NUSTEP Human Biology 2014 - 2015
Chapter 19 – Cancer
http://www.insidecancer.org/
Answer each item.
Hallmarks of Cancer
Overview
 Where can a cancer grow?
 Difference between solid tumor and liquid tumor
 How do mutations usually start?
 How many cancer mutations are inherited?
 How is a mutant protein produced?
 Why does cancer incidence increase with age?
 What about a cell is disrupted by cancer mutations?
Growing Uncontrollably
 What do cancer cells not respond to?
Evading Death
 Why do cancer cells not die when they are supposed to?
 What is apoptosis?
 What happens to a cell when it does die?
Processing Nutrients
 How do tumors take in nutrients and release wastes?
 Define angiogenic
Becoming Immortal
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What cell functions are telomeres associated with?
What must cells do to become immortalized?
Where is telomeric DNA located?
What accidents do telomeres prevent?
What causes telomeres to shorten?
Then, what happens to the cells?
What do cancer cells produce to avoid this fate?
What does telomerase do?
Invading Tissues
 What causes most human cancer deaths?
 Define metastasize (look it up)
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Avoiding Detection
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How are cancer cells different than normal cells?
What do B cells do?
What do T cells do?
What should happen to pre-cancer and pre-tumor cells?
What is adjuvant therapy?
Promoting Mutations
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What is genomic instability?
List three ways that changes in our genes can happen during cell reproduction.
About how many genes need to be changed in order for cancer to occur?
What does it mean if you inherit one changed gene?
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Causes and Prevention
Overview
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What percent of cancers are inherited?
What percent of cancers are due to chemicals?
Where in the world is lung cancer most prevalent? Why?
Where in the world is liver cancer most prevalent? Why?
Where in the world is stomach cancer most prevalent? Why?
Where in the world is skin cancer most prevalent? Why?
Where in the world is breast cancer most prevalent? Why?
Where in the world is cervix cancer most prevalent? Why?
Where in the world is colon/rectum cancer most prevalent? Why?
Smoking
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What is meant by the lung cancer epidemic?
How many known and suspected carcinogens are inhaled in cigarette smoke?
How do smoke particles affect the function of the cilia and mucus in the lungs?
Name two genes most frequently mutated in smoking related lung cancer.
What chemical substance is specifically linked to these mutations?
What happens inside a cell when the K-ras gene is mutated?
When happens inside a cell when the p53 gene is mutated?
Does nicotine contribute to cancer?
What happens to cells with mutations when apoptosis is inhibited?
Inheritance
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Name and describe the THREE types of cancer genes.
What are clues that colon cancer might be inherited?
Name a specific gene that is associated with colon cancer. What type of gene is it?
How long does it generally take to go from a normal cell to a malignant (cancer) cell?
What are two other names for a small, benign growth?
What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?
What percent of women with breast cancer have an inherited mutation?
Name the two genes that are associated with breast cancer. What type of genes are they?
How are pedigrees used in cancer research?
What year was the human genome map accomplished?
How does the map help genetic researchers?
Diet
 What lifestyle choices are implicated in colon cancer?
 How can cooking meat at high temperatures relate to cancer?
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Mold
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What is aflatoxin?
What type of cancer does it cause?
What do aflatoxin-producing molds infect?
Which virus also contributes to liver cancer?
Which gene does aflatoxin target?
Why is chlorophyll important to liver cancer patients?
How can you alter your diet to consume more chlorophyll?
Viruses
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What HPV stand for?
How many types of HPV exist?
What is caused by HPV?
Who has HPV?
What percent of cervical cancers are positive for viral DNA?
How does HPV disrupt the normal cell cycle?
Sunlight
 What factors interact to determine skin cancer risk?
 Which country has the highest incidence of skin cancer? Why?
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Diagnosis and Treatment
Pathology
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What is pathology?
What types of lab outputs do pathologists analyze?
What does a surgical pathologist analyze?
What is cytopathology?
What is hemotoxilyn?
How are cancer cells different from normal cells that pathologists can see?
What is polymorphism?
How do lymphoma cells look different from normal lymph cells?
How do adenocarcinoma cells look different than normal prostate cells?
Pharmacogenetics
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Do all people respond to drugs and treatment the same way?
What is Her-2?
How does the drug Herceptin work?
In what type of cancers would Herceptin not be effective?
Targeted Activators
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What does CML stand for?
How is CML different from other cancers?
What type of mutation causes CML?
What does the abnormal CML protein do to white blood cells?
How does the anti-cancer chemical Gleevic work?
What type of patients tend to develop resistance to Gleevic?
How does this resistance happen (be general with your response).
What has to be done when a cancer becomes resistant to one drug?
Do all lung cancer patients respond positively to the anti-cancer drug Irressa?
What do the cells of the successful patients have?
Blocking Receptors
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What type of drug is breast cancer being successfully treated with?
What hormone do many breast cancers require in order to grow?
What is the mode of action of Tamoxifen?
When Tamoxifen reaches the nucleus of the cell, what does it “tell” the cell to do?
Name another receptor to be targeted in treatment of breast cancer.
What do cells with too much her-2 do?
What are antibodies?
What is the name of her-2 antibodies that researchers have made?
What is the mode of action of her-2 antibodies?
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Pathways to Cancer
Overview
 What language do cells use to communicate with each other?
 What is signal transduction?
At the cell surface
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Name two types of signals.
What do these signals bind with on the surface of a cell?
Then what happens?
What can a mutation in a cell receptor protein lead to?
Beneath the Cell Membrane
 When a signal binds to the receptor outside the cell, what happens to the ends of the receptor molecule?
 Then what happens?
 What can happen to a cell if there is a mutation in any one of these interacting proteins?
A Bevy of Interactions
 What happens when Ras is mutated?
 Name three other molecules that interact and the cancer associated with each.
To the Nucleus
 What is a kinase?
 Why are phosphate groups important?
Inside the Nucleus
 How are activated proteins able to enter the nucleus?
 How many other proteins are involved in making a copy of a gene?
 How does mRNA leave the nucleus?
Making the Protein
 Once it is in the cytoplasm, what structure does mRNA bind to?
 What is translation?
 What organelle are the newly made proteins assembled inside?
Releasing the Protein
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What is a vesicle?
What happens at the Golgi apparatus?
How are proteins able to exit the cell?
Do all proteins exit the cell?
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