Life Study Guide
Vocabulary
1. Homeostasis
2. Biosphere
3. Scientific method
4. Independent Variable
5. Dependent Variable
6. Control
7. Hypothesis
8. Theory
9. Atom
10. Electron cloud
11. Covalent Bond
12. Ionic bond
13. Ion
14. Compound
15. Element
16. Atomic number
17. Molecule
18. Biodiversity
19. Autotroph
20. Heterotroph
21. Biology
23. Hydrogen bond
24. Cohesion
25. Adhesion
26. Solution
27. Solute
28. Solvent
29. Acid
30. Base
31. pH
Life Characteristics
1. Know the characteristics in common with all living organisms.
2. Why might non-living objects sometimes be confused as living objects?
3. Describe the unifying themes of biology.
Scientific Method
1. In order, know the steps of the scientific method.
2. Be able to identify the control group, independent and dependent variables from an experiment.
3. Know how a hypothesis and theory differ.
Atoms and Molecules
1. Know the characteristics of each subatomic particle (protons, neutrons, electrons, and their respective
charges).
2. Know how the amount of protons, electrons, and neutrons can be determined.
3. How do ionic and covalent bonds differ. Be able to diagram examples of each.
Properties of Water
1. Know the properties related to hydrogen bonds. Be able to draw hydrogen bonds between water
molecules.
2. Know what solutions are and the difference between the solute and the solvent.
3. Compare acids and bases. Describe the relationship between hydrogen ions and pH.
The Chemistry of Life Study Guide
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
monomer
polymer
carbohydrate
lipid
fatty acid
protein
7. polypeptide
8. amino acid
9. nucleotide
10. nucleic acid
11. RNA & DNA
12. chemical reaction
13. reactant
14. product
15. equilibrium
16. catalyst
17. enzyme
18. activation energy
Carbohydrates
1. Be able to describe the chemical structure and bonding properties of a typical carbohydrate.
2. Be able to describe the characteristics and purposes of starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
3. How do monosaccharides and polysaccharides differ?
Lipids
1. Be able to describe the chemical structure and bonding properties of a typical lipid.
2. Be able to explain how saturated and unsaturated fats differ.
3. How do fatty acids and lipids differ?
Nucleic Acids
1. Be able to describe the chemical structure and bonding properties of a typical nucleic acid.
2. How do nucleotides and nucleic acids differ?
3. Know the functions and characteristics of DNA and RNA.
4. Be able to fill in a blank chain of nucleotides if given half the nucleotides (base pairing rules).
Proteins
1. Be able to describe the chemical structure and bonding properties of a typical amino acid.
2. How do amino acids and proteins differ?
3. How are structure and function related in proteins?
Enzymes
1. Know the function and structure of enzymes.
2. In which environments do enzymes properly function?
3. Be able to explain the effect of a catalyst on activation energy.
4. Be able to describe how enzymes regulate chemical reactions.
The Cell Study Guide
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Cell theory
Cytoplasm
Organelle
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
(smooth and rough)
10. Ribosome
11. Golgi apparatus (body)
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Vesicle
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Lysosome
Centriole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Cell membrane
Phospholipid
Fluid mosaic model
Selective permeability
Passive transport
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Osmosis
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Cell Theory
1. Know the 3 parts of the cell theory and the scientists that contributed to it.
2. Be able to describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cell Organelles
1. Be able to describe the internal structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
2. Summarize the functions of organelles in plant and animal cells.
3. Know the differences between the cell structure and organelles in plant and animal cells.
4. Know how organelles can work together as a system: For example, ribosomes are made in the nucleolus, they
exit through the pores in the nucleus and are found in the RER. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis,
where amino acids are linked to form protein (by peptide bonds). Proteins then travel to the golgi body, where
they are sorted and packaged into vesicles to be transported out of the cell membrane (what is this
process???).
Cell Membrane
1. Know the cell membrane and the components that make it up.
2. Be able to describe the structure of the membrane, using terms such as polarity, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic.
3. Be able to properly draw and label the fluid mosaic model.
4. Describe how selective permeability helps a cell maintain homeostasis.
5. Know the difference between an intracellular receptor and a membrane receptor.
6. How are chemical signals sent? Received?
Diffusion and Osmosis
1. Why do materials move across a membrane?
2. Describe passive transport.
3. Distinguish between osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Also, know why these are considered to be
passive transport.
4. Explain what a concentration gradient is.
5. Know the 3 types of solutions (hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic), and how a cell is affected by each.
Active Transport, Endosytosis, and Exocytosis
1. Describe active transport.
2. Distinguish among endocytosis (phagosytosis & pinocytosis) and exocytosis. Also, know why these are
considered to be active transport.
3. What must be used to transport materials that cannot diffuse across the membrane (this is the major
difference between active and passive transport)?