NAME____________________________
NOTES: UNIT 1 (1) INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
*
FTPIY1 The only conquests which are permanent and leave no regret are those over ourselves. (Napoleon)
FTPIY2 The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams (Eleanor Roosevelt)
FTPIY3 There are only two lasting bequests we can hope to give our children. One of these is roots;
the other, wings. (Hodding Carter)
*FTPIY = For The Poet In You

I) Question #1: What does the Latin word "scire" or scientia (science) mean? * knowledge
A) science is concerned with prediction & explanation *
(knowledge)
of observed
of a variety of phenomena, using information
The telephone book is full of facts but it doesn't contain a single idea (Mortimer Adler)
We need
these
information: recognizing facts, definitions, and measurements.
comprehension: using your own words to discuss a concept.
application: using a skill or concept in a new (un-taught / applied) situation
But these
are the
stuff of an
adult life
today
analysis: *recognizing/explaining patterns and meaning, identifying parts and wholes
synthesis: using various levels of learning to create something new
evaluation: *making recommendations/policies, critiquing / making choices
II) Question #2: What is chemistry?
The branch of science, which studies the:
A) composition, structure, and properties of matter
B) changes which matter undergoes
C) energy associated with those changes
At its very heart, chemistry is about transforming matter.
Can you think of examples of matter?
Can you think of examples of energy?
History Buff... Did you know: The word Chemistry is from the Greek chemeia. The term was used to designate the art of metal working. It actually
means black.... used possibly due to the black soil of the Nile Valley, known as Chemi. The chemical arts originated
in Egypt. The Arabs added “al” and alchemy was the name given to the chemical arts up through the Renaissance.
As alchemy disappeared the chemical arts became known as chemistry...
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Well here’s a little issue …. This is a real advertisement. Take a read at it ….
Scents & Sensibility
http://www.uncommongoods.com/product/aromatherapy-shower-kit
Don't just step into a shower tomorrow morning. Step into a soothing visit to your personal spa with this
indulgent aromatherapy set. The first of its kind, it features three different essential oil blends that are diffused
directly through the hot water. The pods are mounted from an adjustable arm that easily attaches to almost any
style of shower head. Simply position the aromatherapy pod so that it's tip extends into the stream of the water,
or, for a more mild experience, move it out of contact with the water and allow the scent to diffuse through the
moisture in the air.
The three signature aromatherapy blends are made from 100% pure, USDA-certified organic essential oils,
without any chemicals or additives, and each suits a specific need or mood:
Breathe--wake up your mind and body with Cedarwood Atlas, Peppermint, Lemon and Eucalyptus.
Passion--stimulate your senses with invigorating Lavender, Orange Sweet, Palmarosa, Clove, Patchouli and
Cinnamon.
Unwind--wash away the aches and stress with Sweet Orange, Bergamot, Petitgrain, Lavender, Patchouli and
Vetiver.
Made in Santa Monica, California.
Sounds great … until you read the fine print (not included), about the oils causing some people to slip
and fall in the shower (which is another little issue to do with molecular polarity) … But there is a far
greater issue regarding terminology…. Turn to a neighbor. What is wrong with the ad? Why?
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III) Question #3: What are chemicals?
(You will need to make a concept map of these terms … so stay focused)
A) Essentially, a “chemical” is any substance (any element or compound), OR any mixture.
B) Substances
1) Substances are homogeneous (pure, uniform throughout) chemicals, in which samples
are made of only 1 specific element or 1 specific compound, in the solid, liquid or gas
phase.
2) Ideally, substances are unvarying in their physical characteristics … Hence, a substance is
expected to have a single (constant) melting point, one normal boiling point, a constant
density (at specific temperatures and pressures).
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3) There are 2 different categories of substances
a) Elements: a sample of matter (a chemical) in which all of the atoms in the sample,
have the same atomic number.
i) recognition skill: * only one type of capital letter in the symbol, and
a true (s), (l) or (g)
ii) Elements cannot be decomposed into any simpler substance.
The atoms of an element can be “smashed” into protons neutrons and
electrons … but these are subatomic particles …not substances….
(Ah, vocabulary!)
b) Compounds: a sample of matter (a chemical) made of 2 or more different elements
that have been combined via chemical bonds, in a definite proportion.
i) recognition skill: * 2 or more different capital letters with (s), (l), (g)
ii) Compounds have a definite proportion between the components. This ratio
is represented by the subscripts. These subscripts cannot be changed for the
specific compound.
iii) Compounds can be chemically decomposed into simpler compounds or back
to their elements.
CdCO3(s)  CdO(s) + CO2(g)
2 H2O  2 H2(g) + O2(g)
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4) Mixture: a physical combination of at least 2 different substances, in varying proportions,
in which the component substances generally keep their physical characteristics.
a) The composition may be varied.
b) Mixtures are not true solids liquids or gases. Many are dissolved in water, and are
called aqueous solutions. An aqueous solution often has (aq). e.g. NaCl(aq)
c) The physical characteristics depend upon the components and their concentrations
d) Mixtures may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
e) The components of a mixture can be separated from each other, via physical means,
such as filtration, chromatography, evaporation, distillation etc…
GIMME A METAPHOR!!
