanian Government
Maatsuyker Island - wind
<0.1
Wind
Tasmanian Parks
& Wildlife
Tasmanian Government
Maria Island - fossil
<0.1
Liquid fuel
Tasmanian Parks
& Wildlife
Tasmanian Government
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
59
Power station
Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
Operator
Source(s)
Maria Island - solar
<0.1
Solar
Tasmanian Parks
& Wildlife
Tasmanian Government
Rainbow Retreat - solar
<0.1
Solar
Private
Rainbow Retreat
Rainbow Retreat - wind
<0.1
Wind
Private
Rainbow Retreat
Christmas Island
10.6
Liquid fuel
Indian Ocean
Territories Power
Authority
Commonwealth Government (Department of Regional Australia)
Cocos Island - fossil
1.3
Liquid fuel
Indian Ocean
Territories Power
Authority
PowerCorp (2)
Cocos Island - wind
<0.1
Wind
PowerCorp
Geoscience Australia (2)
Mawson Base
0.9
Wind
Australian
Antarctic Division
Geoscience Australia (2)
Mawson Base - fossil
0.3*
Liquid fuel
Australian
Antarctic Division
ACIL Allen assumption
Lord Howe Island
<0.1
Solar
SEDA
Geoscience Australia (2)
Lord Howe Island - fossil
1.3
Liquid fuel
Lord Howe Island
Board
Lord Howe Island Board
NSW pastoral properties - fossil
0.7*
Liquid fuel
Various
ACIL Allen assumption
Gabo Island Lighthouse
<0.1
Wind
Public
Geoscience Australia (2)
Lang Lang
2.5*
Natural gas
Origin Energy
ACIL Allen assumption
Point Hicks Lighthouse
<0.1
Wind
Public
Geoscience Australia (2)
Tortoise Head
<0.1
Wind
Private
Geoscience Australia (2)
Wilson’s Promontry Lighthouse
<0.1
Wind
Public
Geoscience Australia (2)
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
60
Appendix B: List of Data Sources
Organisation
Description of
document/source
Weblink (if applicable)
Date accessed
APEC Tourism Working Sustainable Tourism
Group
Working Paper
http://www.isf.uts.edu.au/publications/dalyetal20 6/12/2013
10cleantechnology.pdf
Apollo Energy
Clarke Island power supply
http://www.idconline.com/pdf/Papers/WELLS.pdf
6/2/2013
APPEA
2012 production statistics
http://www.appea.com.au/industry-indepth/industry-statistics/annual-productionstatistics-2012/
6/14/2013
Argyle Diamonds
EIS for mine extension,
2005
http://www.argylediamonds.com.au/docs/ADM% 5/22/2013
20EPS%20October%202005.pdf
Atlas Iron
Information on Wodgina
mine
http://www.atlasiron.com.au/IRM/content/project 5/23/2013
s_wodgina.html
Australian Government
National Greenhouse
Accounts Factors - July
2012
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/publications/g
reenhouse-acctg/national-greenhousefactors.aspx
5/20/2013
Australian Government
(ComLaw)
Renewable Energy
Regulations 2001
http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2013C0022
5
6/7/2013
Australian Government
(Department of
Defence)
Information on connection
of Pine Gap power station
to natural gas
http://www.defence.gov.au/defencemagazine/is
sue/3/articles/17.html
6/14/2013
Australian Government
(Department of
Defence) (2)
Map of significance
Defence bases and
facilities
http://www.defence.gov.au/oscdf/adf-posturereview/
6/12/2013
Australian Parliament
Public Works Committee
report on Jindalee
Operational Radar (JORN)
Barkly Shire Council
Information on Arlparra
power supply to
Ampilatwatja and
surrounding homelands
http://barkly.nt.gov.au/our-communities/arlparra
6/14/2013
CITIC Pacific
Submission to
Infrastructure Australia on
Pilbara power system
http://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/public_ 5/23/2013
submissions/published/received_2008_2009_A
_C.aspx
Clean Energy Council
Information on Cape Bruny
Light Station PV project
http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resourcec 6/2/2013
entre/casestudies/Solar/Cape-Bruny.html
Clean Energy
Regulator
National Greenhouse and
Energy Reporting system,
2008-09 company data
http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Nationa 5/14/2013
l-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/publishedinformation/greenhouse-and-energyinformation/greenhouse-and-energyinformation-2008-2009/Pages/default.aspx
Clean Energy
Regulator (2)
National Greenhouse and
Energy Reporting system,
2009-10 company data
http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Nationa 5/14/2013
