78 patients were assessed for eligibility
36 were excluded
21 had already achieved EGDT goals
when admitted to ICU
8 had other shock causes
4 severe CKD or on recovery from AKI
3 severe intra-abdominal hypertension
2 unreached EGDT goals in 12 hours and
died in 24 hours
12 refused PiCCO catheter
29 included in research
CI increased≥10%(n=16)
CI increased<10%(n=13)
Figure 1. Flowchart of patients included in the study. EGDT, early goal-directed therapy; CKD,
chronic kidney disease; PiCCO, Pulse indicator continuous cardiac output; CI, cardiac index.
Figure 2. The relationship between cardiac index percent change and creatinine clearance
after resuscitation. Correlations were assessed by using Spearman regression model. Figure 2 shows
a significant positive correlation between CI percent change and Ccr after resuscitation (ρ=0.548;
P=0.002).
Figure 3. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve depicting the cardiac index (CI)
percent change (%) or CI after early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) to predict good renal
outcome
The area under ROC curves were 0.739(P=0.012) of CI percent change to predict non-poor renal
outcome. A cutoff value of 10% determined by Youden index would provide a sensitivity of 89% and
a specificity of 75%. The area under ROC curves were 0.556(P=0.115) of CI after EGDT to predict
non-poor renal outcome. A cutoff value of 3.0L/min/m2 determined by Youden index would provide
a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 75%.
Table 1.Patients’ characteristics
CI constant group
CI increased group
P
(n=13)
(n=16)
value
Age (years)
78(69-86)
75(65-83)
0.29
Males n (%)
7(54)
8(50)
1.00
Hypertension n (%)
9(69)
10(63)
1.00
Diabetes mellitus n (%)
5(38)
4(25)
0.69
Lungs n (%)
6(46)
10(63)
0.47
Abdomen n (%)
7(54)
4(25)
0.14
Soft tissue n (%)
0(0)
1(6)
1.00
Other n (%)
0(0)
1(6)
1.00
APACHE score II
24(24-30)
23(19-27)
0.13
SOFA score
11(10-12)
11(8-12)
0.19
Mechanical ventilation n (%)
10(77)
13(81)
0.70
Norepinephrine (ug/kg/rmin)
0.3(0.1-0.4)
0.2(0.2-0.4)
0.36
Hydroxyethyl starch n (%)
8(62)
7(44)
0.46
Colloid fluid n (%)
11(85)
13(81)
1.00
Hydroxyethyl starch amount (ml/kg)
11.7(7.1-18.6)
7.9(7.1-10.0)
0.20
Colloid fluid amount (ml/kg)
13.8(7.1-20.0)
8.2(5.0-10.6)
0.20
Crystalloid fluid amount (ml/kg)
26.8(15.7-34.7)
28.3(18.9-42.8)
0.51
Resuscitation fluid amount(ml/kg)
35.8(27.6-53.6)
36.1(25.8-52.4)
0.86
6.0(6.0 -7.0)
6.0(5.0-6.0)
0.27
8(62)
1(6)
0.003
AKI 2-3on admission n (%)
6(46)
4(25)
0.27
Persistent AKI n (%)
4(31)
1(6)
0.14
AKI 0-1on admission n (%)
7(54)
12(75)
0.27
New AKI n (%)
2(15)
0(0)
0.19
6(46)
3(19)
0.23
8(6-14)
8(7-19)
0.98
6(46)
5(31)
0.47
Source of infection
Fluid Therapy
EGDT period (hour)
Poor renal outcome n (%)
Use of renal-replacement therapy n (%)
Days in ICU (days)
28-day mortality n (%)
CI, cardiac index; APACHE, Acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation; SOFA, sequential
organ failure assessment. The data in the table are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number
(%).
