NAME__________________________
Class_____________________________
Using this book:






This topic will take you 3 lessons and 3 homework tasks to complete.
There is a checklist on page 2.
For each learning objective there are notes, activities and exam hints.
There are also quick fire questions for to complete and your teacher to check.
You should look over the work after the lesson to recap what you have done.
Teacher check: Ask your teacher to check your work. They will tick it and may
leave a comment.
1
Learning Objectives
I have looked
at it

I have
revised it
well

I really know
it

To know the difference between LIC and
HIC
To be able to do ‘complete a graph’
questions
To know how we use water (sectors of
water usage)
To describe the differences in water
consumption between LICs and HICs and
how wealth impacts on water usage
To describe how we obtain our water on a
local scale.
To explain the link between global water
supply and rainfall.
To explain a range of water supply
problems in HICs
To explain a range of water supply
problems in LICs
To explain how we can manage water in
HICs
To explain how we can manage water in
LICs.
To describe and explain a dispute between
countries over water transfer.
To explain why a water management
scheme was necessary and its effects.
Tick the column when you have looked at the topic and revised the topic. If you
think you know the topic really well, ask your teacher to test you using the quick fire
questions.
2
LO: To know the difference between LIC and HIC.
HIC: An HIC is a high income country e.g. the UK. We tend to think of these as
rich countries. They tend to be in the Northern Hemisphere but there are some
anomalies e.g. Australia is an HIC.
MIC: An MIC is a middle income country. It is in between. It could be somewhere
like China which was poor, but now is developing very quickly.
LIC: This is a low income country. These counties tend to be poorer on average. E.g. Malawi.
Remember, there could still be rich people here but generally they are poorer.
Country
LIC or HIC?
UK
South Africa
USA
Mexico
Tanzania
LO: To be able to do ‘complete a graph’ questions

Always use a pencil and a ruler.

Make sure you work out the scale first.

Double check. If it isn’t right, change it!