l-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/publishedinformation/greenhouse-and-energyinformation/Greenhouse-and-Energyinformation-2009-2010/Pages/default.aspx
Clean Energy
Regulator (3)
National Greenhouse and
Energy Reporting system,
2010-11 company data
http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Nationa 5/14/2013
l-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/publishedinformation/greenhouse-and-energyinformation/Greenhouse-and-Energyinformation-2010-2011/Pages/default.aspx#3
Clean Energy
Regulator (4)
National Greenhouse and
Energy Reporting system,
2011-12 company data
http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Nationa 5/14/2013
l-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/publishedinformation/greenhouse-and-energyinformation/Greenhouse-and-Energyinformation-2011-2012/Pages/default.aspx
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
61
Organisation
Description of
document/source
Weblink (if applicable)
Date accessed
Clean Energy
Regulator, via
secondary release from
Department of Industry
National Greenhouse and
Energy Reporting system,
2011-12 company data for
selected companies
disaggregated by facility
Cliffs Natural
Resources
Annual report, 2012
http://ir.cliffsnaturalresources.com/index.cfm
5/24/2013
Commonwealth
Government
(Department of
Regional Australia)
Information on Christmas
Island power station
upgrade
http://www.regional.gov.au/department/annual_r 6/14/2013
eport/2011-12-annual-report-html/featuredprojects/chap05_feature01.html
Contract Power
Information on Christmas
Creek generator
http://www.contractpower.com.au/projects/christ 5/23/2013
mas-creek/
Contract Power (2)
Information on Prominent
Hill generation
http://www.contractpower.com.au/projects/promi 5/23/2013
nent-hill/
Couran Cove Resort
Submission on Fuel Tax
Inquiry
http://fueltaxinquiry.treasury.gov.au/content/Sub
missions/Industry/downloads/IPRA_252.pdf
6/14/2013
CS Energy
Annual report, 2010-11
http://www.csenergy.com.au/media-(68)-(82)(Corporate+Publications+_+Annual+Reports.ht
m
5/9/2013
CS Energy (2)
Annual report, 2009-10
http://www.csenergy.com.au/media-(68)-(82)(Corporate+Publications+_+Annual+Reports.ht
m
5/9/2013
Energy Developments
Media release on
expanstion of McArthur
River power station
http://www.energydevelopments.com.au/_dbase 6/2/2013
_upl/ENE%20to%20SupplyPowertoXstrata’s%2
0McArthurRiverMine.pdf
Energy Power Systems
Information on Brightstar
gold mine power supply
http://www.energypower.com.au/theme/energyp 5/24/2013
owercomau/assets/public/File/Power%20Profile
s/Mining/Power%20Profile%20%20Olympian%20-%20A1%20Minerals.pdf
Energy Supply
Association of Australia
Energy Gas Australia 2012
Energy World
Annual report, 2011-12
http://www.energyworldcorp.com/newsannu.html
5/23/2013
Ergon Energy
Annual report, 2011-12
http://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/companyinformation/company-reports#content-id-4720
5/9/2013
Ergon Energy (2)
News release on
Doomadgee Solar Farm, 1
March 2013
http://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/newsroom/archived-mediareleases/2012/northern/solar-farm-reducesdoomadgee-diesel-costs
5/20/2013
Ergon Energy (3)
Presentation on remote
operations
http://www.cleanenergyweek.com.au/presentati
ons/cew-day-3.html
6/2/2013
Ergon Energy (4)
Annual report, 2010-11
http://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/companyinformation/company-reports#content-id-4720
5/9/2013
Ergon Energy (5)
Birdsville power station
information sheet
http://www.ergon.com.au/community--and--ournetwork/network-management-andprojects/renewable-energy-sources
5/9/2013
Ergon Energy (6)
Windorah solar power
station information sheet
http://www.ergon.com.au/community--and--ournetwork/network-management-andprojects/renewable-energy-sources
5/9/2013
Ergon Energy (7)
Thursday Island power
station information
(webpate)
http://www.ergon.com.au/community--and--ournetwork/network-management-andprojects/renewable-energy-sources
5/9/2013
Ergon Energy (8)
Information on remote
power stations
http://www.ergon.com.au/community--and--ournetwork/network-management-andprojects/isolated-and-remote-power-stations
5/14/2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