Table 2. Hemodynamic parameters before and after EGDT
HR
(beats/min)
MAP
(mmHg)
CVP
(mmHg)
CI
(L/min/m2)
SVI
(ml/m2)
SVRI
(dyn.s.m2/cm5)
GEDI
(ml/m2)
GEF
(%)
CFI
(L/min)
ScvO2
(%)
Lac
(mmol/L)
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
Before EGDT
After EGDT
P value
CI constant group
(n=13)
CI increased group
(n=16)
P value
113(90–134)
91(73–114)
0.002
65(58–73)
87(69–98)
0.002
10(5–12)
10(8–15)
0.045
3.2(2.7–4.3)
3.0(2.6–4.0)
0.022
34(28–37)
36(32–38)
0.11
1478(1231–2076)
1652(1273–2391)
0.06
793(670–936)
878(673–1056)
0.17
15(13–20)
16(13–20)
0.36
4.0(3.2–5.3)
3.8(2.9–4.5)
0.008
80(73–85)
80(75–83)
0.81
3.2(1.5–5.1)
1.7(1.2–2.8)
0.039
117(87–130)
95(78–107)
0.013
64(55–67)
86(76–93)
<0.001
6(4–11)
11(8–15)
0.004
2.6(2.2–3.2)
3.8(3.1–5.2)
<0.001
29(23–36)
43(40– 48)
<0.001
1722(1497–2373)
1545(1185–1881)
0.163
651(634–771)
767(697–886)
<0.001
17(16–22)
23(20–24)
0.013
4.2(3.7–4.9)
5.0(4.4–5.9)
0.003
79(76–81)
84(81–84)
0.005
2.4(1.3–3.3)
1.3(0.9–1.7)
0.03
0.69
0.76
0.60
0.96
0.56
0.89
0.06
0.028
0.14
0.003
0.34
0.43
0.035
0.50
0.19
0.012
0.96
0.003
0.66
0.026
0.44
0.25
MAP, mean arterial pressure; CVP, central venous pressure; HR, heart rate; CI, cardiac index;
SVI, stroke volume index; SVRI, systemic vascular resistance index; GEDI, global enddiastolic volume index; GEF, global ejection fraction;ScvO2, central venous oxygen saturation ;
Lac, arterial lactate acid. The data in the table are expressed as median (interquartile range) or
number (%).
Table 3. Renal function parameters before and after EGDT
CI constant group
CI increased group
P
(n=13)
(n=16)
value
Before EGDT
68(49-261)
83(56-133)
0.74
After EGDT
83(55-215)
76(63-127)
0.86
1.0
0.98
Before EGDT
8.4(4.9-14.4)
7.8(5.7-10.0)
0.61
After EGDT
8.5(4.5-14.8)
7.9(4.7-9.0)
0.65
0.27
0.27
Before EGDT
140(70-375)
74(28-148)
0.11
After EGDT
169(60-254)
125(60-179)
0.55
0.68
0.048
Before EGDT
4010 (2395-9143)
7894(3424-9910)
0.24
After EGDT
2766(2100-8817)
3642(2174-7375)
0.69
0.60
0.004
Before EGDT
85(40-128)
73(23-119)
0.35
After EGDT
67(43-128)
98(70-150)
0.11
0.31
0.013
Before EGDT
85(17-129)
59(45-101)
0.69
After EGDT
53(22-93)
82 (52-126)
0.08
0.034
0.12
Before EGDT
0.6(0.1-12.3)
0.7(0.3-1.5)
0.64
After EGDT
1.0(0.1-8.9)
1.0(0.5-1.8)
0.83
0.53
0.41
Serum
Cr(umol/L)
P value
Serum
Bun(mmol/L)
P value
Serum
NGAL(ng/ml)
P value
Urinary
Cr(umol/L)
P value
Urine
output(ml/h)
P value
Ccr (ml/min)
P value
FeNa(%)
P value
Cr, creatinine; Bun, urea nitrogen; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin ; Ccr, creatinine
clearance; FeNa, fractional excretion of sodium. The data in the table are expressed as median
(interquartile range) or number (%).
Table 4. Relation between hemodynamic parameters and outcomes
CI<3.0L/min/m2
(n=9)
CI 3.0-4.0L/min/m2
(n=10)
CI>4.0L/min/m2
(n=10)
P value
Age (years)
81(76-86)
75(63-84)
74(61-86)
0.39
APACHE score II
24(20-25)
24(20-31)
25(20-30)
0.70
CVP after EGDT(mmHg)
8(7-11)
13(10-15)
11(9-16)
0.03
GEDI after EGDT(ml/m2)
722(613-970)
785(696-950)
881(766-952)
0.42
MAP after EGDT(mmHg)
95(85-102)
85(76-93)
77(71-90)
0.06
ScvO2 after EGDT(%)
82(74-85)
81(80-83)
84(82-87)
0.17
Norepinephrine (ug/kg/rmin)
0.1(0-0.3)
0.3(0.1-0.7)
0.2 (0.1-0.4)
0.54
5(56)
6(60)
4(40)
0.98
Hydroxyethyl starch amount (ml/kg)
10.0(7.1-12.2)
9.0(6.3-12.5)
10.6(7.3-18.9)
0.77
Resuscitation fluid amount(ml/kg)
31.7(19.4-37.9)
33.9(25.2-55.9)
44.5(32.3-62.9)
0.08
Poor renal outcome n (%)
4(44)
1(10)
4(40)
0.20
28-day mortality n (%)
4(44)
3(30)
4(40)
0.80
Hydroxyethyl starch n (%)
CI, cardiac index; APACHE, Acute physiology; CVP, central venous pressure; GEDI,
global end-diastolic volume index; MAP, mean arterial pressure; ScvO2, central venous
oxygen saturation; The data in the table are expressed as median (interquartile range)
or number (%).