Do you have to shade anything/complete the key? This is sometimes
worth a whole mark!
The pie chart below is incomplete. It is a pie chart of domestic water usage in Canada, an HIC.
How much is each of
these sections
worth? We know
that it is a % so the
total is 100%. There
are 10 segments, so
each section is 10%.
Be careful, the
examiner might try
and trick you by
using half of a
section. Each section
is worth 10%. So, a
half is worth 5%.
3
Complete the pie chart on the previous page using the data below.
Don’t forget the exam tips from
the previous page!
Complete the bar chart
using the data below.
When you have been asked to complete a graph or a map, you might get a
‘describe the pattern question’.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Give the overall pattern
Say if there are variations within the pattern
Are there any anomalies to the pattern (places that don’t fit the normal pattern)
Always use map/graph evidence and DATA!
4
To know how we use water (sectors of water usage)
We use water in THREE different sectors.
Water Usage
Amount Used
Sector
Globally
Domestic
11%
Examples
Drinking water, bathing showering, cooking, sanitation,
gardening and washing etc.
Agriculture
69%
Irrigation (Watering the crops), drinking water for animals.
Industry
20%
Cooling in power plants, food and drink manufacture, energy
production e.g. hydroelectric power.
What do we mean by the term irrigation?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Nuclear power plants use water to cool the machinery. What sector is this?
____________________
5
1) Name three uses of
water.
2) What is the difference
between an HIC and a LIC
3) What is irrigation?
4) Name three uses of water
in the domestic sector.
5) What does agriculture
mean?
LO: To describe the differences in water consumption between LICs and HICs.
You need to know the differences in water consumption between HICs and LICS AND the
differences between the sectors.
Differences in uses:
Water consumption in LICs
Water consumption in HICs
Domestic
14%
Industry
5%
Domestic
4%
Industry
47%
Agricultur
e
91%
Agricultu
re
39%
6
Why is it
different?
DOMESTIC
HIC
LIC
Piped water supply
- People used to showering every day.
(Convenience and obsession with being
clean has lead to a ‘showering
community’
- Flushing toilets
- High usage appliances such as washing
machines and dishwashers (again links
to convenience).
- Some have swimming pools/hot tubs
- Luxury items (things we don’t really
need e.g. dishwashers).
-
Lack of piped water supply
Water collected from community
taps or wells.
Short supply so water is reused.
Washing of clothes is done by
hand
Use of rivers for washing.
People use water as essential
rather than want/convenience.
.
-
Machinery used to irrigate.
Directed but uses a lot of water.
Sprinklers and drip feed direct water
An automotive spray can use up to 75l
of water per second!
-
Very inefficient
A lot of water is wasted
BUT water by hand so uses less
overall.
-
Large scale factories that use a lot of
water.
Tourism – uses a lot of water e.g. for
swimming pools or watering golf
courses (Spain).
-
Little industry
Small cottage industries which use
little water.
AGRICULTURE
-
INDUSTRY
.
7
LO: To explain how wealth impacts on water usage
Higher standard of living
demands more food and
drink.
Growing levels of
industrialisation (more
industry!)
More machinery demanding
water
More demand energy
leading to demand for water
in energy production.
A country develops (gets
richer).
Increase in leisure industry.
More water used for
swimming pools and golf
courses. Spain need to water
their courses when they have
dry weather in the summer
Higher standards of
personal hygiene lead to a
‘showering society’. People
may shower twice a day.
Higher wealth leads to more
swimming pools and hot
tubs being installed in
peoples’ homes.
Demand for domestic water
increases.
There are more cars to e
washed and more gardens to
be watered.
People want convenience ,
luxury goods e.g
dishwashers, showers and
washing machines that use
more water.
1: Watering a golf course in Spain.
HICs = convenience, non essential, luxury.
LICS = essential, can’t afford luxury or convenience.
8
Outline means
describe and
explain.
This is a 4 mark
question, How
much do you need
to include?
Write your answer here:
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Once you have written your answer, look at the mark scheme on the next page.
Give your answer a mark out of 4. If you didn’t score 4, improve your answer so
that it is a 4.
9
Mark Scheme
Answer
Maximum of 3 marks for a
description
You have described the
difference between water
usage in LICs and HICs and the
difference between sectors.
You have used an example or
explained why.
Mark
This means that you can only get 3 marks if you describe
the differences. You must explain to get the fourth,
For each comparison, you get one mark. You can get up to
three marks here.
This will get you the fourth mark.
Using the mark scheme above, mark Maggie’s answer out of 4. Then say what she could have
done better.
Answer:
HICs use more water than LICs in the domestic sector with HICs using 14% and LICs 4%. LICs