62
Organisation
Description of
document/source
Weblink (if applicable)
Date accessed
Ergon Energy (9)
Network management plan, http://www.ergon.com.au/community--and--our2012-13 to 2016-17 - Part
network/network-management-andA
projects/network-management-plan
5/14/2013
Ergon Energy (10)
News release on
Doomadgee Solar Farm, 1
March 2013
http://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/newsroom/mediareleases/regions/general/doomadgee-solarfarm-nears-completion
5/20/2013
Ergon Energy (11)
Request for information re
extension of distribution
network to Palm Island
http://www.ergon.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/ 5/20/2013
0008/92096/Palm-Island-area-_RFI.pdf
Fortescue Metals
Group
Annual report 2011-12
http://www.fmgl.com.au/UserDir/AsxAnnouncem 6/7/2013
ent/Fortescue%20Annual%20Report%2020126
71.pdf
Geoscience Australia
List of operating fossil fuel
power stations
http://www.ga.gov.au/fossil_fuel/map.php?type= 5/9/2013
operating
Geoscience Australia
(2)
List of operating renewable
power stations
http://www.ga.gov.au/renewable/map.php?type
=operating
5/9/2013
Geoscience Australia
(3)
List of operating mines
http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/mappin
g/downloads.html#ozmin
5/9/2013
Geoscience Australia
(4)
List of mineral processing
centres
http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/mappin
g/downloads.html#ozmin
5/9/2013
Great Barrier Reef
Marine Park Authority
Information on Lady Elliot
Island Eco Resort
http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/media-room/latestnews/tourism/2012/resort-boosts-solar-powerto-protect-reef
6/14/2013
Great Keppel Island
Resort
Power and
telecommunications
infrastructure study
http://www.gkiresort.com.au/eis/HTML/Files/App 6/14/2013
endix/AppendixAG/Appendix%20AG%20%20Power%20and%20Telecommunications%2
0Infrastructure%20Report.pdf
Healey Engineering
Remote energy projects
http://www.understandingenergy.com.au/Renew 6/14/2013
Energy.html
Hidden Valley Cabins
Information on solar power
supply
http://www.hiddenvalleycabins.com.au/solar_po
wer.htm
6/14/2013
Horizon Power
Annual report, 2011-12
http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_report
s.html
5/9/2013
Horizon Power (2)
Annual report, 2010-11
http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_report
s.html
5/9/2013
Horizon Power (3)
Annual report, 2009-10
http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_report
s.html
5/9/2013
Horizon Power (4)
Annual report, 2008-09
http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_report
s.html
5/9/2013
Horizon Power (5)
Annual report, 2007-08
http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_report
s.html
5/9/2013
Horizon Power (6)
Annual report, 2006-07
http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_report
s.html
5/9/2013
Horizon Power (7)
Annual report, 2005-06
http://www.horizonpower.com.au/annual_report
s.html
5/9/2013
Horizon Power (8)
Remote communities
power supply project
brochure
http://www.horizonpower.com.au/documents/AR 6/5/2013
CPSP_2_STAKEHOLDER_BROCHURE.PDF
Hydro Tasmania
Currie Power Station (King
Island) fact sheet
http://www.hydro.com.au/energy/our-powerstations/bass-strait-islands
5/9/2013
Hydro Tasmania (2)
Whitemark Power Station
(Flinders Island) fact sheet
http://www.hydro.com.au/energy/our-powerstations/bass-strait-islands
5/9/2013
Hydro Tasmania (3)
Annual report, 2011-12
http://www.hydro.com.au/about-
5/20/2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
63
Organisation
Description of
document/source
Weblink (if applicable)
Date accessed
us/publications/annual-reports
Hydro Tasmania (4)
Presentation on King Island http://www.cleanenergyweek.com.au/presentati
power supply
ons/cew-day-3.html
6/2/2013
Illawarra Store
Information on Jigalong
community
http://www.illawarrastore.com/community.php
6/2/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services
Annual report, 2011-12
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services (2)
Annual report, 2010-11
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services (3)
Annual report, 2009-10
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services (4)
