ECONOMY
Social institution that
organizes a society’s
production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and
services
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CHANGED ECONOMY
SECTORS/MODERN ECON
1. draws raw materials from
natural environment; of greatest
importance (25%) in low-income
nations
2. transforms raw materials to
manufactured goods; significant
share (24-35%) in low-, middle-,
& high-income
3. produces services rather than
goods; largest (50-74%) in low-,
middle-, & high
TRENDS OF LABOR FORCE
In 2012, 8.1% of country’s labor
force was unemployed.
Young people & African
Americans at high risk of
unemployment.
- Information Revolution. The
share of the US labor fore
engaged in manufacturing is 1/3
of what it was in 1960
- expansion of global econ.
- significant gov. regulation
CAPITALISM based on private
ownership of prop. & pursuit of
profit in a competitive
marketplace
SOCIALISM grounded in collective
ownership of productive prop.
thru gov. control of econ.
Capitalism - greater
productivity, higher standard
of living, greater income
inequality, freedom to act
according to self- interest
vs. Socialism – less
productivity, lower standard
of living, less income
inequality, freedom from basic
want
PROFESSION prestigious whitecollar occupation that requires
extensive formal education
1. Theoretical knowledge
2. Self-regulating practice
3. Authority over clients
4. Community orientation
rather than self-interest
CORPORATIONS – the
largest corps, which are
conglomerates (composed
of many smaller corps.)
account for most corp.
assets and profits.
Many large corps. operate
as multinationals,
producing and distributing
products in nations around
the world
MONOPOLY - the domination
of a market by a single
producer
OLIGOPOLY – the domination
of a market by few producers
POWER - the ability to achieve
desired ends despite
resistance from others
AUTHORITY - power that
people perceive as legitimate
rather than coercive
WEBER 3 TYPE/AUTHORITY
Traditional – power
legitimized by respect for
long-established cultural
patterns
Rational-legal – by legally
enacted rules & regulations
(also know as bureaucratic)
Charismatic – by extraordinary
personal abilities that inspire
devotion & obedience.
1. New source of energy (James
Watt/steam engine)
2. Centralization of work in
factories (moved work from home
to factories)
3. Manufacturing & mass
production (grain, wood or wool to
foods furniture, cloth
4. Specialization (single task)
5. Wage labor (work for strangers
instead of themselves)
POSTINDUSTRIAL
1.Tangible products to
ideas (ppl work w/ symbols)
2. Mechanical to literacy
skills
3. Factories to almost
anywhere (computer tech.
allows to work anywhere.
“virtual office”)
MONARCHY political system
in which a single family rules
from generation 2 generation
(common in agrarian
societies; leadership is based
on kinship)
DEMOCRACY gives power to
to the people as a whole
(common in modern soc.
Leadership is linked to
elective office)
AUTHORITARIANISM denies
people participation in gov.
TOTALITARIANISM highly
centralized, extensively
regulates people’s lives (one
centralized leadership)
GLOBAL POLITICAL SYSTEM?
No. Most economic activity is
international, the world is
divided into nation-states.
Politics has become a global
analysis. Politics is dissolving
into business as corp. grow
larger than gov. E-mail, text,
twitter mean less privacy for
for political affairs. Computer
hacking, “WikiLeaks”. NGOs
will continue to play a key role
in expanding global political
culture. Seek to advance global
issues such as human rights
and environmental protection.
THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM
Liberal: political “left” 27%
Conservative: the political
“right” 32%
Moderates: the political
“middle” 36%
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP
People organized to
address some economic or
social issue
POLITICAL ACTION COMM.
Formed by a special interest
group, independent of
political parties, to raise
and spend money in
support of political goals.
VOTER APATHY people don’t
vote! US citizens are less
likely to vote now than a
century ago. Only half
registered voters went to
polls. (2000) in 2008 rose to
63%. Women are more likely
to vote. People over 65 more
likely to vote than college st.
Hispanics more likely than
Africans. People with bigger
stake in society more likely
to vote. People earning more
than $100,000 than 20,000$
3 MODELS OF POWER
Pluralist model: sees power as
spread among many
competing interest groups
Power-elite model: sees power
as concentrated among the
rich.
Marxist political-economy
model: explains politics in
terms of the operation of a
society’s economic system.
