Cells and Tissues
SLO # 4.1.1 :
Light Microscope :
Galileo Galilee invented first light microscope.
It works through light passing from a lens and it contains two lenses.
It has many types like simple, compound, electric and photo
micrograph microscopes.
It has 1500x magnification.
It has 0.2 micrometer resolution.
Mostly it shows the external structure of living organisms.
Electron Microscope :
It works through passing electrons and it contains lenses.
It has 10,000 to 1 Lakh magnification and Maximum 2 Lakh 50,000.
It has 0.2 nm resolution.
It has two types Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Scanning
electron microscope (SEM).
TEM is used to study the internal cell structure.
SLO # 4.1.2 :
First there was concept that cell is a empty box but today development
in imaging technology tells us that cell has many things such as nucleus,
organelles etc. It has increase our knowledge and tell us about many
processes occur in cell like mitosis and meiosis.
SLO # 4.1.3 :
Aristotle : He told that animals and plants have some relation between
them.
Robert Hooke : He has discovered a empty box inside the cork and
named it cellulae, Nowadays we call it cell.
Louis Pasteur : He proved that all living cells arise from pre-existing
cells.
Robert Brown : He has discovered the nucleus in the cell and give
concept of it.
Schwann : He introduced that all animals tissues are composed of
individual cells.
Schleiden : He studied plant tissues and give first statement of cell
theory.
SLO # 4.1.4 :
Robert Hooke
A.V leuwonhook
Robert Brown
Schwann and
Schleiden
SLO # 4.1.5 :
He has given the concept of cell.
He has given the concept of microorganisms.
He has given the concept nucleus in the cell.
They have given 3 postulates of cell theory.
Viruses :
They can increase in Number.
They can transmit their characters to next generations.
They have DNA or RNA, encased in protein coat.
Prions :
They can increase in Number.
They can transmit their characters to next generations.
Prions is composed of two words protein and infection.
They are abnormal structure of protein.
They can reproduce when they occur inside the body.
SLO # 4.2.1 :
Cell Wall :
It is non-living and located at outside of plasma membrane.
It provides shape, strength, protection and support to the inner living
matter (Protoplasm) of the cell.
In Prokaryotes cell wall is composed of Peptidoglycan.
Plant cell wall is composed of cellulose and lignin.
Fungi cell wall is composed of chitin.
Protoctista (Algae) is composed of chitin.
Cell Membrane :
It work is to allow molecules across the cell.
It is composed of proteins and lipid.
It is composed of phospholipid or lipo protein.
Hydrophilic : Lover of water
Hydrophobic : Hater of water
It identifies the material for passing.
Nucleus :
It has double membrane known as Nuclear Envelope.
In eukaryotes it is in centre whereas in prokaryotes it is in side.
Nuclear envelope has pores in it.
It has a granular means Nucleoplasm.
It contains 46 chromosomes in it.
It controls all activities of cell.
It has Nucleolus in it.
Cytoplasm :
It is semi viscous substance between Cell membrane and Nuclear
Envelope.
It contains water in which many molecules are present like lipids and
proteins.
It provides space for proper functioning of organelles.
Metabolic reactions take place here.
It is a jelly like structure.
In prokaryotes not all are present.
Golgi Bodies :
Set of sacs (Cisternae) are called Golgi bodies.
It is found in plant and animals cells.
It packs the molecules from ER and bound it into membrane called
Golgi vesicles.
It is pouch like structure.
Mitochondria :
It has rod like structure.
They are many in cytoplasm.
They have double membrane.
They are absent in prokaryotes.
They are jelly like structure.
They produce energy for the cell.
They are called Power house of cell.
Cellular respiration takes place here.
They produce ATP energy.
It contains Matrix which contains chemicals and enzymes.
Cristae mean folding in inner membrane.
Lysosomes :
It have single membrane.
It have enzymes which break food and waste product.
They are called suicide sacs or pouch.
It burst tale cells.