Annual report, 2008-09
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services (5)
Annual report, 2007-08
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services (6)
Annual report, 2006-07
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services (7)
Annual report, 2005-06
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services (8)
Annual report, 2004-05
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
Indigenous Essential
Services (9)
Annual report, 2003-04
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/indigenous_essential_services_
annual_reports
5/9/2013
ITP Power
Information on Cape
Barren Island Hybrid power
system
http://www.itpau.com.au/cape-barren-island6/2/2013
hybrid-system-power-project-department-offamilies-housing-and-indigenous-affairs-fahcsia/
Ivanhoe Australia
Description of Osborne
operations
http://www.ivanhoeaustralia.com/s/OCG_Operat 5/22/2013
ion.asp
Ivanhoe Australia (2)
Osborne mine technical
study
http://www.ivanhoeaustralia.com/i/pdf/OsborneCopper-Gold-NI-43-101-PEA-Oct2011.pdf
KPMG
Review of Remote Areas
Energy Supply (RAES)
Scheme
http://www.sa.gov.au/upload/franchise/Water,% 5/9/2013
20energy%20and%20environment/energy/ener
gy_supply/Remote%20Areas%20Energy%20Su
pply%20Scheme%20Final%20Report%20%20EXCLUDNG%20APPENDIX%20A.pdf
Lady Elliot Eco Resort
Information on hybrid
power system
http://www.ladyelliot.com.au/eco/detail.asp?ID=
5
6/14/2013
Lim and McAleer
Thesis on ecological
tourism management Couran Cove Resort case
study
http://www.cirje.e.utokyo.ac.jp/research/dp/2003/2003cf206.pdf
6/14/2013
Lord Howe Island
Board
Information on power
supply
http://lhib.nsw.gov.au/index.php?option=com_c
ontent&view=article&id=1051&Itemid=799
6/14/2013
Lynas Corporation
Annual report, 2012
http://www.lynascorp.com/Pages/rare-earthsproject.aspx
5/24/2013
Moly Mines
Annual report 2012
http://www.molymines.com/reports/
6/7/2013
5/22/2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
64
Organisation
Description of
document/source
Weblink (if applicable)
Date accessed
6/5/2013
calendar
Monash University
Thesis on energy reduction
opportunities at Sinclair
and Cosmos nickel mines
http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/6871/
2/02Whole.pdf
Newmont Mining
2010 public Energy
Efficiency Opportunities
report
http://www.newmont.com/sites/default/files/0120 6/2/2013
3EEOPublicReportNewmontAustraliaPtyLtdFIN
AL.pdf
NT Cattleman’s
Association
Consulting report on
energy use and energy
efficiency on cattle stations
http://www.ntca.org.au/our_land/documents/M5
Handbook18Aprv10_000.pdf
6/11/2013
Pacific Energy KPS
Annual report 2011-12
http://www.pacificenergy.com.au/files/2012-arpacificenergy.pdf
5/23/2013
Pacific Hydro
Ord River hydro plant fact
sheet
http://www.pacifichydro.com.au/files/2011/11/Fa 5/21/2013
ctsheet-2011_Ord-River-Hydro.pdf
Pitt & Sherry
Flinders Island renewable
energy options paper
http://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/web_assets/docu
ments/Public%20Meetings/Renewable%20Ener
gy%20Consultation%20Plan%20%20consultation%20paper.pdf
6/2/2013
Power and Water
Corporation
Annual report, 2011-12
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/annual_reports2
5/9/2013
Power and Water
Corporation (2)
Annual report, 2010-11
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/annual_reports2
5/9/2013
Power and Water
Corporation (3)
Annual report, 2009-10
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/annual_reports2
5/9/2013
Power and Water
Corporation (4)
Annual report, 2008-09
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/annual_reports2
5/9/2013
Power and Water
Corporation (5)
Annual report, 2007-08
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/annual_reports2
5/9/2013
Power and Water
Corporation (6)
Annual report, 2006-07
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/annual_reports2
5/9/2013
Power and Water
Corporation (7)
Annual report, 2005-06
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/annual_reports2
5/9/2013
Power and Water
Corporation (8)
Annual report, 2004-05
http://www.powerwater.com.au/news_and_publi
cations/reports/annual_reports2
5/9/2013
Power and Water