Think of: *a tossed salad
Assignment: Create a concept map, using the terms: solid, liquid, gas, substance, , matter,
homogeneous, compound, element, mixture …. I’ll start you off….
MATTER
can exist as chemicals called
can also exist as chemicals called
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E) What we study & measure:
chemicals that fuel
.... coal mixture, gasoline mixture , hydrogen gas
chemicals that are edible ...carbohydrates, fats, esters, water
chemicals that clean ... soap, vinegar mixture, water, ammonia, alcohol
chemicals that pollute ... coal mixture, soaps, toxins, plastics
chemicals that heal ... ibuprofen, aloe mixture, bandages, plastics
chemicals that build ... steel, cellulose, plastics, silicon, Teflon, clay
chemicals that decorate ... silver, paint mixture, plastics, dyes, papers, ink mixture
chemicals that run the economy ... oil, gold, copper, silicon, lithium, diamonds
chemicals that conduct electricity ... copper, lithium, gold
chemicals of charm ... gold, diamonds, mixtures of: perfume, pheromones, makeup, shampoo
chemicals of history ... gunpowder, A-bomb, aniline dyes, steel, salt, oil
chemicals of crime ... arsenic, potassium cyanide, gunpowder mixture, alcohol, luminol, DNA
chemicals of warfare ... iron, bronze alloy, gunpowder mixture, plutonium, phosgene
chemicals of entertainment ... alloys, cellulose, inks, plastics, paint, crayons, xenon gas
chemicals of the brain .... dopamine, serotonin, vasopressin, oxytocin
1) Take for instance, everything chemistry provides us from one 42 gallon barrel♦ of petroleum.
The vast amount of oil is used to produce fuels of some
sort (the majority being gasoline)
♦
Approximately 6.5 gallons of each bbl makes our:
Aspirin
Plastics (et. al.) skis, helmets, cleats, fishing lines,
polishes, shoes, vinyl, basketballs, faucet washers, dice,
bandages, toilet seats, PVC piping, plastic wrap ….
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics
According to the above website, a 42-U.S. gallon barrel of crude oil provides
about 45 gallons of petroleum products. This gain from processing the crude
oil is approximately 7%.
This probably is due to changes in intermolecular forces of attraction
(see bonding unit) Smaller/Less massive hydrocarbons tend to exert weaker
intermolecular forces and have a lesser "pull" on surrounding molecules,
giving a less dense (and possibly more voluminous) mass of molecules.
♦The
unit, bbl., is used to designate the standardized 42 gallon barrel, in which the crude
oil was shipped. The unit bbl. may have been used to avoid confusion with the unit
bl (for bale). There is a myth out there that it began with John D. Rockefeller, who
supposedly sealed every barrel of Standard Oil with a blue lid. However, the unit bbl.
was in use for about 1 century prior to JD Rockefeller and the oil boom of 1880s.
Paints
Rubber for gaskets, tires, wiper blades
Nylon / Yarn
Polymer Fibers for Slacks / Dresses
Perfumes
Detergents / Ammonia / Deodorants
Inks
Hair Coloring Dyes / Clothing Dyes
Dashboards / Vinyl Siding
Roofing Shingles
Cortisone / Antihistamines
Antiseptics
Makeup: lipstick, foundation, mascara
Fertilizers / Insecticides / Pesticides
Candles
Hand Lotion
Contact lenses / TV screens
Shaving cream
Shampoo
Latex: condoms, balloons
http://www.ranken-energy.com/Products%20from%20Petroleum.htm
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F)
seen as being closely
associated with physics
There are two huge divisions in chemistry
Reaction Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
(our course: inorganic & organic chemistry)
deals with changes* in the electron
cloud(s)
of the reacting species
and / or
the accompanying changes
in the phase of matter
deals with changes in the * nucleus
of the atom (e.g. changes in the number
and energy of protons and neutrons)
Often, there is a conversion between
Matter ↔ Energy
Matter, Energy and Charge are conserved and
reaction chemistry is really all about those electrons!!!
Chemistry is the central science. It links the study of physics with the biological sciences.
Ratiocination & Logic
Mathematics
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Xeno-Sciences
Nano-Science
Material Science
(Cosmology, Astronomy,
Planetary sciences)
Brain Science
Earth Sciences
(Neurology)
Computer
Technology
(Geology, Oceanography,
Meteorology)
Environmental
Science
Medical Science
Agro-Science
Engineering
(Bio/Chemical, Civil)
Socio-economic
Sciences
Citation:Edited Is chemistry 'The Central
Science'? How are different sciences related? Cocitations, reductionism, emergence, and posets
Alexandru T. Balaban and Douglas J. Klein
Scientometrics, 2006, Volume 69, Number 3,
Pages 615-637
Law and Ethics
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