They are present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
They can digest organelles when they will burst.
Vacuole :
It has single membrane.
Plant cell have only one vacuole at side but animals have small vacuoles
in many numbers.
They give turgidity to plant.
It stores amino acids, water, chemicals, minerals and starch in it.
Ribosomes :
It is the smallest organelle of the cell.
It has granular structure.
It is present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
It is found in floating freely or attached with ER.
It perform protein synthesis.
It is made up of proteins and RNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum :
There are two types of ER Rough and Smooth ER.
Rough ER :
They are attached with ribosomes.
They perform protein synthesis.
It is transporter of molecules.
Smooth ER :
They perform lipid metabolism.
They are not attached with ribosomes.
It is transporter of cell.
Centrioles :
They are not present in plant, fungi and algae.
They are collectively called centrosomes.
They contain triplet of microtubules.
They help in formation of spindle fibers.
They are two centrioles.
Each centriole is made up of 9 triplets of microtubules.
Plastids :
They are only present in plants.
It have 3 types chloroplast, chromoplast and leucoplast.
Chloroplast :
It color is green.
It is found in leaves.
It performs photosynthesis.
Chromoplast :
It has multiple colors.
It is found in flowers and fruits.
It gives color to plants.
Leucoplast :
It is colorless.
It is found in roots.
It stores food.
SLO # 4.2.2 :
Animal Cell
Centrioles are present here
Plastids are not present here
Cell wall is not present here
It hasn’t definite shape
Nucleus is in center
It has many small vacuoles
Plant Cell
Centrioles are not present here
Plastids are present here
Cell wall is present here
It has definite shape
Nucleus is in side
It has only one vacuole at center
SLO # 4.2.3 :
Leaf Structure
Guard cell forms stomata
Mesophyll cells contain chloroplast
Xylem
Phloem
Leaf Function
Gaseous exchange
It give support
It contain water
It conduct food
SLO # 4.2.4 :
Xylem Vessels :
Transport water and minerals from roots to other parts of plant.
It has hollow tube like structure.
It has thick wall made up of lignin.
It has no pores on their wall of xylem.
Due to turgidity they give support to plant.
They are compound tissues.
They alive in young plants and after they become mature they become
died and stronger.
Red Blood Cells :
They transport oxygen and CO2.
They transport Oxygen from lungs to all parts of body and CO2 from
body parts to lungs.
They have Biconcave shape.
They can easily move.
They absorb more oxygen.
Nucleus is absent so it can store more oxygen.
Root Hair Cells :
It absorb water and minerals from soil.
It has tube like structure.
It has large surface area.
Cell membrane helps water to go out or enter in it.
It have large vacuole which absorbs more water and minerals.
SLO # 4.2.5 :
Cell is the structural and functional unit of life because if there would
be no particular structure of cell then there would be no concept of life
and tissues and organs will not do their function properly because it
structure help it to do it function more easily and no system will be
there. Cell is the functional unit of life because it works in our body like
it performs mitosis and meiosis by which we are growing. If cell will
stop its functions we will die that’s why cell is basic unit of life.
SLO # 4.2.6 :
Red Blood Cells
Nerve Cells
Muscular Cells
White Blood Cells
Epithelial Cells
Transport O2 and CO2
Carry the messages
Movement
Fight against germs
Protection
Glandular
Osteocyles
Produce juices
Supports
SLO # 4.2.7 :
Animal cell doesn’t contain chloroplasts and cell wall in their cell and
they are absent there because if they contain chloroplast so their body
color will be green and we will drink more water but we are not as
much as plants are and we can absorb more heat but we can’t it tells us
that we haven’t chlorophyll that’s why we can not bear more heat. If
cell wall will be present in the animal cell so they would not be able to
move but we are so it means that cell wall and chloroplast are not
needful for animal cell.
Plant cell have chloroplast and cell wall in their cells because their leaf
color is green and they drink more water and can bear more heat. They
have cell wall because they can’t move some where so it means that
they are necessary in plant cell.