Corporation (9)
Information on Owen
Springs Power Station
http://www.powerwater.com.au/about_power_a 5/21/2013
nd_water/major_projects/owen_springs_power_
station
PowerCorp
Information on Mawson
Base wind-diesel system
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search 6/11/2013
?q=cache:d0wjv1qm90UJ:www.pcorp.com.au/in
dex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%
3Dview%26id%3D12%26Itemid%3D73+mawso
n+base+energy+supply&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&
gl=au
PowerCorp (2)
Information on Cocos
Island wind-diesel system
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search
?q=cache:YDGxrnsc58QJ:www.pcorp.com.au/i
ndex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task
%3Dview%26id%3D87%26Itemid%3D149+coc
os+island+diesel+generator&cd=1&hl=en&ct=cl
nk&gl=au
6/14/2013
Powerwest
Information on recent
projects
http://www.powerwest.com.au/recentprojects.html
5/23/2013
Powerwest (2)
News release on
engineering work on Eloise
Mine power station
http://www.powerwest.com.au/recentprojects/eloise-gold-mine-qld.html
5/22/2013
Powerwest (3)
Information on Challenger
http://www.powerwest.com.au/recent-
5/23/2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
65
Organisation
Description of
document/source
Weblink (if applicable)
Date accessed
gold mine generation
projects/challenger-gold-mine-sa.html
Practical Management
and Development
Burringurrah Community
Plan 2002
http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/bu
rringurrah_report.pdf
6/5/2013
PSMC
Information on Kangaroo
Flats Training Area hybrid
power system
http://www.psmc.com.au/index.php?id=84
6/14/2013
PSMC (2)
Information on Bradshaw
Field hybrid power system
http://www.psmc.com.au/index.php?id=85
6/14/2013
Queensland
Government
Final report of the North
West Queensland Energy
Demand Working Group,
2008
http://www.energy.qld.gov.au/energy/energysupply-nwq.htm
5/22/2013
Rainbow Retreat
Information on wind-solar
power supply
http://www.rainbowretreat.com.au/carbon.html
6/14/2013
Redbank Copper
Limited
Information on Redbank
copper project
http://www.redbankcopper.com.au/projects-and- 5/24/2013
resources/redbank-copper-project.html
Rio Tinto
Annual report 2012
http://www.riotinto.com/investors/results-andreports-2146.aspx
Rio Tinto (2)
NWIS distribution reliability
report, 2011-12
http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/Electr 5/23/2013
icity_network_annual_reliability_report_201112.pdf
Rio Tinto (3)
NWIS distribution reliability
report, 2010-11
http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/Electr 5/23/2013
icity_network_annual_reliability_report_201011.pdf
Rio Tinto (4)
NWIS distribution reliability
report, 2009-10
http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/2009
_2010_Quality_of_Supply_Report.pdf
5/23/2013
Rio Tinto (5)
NWIS distribution reliability
report, 2008-09
http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/2009
_Quality_of_Supply_Report_-_SA.pdf
5/23/2013
Rio Tinto (6)
NWIS distribution reliability
report, 2007-08
http://www.riotintoironore.com/documents/2008
_Quality_of_Supply_Report_-_SA.pdf
5/23/2013
SA Government
Overview of Remote Area
Energy Supplies scheme
http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water,+energy+an 5/22/2013
d+environment/Energy/Energy+supply,+provide
rs+and+bills/Electricity+and+gas+supply/Remot
e+Areas+Energy+Supplies+scheme#RAES AC
SA Government (2)
Remote Area Energy
Supplies scheme
regulatory report to
ESCOSA
http://www.papertracker.com.au/pdfs/escosa_a
nnual_return_1112.pdf
5/22/2013
Shire of
Ngaanyatjarraku
Information on Warakurna
community
http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.ph
p/our-region/community-information/warakurna
6/2/2013
Shire of
Ngaanyatjarraku (2)
Information on Patjarr
community
http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.ph
p/our-region/community-information/patjarr
6/2/2013
Shire of
Ngaanyatjarraku (3)
Information on Warburton
community
http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.ph
p/our-region/community-information/warburton
6/14/2013
Shire of
Ngaanyatjarraku (4)
Information on Wanarn
community
http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.ph