use a lot more water in agriculture for irrigation (91%) compared to HICs (39%)
Mark: _____
What could she do better? ___________________________________________________
Answer the exam questions below:
HICs are described as ‘showering societies’. Explain why.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Suggest reasons why water consumption differs between High Income Countries (HICs)
and Low Income Countries (LICs). (4 marks)
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Use page 8 for this! 4 marks,
explain 2-3 points.
10
1) Explain how the leisure and tourism
industry has lead to an increase in
water usage.
2) Explain why we are a showering
society.
3) Explain how wealth leads to increased
water use.
4) Explain why LICs use less water.
5) Name a country that waters its golf
courses.
LO: To describe how we obtain our water on a local scale.
We obtain water on a LOCAL scale from three places. You need an example for
each but you don’t need to know them in detail. Try and learn 1 or 2 facts about each
example.
1) Reservoirs
2) Rivers
3) Aquifers
What are they?
Dams are man-made
lakes that are built by
building a dam across a
valley and allowing it to
flood.
1) Reservoirs - Bewl Water.
What do they do?
Water can be stored in
the reservoir to supply
local towns and villages.
Bewl water supplies
water to the Medway
towns.
Where does the water go?
What else is it used for?
Some of the water goes straight to
homes (after being treated). Some
of the water is released into the
rivers and the Darwell reservoir so
that it can be used in other places.
People also use the
reservoir for tourism.
Water sports, walking,
cycling, dog walking and
much more!
11
Where does the water
come from?
The water comes from
the rain and from the
runoff in the catchment
area. It is also pumped
from rivers.
2) Rivers
The River Medway in
Kent gets water from its
catchment area and also
from the Bewl Reservoir.
When there is drought,
more water is released
form Bewl Reservoir to
supply the water.
This pumping station
takes water out of the
river at Maidstone and
supplies thousands of
people with water.
Aquifers are
large bodies of
rock that can
hold a lot of
water.
3) Aquifers
The North
Downs is a
large chalk
aquifer in Kent.
78% of water
supplied to
Medway comes
from aquifers.
The water is
taken out of the
aquifers
through deep
bore holes.
They are often
Porous rocks
such as chalk.
Name 3 ways we can obtain
water on a local scale.
1)
2)
3)
‘Obtain water’ means how
do we get it from where it
falls as rain. Taps is not the
right answer!
2) For an area you have studied, explain how water is
obtained on a local scale (3 marks)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
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12
To explain the link between global water supply and rainfall.
There are a few key terms that you really need to know before carrying on with this LO. If
you haven’t learnt these, you will find the questions in the exam impossible to answer.
Not all places in the world have the same amount of water supply. There is an UNEVEN
distribution.
A place receives water from rainfall but loses water though evaporation and
transpiration. Some places which have a lot of rainfall still have a deficit of water
due to the high evaporation and transpiration rates.
-
Water surplus = a situation in which usable water supply exceeds the demand.
Water deficit = A situation in which the usable water supply does not satisfy the demand.
Physical water scarcity = an area that is short of water due to natural reasons e.g. lack of rain.
Economic water scarcity = an area that is short of water as they cannot afford to access it.
They cannot afford the plumbing infrastructure.
Areas such as the deserts in the Middle
East are obvious example of PHYSICAL
water scarcity.
Areas such as the Democratic Republic of Congo have plenty of rain but
cannot afford the plumbing infrastructure. They are in ECONOMIC
water scarcity.
Some areas such as the Nile valley support
high populations but have little rainfall.
They are in WATER DEFICIT.
Some areas such as rainforests and
mountainous areas have high rainfall but
do not support many people so have a
WATER SURPLUS.
Some areas such as Central Africa have
high rainfall but high temperatures leading
to high evaporation and a WATER DEFICIT.
13
Q: Explain why there is an uneven distribution of global water supply. You should use
examples in your answer (4 marks)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1) Name three ways we can obtain
water on a local scale.
2) What does the term water scarcity
mean?
3) What is an aquifer?
4) Give three facts about Bewl Water
5) What is the name of the river that
supplies Maidstone?
To explain a range of water supply problems in HICs
HICs and LICs have water supply problems BUT they are different. Water supply problems
means that there is not enough water or that the water we do have is unsafe. This LO looks at
the problems in HICs.
You need to have an example for each problem. It should be specific and relate to
a place.
.
• Spatial
Variability
 Water
Quality
.
• Seasonal
Variability
• Loss through
broken
pipes
.
14
1) Spatial Variability