SLO # 4.2.8 :
Prokaryotic Cells
Pro : bad and Karyon : nucleus
They don’t have good nucleus.
Respiratory enzymes are located
on surface of cell membrane.
They are simple and smaller.
There size is 1 to 2 micron.
Ribosomes are in small size freely
moving in cytoplasm.
Many organelles are absent.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eu : good and Karyon : nucleus
They have good nucleus.
They are located in mitochondria.
They are larger and complex.
There size is 10 micron.
Ribosomes are in larger size
present in freely or attached.
Many organelles are present.
No great variety of function.
They are unicellular.
Example : Kingdom Monera
Great variety of function.
They are Unicellular and
Multicellular.
Example : All Kingdoms except
kingdom monera.
SLO # 4.2.9 :
Nucleus in Prokaryotes
Mitosis doesn’t take place here
Binary fission take place here
Control less activities
They have less characters
Nucleus in Eukaryotes
Mitosis take place here
Binary fission doesn’t take place
here
Control many activities
They have many characters
Mitochondria in Prokaryotes
Cell membrane has respiratory
enzymes
Cell membrane produce energy
Mitochondria in Eukaryotes
Mitochondria has respiratory
enzymes
Mitochondria produce energy
SLO # 4.2.10 :
Formula of Surface Area : 6a2
Formula of Volume : a3
S.A / Volume ratio : Ratio of whole
Dimension in mm : 5
S.A = 6a2 : 6(5)2 = 150 mm
Volume : a3 = (5)3 = 125 mm
Ratio : 6 : 5
SLO # 4.2.11 :
Blood cell = 8 micrometer diameter
Nerve cell = 1 micrometer diameter
Blood Cell :
S.A = 6(8)2 = 6(64) = 384 micrometer
Volume = (8)3 = 512 micrometer
Nerve Cell :
S.A = 6(1)2 = 6 micrometer
Volume = (6)3 = 216 micrometer
SLO # 4.3.1 :
Diffusion : The movement of molecules from higher to lower
concentration.
Osmosis : The movement of water from higher to lower concentration
by semi permeable membrane.
Active Transport : The movement of molecules from lower to higher
concentration by ATP energy.
Hypertonic Solution : Solution in which solute quantity is more than
solvent.
Hypotonic Solution : Solution in which solute quantity is less than
solvent.
Isotonic Solution : Solution in which solute quantity is equal to solvent.
SLO # 4.3.2 :
Permeable Membrane : It is a type of membrane which allows certain
molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion.
Partial Permeable Membrane : It is also a type of membrane which is
called selectively membrane it passes only some molecules not all.
Impermeable Membrane : It is a type of membrane which is not
permeable, not allowing the passage of fluids.
SLO # 4.3.3 :
Phenomena of Diffusion : Movement of molecules from higher to lower
concentration. Gas exchange in gills and lungs due to diffusion and
movement of glucose from small intestine lumen into blood capillaries
of villi, water transport in xylem, food transport in phloem, Oxygen
diffuse in RBC are examples of diffusion.
Phenomena of Facilitated Diffusion : Movement of molecules from
higher to lower concentration when transport protein moves a
substance. Starch, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, fatty acids
and glycerol are examples of facilitated diffusion.
Phenomena of Osmosis : Movement of molecules from higher to lower
concentration by semi permeable membrane. Root hair cells absorb
water, vacuoles filled with water, reabsorption of water in kidney
tubules are example of osmosis.
Phenomena of Filtration : Movement of small molecules forced to
move through semi permeable membrane by pressure. Water
molecules are forced to dissolve to move through semi permeable
membrane.
Phenomena of Active Transport : Movement of molecules from lower
to higher concentration by ATP energy and carrier protein pass the
molecules. In nerve cell semi permeable membrane doesn’t allow to Na
and K to go so carrier protein pass it in the cell.
