 For this extra credit option, please create a Venn diagram to compare and
contrast Oceanic Trenches and Mid-Ocean Ridges as described below.
Oceanic Trench
The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow
topographic depressions of the sea floor.
They also are the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
Trenches define one of the most important natural boundaries on the Earth’s solid surface, that
between two lithospheric plates.
There are three types of lithospheric plate boundaries: divergent (where lithosphere and oceanic
crust is created at mid-ocean ridges), convergent (where one lithospheric plate sinks beneath
another and returns to the mantle), and transform (where two lithospheric plates slide past each
other).
Trenches are the spectacular and distinctive morphological features of convergent plate boundaries.
Plates move together along convergent plate boundaries at convergence rates that vary from a few
millimetres to ten or more centimetres per year.
A trench marks the position at which the flexed, subducting slab begins to descend beneath another
lithospheric slab.
Trenches are generally parallel to a volcanic island arc, and trenches about 200 km from a volcanic
arc.
Oceanic trenches typically extend 3 to 4 km (1.9 to 2.5 mi) below the level of the surrounding
oceanic floor.
The deepest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench at a depth
of 10,911 m (35,798 ft) below sea level.
Oceanic lithosphere disappears into trenches at a global rate of about a tenth of a square metre per
second.
Mid-Ocean Ridge
A mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater
mountain range, formed by plate tectonics.
This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the
oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary.
The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system
that is part of every ocean, making the mid-oceanic ridge system the longest mountain range in the
world, with a total length of about 60,000 km.
There are two processes, ridge-push and slab-pull, thought to be responsible for the spreading seen
at mid-ocean ridges, and there is some uncertainty as to which is dominant.
Ridge-push occurs when the weight of the ridge pushes the rest of the tectonic plate away from the
ridge, often towards a subduction zone.
At the subduction zone, "slab-pull" comes into effect.
This is simply the weight of the tectonic plate being subducted (pulled) below the overlying plate
dragging the rest of the plate along behind it.
The other process proposed to contribute to the formation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges
is the "mantle conveyor" (see image).
However, there have been some studies which have shown that the upper mantle (asthenosphere)
is too plastic (flexible) to generate enough friction to pull the tectonic plate along.