p/our-region/community-information/wanarn
6/14/2013
Shire of
Ngaanyatjarraku (5)
Information on Blackstone
(Papulankutja) community
http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.ph
p/our-region/community-information/blackstone
6/14/2013
Shire of
Ngaanyatjarraku (6)
Information on Wingellina
community
http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.ph
p/our-region/community-information/wingellina
6/14/2013
Shire of
Ngaanyatjarraku (7)
Information on Tjukurla
community
http://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/index.ph
p/our-region/community-information/tjukurla
6/14/2013
Stanwell Corporation
Annual report, 2011-12
http://www.stanwell.com/annual-reports.aspx
5/9/2013
5/22/2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
66
Organisation
Description of
document/source
Weblink (if applicable)
Date accessed
SunWiz
Interactive PV REC Zone
Map
http://www.sunwiz.com.au/index.php/59technology-trends/useful-data/110-australianpv-rec-zone-map.html
6/7/2013
Tasmanian
Government
Map of mining
infrastructure
http://www.mrt.tas.gov.au/mrtdoc/map_catalogu
e/map_public/898101_2/infra500.pdf
5/22/2013
TransAlta
Information on Solomon
power station
http://www.transalta.com/facilities/facilitiesdevelopment
5/23/2013
UON
Information on recent
projects
http://www.uon.com.au/case_study_details.php
?id=16
5/23/2013
Utilities Commission
Power System Review,
2011-12
http://www.utilicom.nt.gov.au/Publications/Repo
rtsAndPublications/2013/Pages/default.aspx
5/9/2013
Utilities Commission (2) Power System Review,
2010-11
http://www.utilicom.nt.gov.au/Publications/Repo
rtsAndPublications/2012/Pages/default.aspx
5/9/2013
Utilities Commission (3) Power System Review,
2009-10
http://www.utilicom.nt.gov.au/Publications/Repo
rtsAndPublications/Pages/2011.aspx
5/9/2013
WA Department of
Finance
Energy and Infrastructure
map, 2010
http://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/content.aspx
?id=15085
5/14/2013
WA Department of
Finance (2)
Table of generators, 2010
http://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFile 5/14/2013
s/Public_Utilities_Office/Energy_in_WA/2010%2
0Electricity%20Generation%20Tables.pdf
WA Government
(Planning)
Planning of Mulan
community
http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Dr
aft_Mulan_LP2_Version_4_Report.pdf
6/14/2013
WA Government
(Planning) (2)
Planning of Punmu
community
http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Pu
nmu_LP2_Amendment_1_Report.pdf
6/14/2013
WA Government
(Planning) (3)
Planning of Parnngurr
community
http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Pa
rnngurr_LP2_Amendment_2_report.pdf
6/14/2013
WA Government
(Planning) (4)
Planning of Kiwikkurra
community
http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Ki
wirrkurra_LP1_Amendment_4_report.pdf
6/14/2013
WA Government
(Planning) (5)
Planning of Yungngora
(Noonkanbah) community
http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Yu
ngngora_LP2_Amendment_4_Report.pdf
6/14/2013
WA Government
(Planning) (6)
Planning of Tjuntjuntjarra
community
http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/Tju 6/14/2013
ntjuntjara_LP1_A2_Background_Report_Endor
sed.pdf
WA Government
Business Migration
Centre
Map of Western Australian
Regions
http://www.businessmigration.wa.gov.au/?page
=living-in-the-regions
5/14/2013
Wilpena Pound Resort
Weblink describing off-grid
generator
http://www.wilpenapound.com.au/communityenvironment/
5/15/2013
Beyond the NEM and the SWIS: 2011-12 regional and remote electricity in Australia • October 2013
67
BREE contacts
Executive Director, BREE
Bruce Wilson
bruce.wilson@ret.gov.au
(02) 6243 7901
Deputy Executive Director
Wayne Calder
wayne.calder@bree.gov.au
(02) 6243 7718
Modelling & Policy Integration –
Program Leader
Arif Syed
arif.syed@bree.gov.au
(02) 6243 7504
Data & Statistics – Program Leader Geoff Armitage
geoff.armitage@bree.gov.au
(02) 6243 7510
Energy and Quantitative Analysis – Allison Ball
Program Leader
allison.ball@bree.gov.au
(02) 6243 7539
Resources – Program Leader
john.barber@bree.gov.au
(02) 6243 7988
John Barber
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