Phenomena of Endocytosis : Movement of bulky materials inside the
cell membrane. WBC engulf bacteria and amoeba is taking food
particles inside are examples of endocytosis.
Phenomena of Exocytosis : Movement of bulky materials outside the
cell membrane. Loss of water from leaf through transpiration and Puss
is coming out are examples of exocytosis.
SLO # 4.4.1 :
Tissues : Group of similar cells which are performing similar function. A
cell is only working individual but in tissues many cells of same
structure and function work together and a cell is functioning individual
but in a tissue all cells work together like a group this tell us that tissues
are group of same cells which are performing same function. Epithelial
tissues are made up of epithelial cells and all cells function is to protect
so in tissues a cell only not works but all do protection in groups.
SLO # 4.4.2 :
Simple Tissues
Compound Tissues
They are made up of one type cell. They are made up of many types.
They can do mitosis process.
There are two types of simple
tissues Meristematic and
Permanent tissues.
Meristematic tissues have 2 types.
Permanent tissues has 3 types.
They can’t do mitosis process.
There are two examples of
compound tissues xylem and
phloem.
Xylem has 2 types.
Phloem has 3 types.
SLO # 4.4.3 :
There are 4 types of animal tissues epithelial, connective, muscle and
nervous tissues.
Epithelial Tissues :
They cover body and lines organ and cavities.
They are congested.
They protect us from microorganisms, injury and fluid.
They are classified on base of shape and number of cell layers.
Their cells are closely packed.
Simple Squamous Epithelium :
A single layer of tightly packed flattened cell.
They are found in lining air sacs of lungs, heart and blood vessels.
They allow the diffusion and filtration.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium :
They consist layer of single tightly packed of cubed shaped cells.
They are found in kidney tubules, ducts and small glands.
They make secretion and absorb materials.
Columnar Epithelium :
They consists single layer elongated cells.
They are found in lining of digestive tracks, gall bladder and alimentary
canals.
They make secretion and enzymes.
Ciliated Columnar Epithelium :
A tuft of cilia is present at the top of each columnar cell.
They are elongated cells with cilia.
They are present in trachea, propels mucous and bronchi.
It moves the material outside.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium :
It has many layers of flat cells.
It is present in lining of oesophagus, mouth and over the skin.
It protects the inner parts.
Connective Tissues :
It supports and binds other tissues.
They perform transport.
Cartilage (bones, blood, ear, nose and trachea) are the examples of
connective tissues.
It doesn’t like epithelial tissues.
They are closely scattered to each other.
Adipose Tissues :
They are found in kidney, under skin and abdomen.
It is a type of connective tissues.
It provides energy and support to organs.
Muscle Tissues :
They are made up of bundles of long cells called muscles fiber.
They have ability to contract.
They cause movement of body parts.
They have 3 types skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
Skeletal Muscles :
Their other name is striated muscles.
They are attached with bones.
They contain many nuclei and are striated.
They cause movements of bones.
They are voluntary.
Smooth Muscles :
They are found in walls of alimentary canals, urinary bladder, blood
vessels, ribs, stomach and oesophagus.
They contain smooth cells.
They have single nucleus.
They cause movement of substance.
They are involuntary.
Cardiac Muscles :
They are present in wall of heart.
They produce heart beat.
They are involuntary.
They cause slightly movement.
Their cells are also striated.
They have only single nucleus.
Nervous Tissues :
They perform transmission of messages.
They are composed of nerve cells or neurons.
They are present in brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Their cells are elongated and thin.
SLO # 4.4.4 :
Simple Tissues : The tissues which are made up of single type of cell.
Meristematic Tissues :
They have thin cell wall, large and small nucleus.
They haven’t vacuoles.
They are present in the tip of the organ and second outer layer.
They are responsible for growth of plant.
They produce permanent tissues.
They have ability to divide (Mitosis).
They don’t have intercellular spaces.
They have two types Apical and Lateral Meristems.