4. always a matter of definition
gov claims the right to
maintain order, even by force
and label opposition groups
who use violence as terrorists
3. political objectives: poor
nations use wars to end
foreign domination. Powerful
countries may benefit from
periodic shows of force.
4. Moral objectives: leaders
infuse military campaigns w
moral urgency. “Operation
Iraqi Freedom”
TERRORISM
1. try to paint violence as a
legitimate political tactic,
though they are
condemned virtually
2. not just by groups but
also by gov. against their
own people. State terrorism
3. democratic societies
reject terrorism, but are
especially vulnerable bc
they give broad civil
liberties to their ppl and
have less extensive police
networks. <-
PROMOTE WAR/CAUSES
1. perceived power: nations
mobilize in response to
threats to their ppl, territory
2. Social problems: internal
probs. cause frustration at
home, leaders try to divert
public attention by attacking
eternal enemy.
5. The absence of
alternatives: limited success
in preventing conflict
between nations.
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
The world still contains
approximately 4,000
operational nuclear war
heads, repping destructive
power of several tons of TNT
for every person on planet.
Life could end.
APPROACHES TO PEACE
1. deterrence: kept peace for
50 yrs during the cold war.
Yet it encouraged enormous
arms race & cant control
nuclear proliferation
2. High tech defense:
satellites & ground
installation would destroy
enemy missiles after launch
3. Diplomacy & disarmament:
Endogamy: marriage
between people of same
social category
Exogamy: marriage between
people of diff social category
Monogamy: Marriage that
unites two partners
Polygamy: Marriage that
unites a person with 2 or
more spouses
Kinship: a social bond based on
common ancestry, marriage or
adoption
Marriage: a legal relationship,
usually involving economic
cooperation, sexual activity,
and childbearing
Family: a social institution
found in all soc. that unites ppl
in cooperative groups to care
for one another inc. children
RESIDENTIAL PATTERNS
Patrilocality: “place of the
father” couple lives with or
near husband’s family
Matrilocality: “place of the
mother” couple lives with or
near the wife’s family
Neolocality: “new place”
couple lives apart from both
sets of parents
FUNCTIONAL VIEW
Socialization: parents help
develop children into well
integrated members of soc.
Regulation of sex. activity
Social placement: family is
not needed for ppl to
reproduce. Parents pass
down their soc. identity thru
race, religion and soc. class
support.
Symbolic-interaction theory &
feminist theory: explore how the
fam. perpetuates soc. inequality
by transmitting divisions based
on class, ethnicity, race & gender
Nuclear fam: composed of
1 or 2 parents & their
children; aka conjugal
family
Extended fam: composed of
parents & children as well
as other kin; aka
consanguine family
Patrilineal descent: (more
common) traces kinship
thru men. Children are
related to others only thru
fathers. Ensures that
fathers pass property to son
Matrilineal descent: kinship
thru women. Mothers pass
property to daughters.
Found in horticultural soc.
where woman are main
food producers
Bilateral descent: kinship
thru both.
Structural functional theory:
Social-interaction theory
shows how fam. help soc. operate and social-exchange theory:
smoothly. Socialization, reg. of
Highlights the variety of
sex. activity, social placement and fam. life as experienced by
providing material and emotional
various fam. members
Stages of fam: a new fam.
begins with the couple &
evolves as the new partners
settle into reality of married
life. Next, come yrs of
developing careers, raising
children, leading to later yrs
after children have left home
to families of their own.
DIVORCE
1. Individualism: Fam spend
less time together. More
concerned with personal
happiness & income
2. Romantic love fades: fail as
sexual passion fades. End
marriage in favor of new
relationship w new excitemnt
3. women are less dependent
on men: Women participate
in work force decreasing
dependency on men.
4. Marriages are stressful:
Both partners work making
less time and energy for
family life
5. Divorce soc. acceptable:
6. Divorce is easy:
1. Courtship & romantic
love
2. Settling in: Ideal & Real
Marriage
3. Child Rearing
4. The Fam in Later Life
Social class: shapes the
family life. Children born
into rich fam have better
mental & physical health &
go on to achieve more in
life than poor children
Ethnicity & Race: can affect
a person’s experience of
family life
Gender: affects fam
dynamics bc husbands
dominate most in marriage