Apical Meristems :
They are located at tips of roots and shoots.
They cause increase in length of plant.
This growth is called primary growth.
Lateral Meristems :
They are located at lateral sides of roots and shoots.
They are responsible for increase in girth of plant.
This growth is called secondary growth.
Permanent Tissues :
They are originated from meristematic tissues.
They haven’t ability to divide.
They have 3 types epidermal, ground and support tissues.
Epidermal Tissues :
They have single layer cells.
They are present in upper surface of plants.
They cover plant body.
In roots they do absorption of water and minerals.
In stem and leaves they secrete cutin.
Example : Guard cells
Ground Tissues :
They are made up of parenchyma cells.
They have spherical shape but flat at point of contact.
They have thin primary cell wall and large vacuoles for storage of food.
They have intercellular spaces.
They are present in leaves so they are mesophyll and do
photosynthesis.
They can do mitosis.
In other parts they do respiration and protein synthesis.
Support Tissues :
They provide strength, turgidity and flexibility to plants.
They have 2 types collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues.
Collenchyma Tissues :
They are found in cortex of young stems and in mid ribs of leaves and
petals of flower.
They are made up of elongated cells.
They have thick primary cell walls.
They are flexible and function is to support the organs.
Sclerenchyma Tissues :
They are composed of cells which have rigid secondary cell wall.
They are types of permanent tissues.
Their cell wall are harder because they are composed of lignin.
Mature sclerenchyma is mostly dead cells and can’t elongate.
They are located at any where in plant where there is turgidity.
They are congested.
They have thick walls.
Compound Tissues : The tissue made up of two or more cells.
Xylem Tissues :
They have thick secondary cell wall.
They are present from roots to aerial parts of plants.
They provide support and transport the minerals.
It is used to dissolve the substance.
They have 2 types vessel elements and tracheids.
Vessel Elements :
They have thick secondary cell wall.
They join the end of wall to form long tubes.
Tracheids :
They are slender cells with overlapping ends.
Phloem Tissues :
They are responsible for conduction of dissolve organic matter (food)
between different parts of body.
They contain sieve tube cells and companion cells.
Sieve Tube Cells :
They are long and their end walls have small pores.
Companion Cells :
They make protein for sieve tube cells.
SLO # 4.4.5 :
Cell function is related with its tissues function. Lets take example of
neurons which work is to transmit the messages to brain and whole
body as well as nervous tissues work is to transmit the messages, this
example tell us that cell function is related to tissues function.
Tissue structure is related with its function. Let take example of phloem
tissues, they have elongated structure which helps it to conduct the
food to all parts of plant, this example tell us that tissue structure is
related with its function because its structure helps it to do its function
properly.
SLO # 4.4.6 :
The colony doesn’t get tissue level because their all cells are working
individually. If we will take out one cell than no affect will be on their
functioning.
SLO # 4.3.6 :
Turgor :
The strongness of plant cell is known as turgor.
Importance of Turgor :
It maintains shape, give support, give strength, give flexibility, provides
larger surface area to absorb materials, give protection and
transportation.
SLO # 4.3.7 :
Plasmolysis is a process in which plant cell is shrink because when plant
cell is put into hypertonic solution so water goes out and vacuole will
shrink due to osmosis. Plasmolysis is exoosmosis because water is
releasing out from vacuole.
Deplasmolysis is reverse of plasmolysis. It is a process in which plant
cell become turgid when it is put into a hypotinic solution so water goes
in and vacuole become turgid due to osmosis. Turgid is a condition and
deplasmolysis is process.
SLO # 4.3.8 :
Identify the chemical messages of by which unnecessary cell or
compound can’t enter in the cell.
Fluid mosaic model in which protein molecule played role as carrier.
It maintains internal composition of cell by elasticity and fluidity of
membrane.
It passes selected material.
It can pass bulky material.
More quantity of lipid in cell membrane.
Made By : Rehman Khosani