 Spatial just means where things happen.
Variability means that it doesn’t stay the same all of the time.
So... Spatial variability means that things change in different places. Wales is known for
being wet. The Sahara Desert is known for being dry. There is spatial variability.
Population and rainfall
in the UK is UNEVENLY
DISTRIBUTED.
The South East: The
problem
The North and West: The
problem
One third of the UK’s
population lives in the
South East.
Hilly relief means that the
area has a low population
density and high levels of
rainfall (relief rainfall), at
2000mm annually. They
are areas of water
surplus.
The South East is one of
the driest regions (water
deficit) with 800mm or
less annual rainfall.
The South East:
Explanation
The high population,
many towns/cities and
high amount of arable
farming means there is a
high demand for water.
This puts strain on water
supply.
e.g. Birmingham uses
water piped from 3
reservoirs in Wales,
100km away, to make
sure it has enough
water.
Areas such as Wales that
have a water surplus can
transfer water to areas
with deficit but this costs
money and involves
engineering. It hasn’t
happened in the South
East yet but the
government is talking
about it.
1) Water Quality Water quality in the UK is monitored by the drinking water inspectorate. Less than
0.1% of water was found unsafe in the UK in 2007. However, pollution from an industrial leak could
still affect water supply.
15
2) Seasonal Variability
The amount of rainfall received at a place can vary over the year with the seasons. We expect, in
the UK, that the summer tends to be drier than the winter.
Case study: Spain
Point: The rainfall in July/August is
extremely low.
Link: Although Spain has built
many reservoirs to cope, they still
have problems meeting demand.
They have to put restrictions on
water usage. They may have to
import water.
80
60
Rainfall (mm)
40
20
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sept
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
0
Feb
Explain: This is when demand for
water is very high because of the
number of holiday makers.
Swimming pools have to be filled
and over 70 golf courses watered.
Because of high temperatures,
crops have to be irrigated more to
meet the high demand for food
and water. Water parks use a lot of
water.
100
Jan
Evidence: For July and August the
rainfall is less than 5mm.
Rainfall (mm) for Malaga, Costa
del Sol (Spain)
Point: At other times of the year, rainfall is higher.
Evidence: E.g. November has 90mm or rain.
Explain: Demand for water is less at this time as there are
less tourists.
Link: Reservoirs store this water.
3) Loss through broken pipes
Case study: London
Point: The water system in
London was constructed in the
1830s and 1840s and now leaks.
Explain: Because demand for
Evidence: 20% of the water
supply is lost through leaking
pipes.
Link: The pipes are slowly being
replaced but this takes time and
costs money.
water has increased, the
pressure has been increased
to pump water more quickly
but the pipes burst and leak.
16
To explain a range of water supply problems in LICs
The main problem for LICs is that they DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO CLEAN PIPED WATER.
Learn this statement and always refer to it in a question about water supply problems in
LICs.
• Lack of
available
clean water
• Water
bourne
diseases
.
 Large
Companies
.
• Polluted
water
1) Lack of available clean water
- Over 1 billion people in LICs lack access to safe water.
- Many of these are in Central Africa and Asia in countries such as Malawi and India.
- Women and children spend 6-8 hours a day collecting and carrying water.
- Even in Urban areas people do not have piped water.
2) Water-Bourne diseases
- 900 million people suffer from water-borne diarrhoeal diseases a year.
- 2 million people die.
- Most (not all) live in LICs.
Explaining the problem:
People do not have
access to clean piped
water. They cannot
afford pipes.
Water contains diseases such as Cholera,
Bilharzia and Typhoid.
People Forced to drink contaminated water. They have no
other choice. Contaminated by; people dumping waste;
sewage (poor sanitation); animals using the water supply and
unlined wells which are prone to contamination.
People have no other choice but also a
lack of knowledge about diseases.
17
The diseases you should learn:
• Cause by water
contaminated with
sewage.
• Life - threatening
• Caused by worm who
lives in a host snail which
lives in the water.
• The worm penetrates
the skin of people who
come into contact with
it.
• Lake Malawi in Malwai is
renound
Bilharzia
• Caused by water
contaminated with
faeces getting into
drinking water.
• Life-threatening
• Very common in
countries with poor
snanitation.
• Zimbabwe
2009/2009, 50,000
people infected. 3000
people died.
• Life-threatening
• Casued by drinking
water or eating food
that has been
contaminated.
• Sierra Leone, 2005.
15 people per week
were dieing from
Typhoid.
Cholera
Typhoid
3) Large Companies
Company
Suez
Location
El Alto,
Bolivia
Coco-cola
Rajasthan,
India
The problem
The French company has privatised
the water supply. Local people
cannot afford to connect to the pipe
line and are forced to drink
contaminated water.
Coca-cola factories are taking out
water from the water tables leaving
local farmers with no water to
grown their crops or feed their
animals.
4) Polluted Water – Fertiliser from farms or waste from a factory can contaminate water.
In LICs, a massive problem is RESOURCE EXPLOITATION.
The Achuar tribe live in the Amazon
Rainforest, Brazil.
Illegal mining and oil extraction has
contaminated the water supply.
This has caused increased levels of
cancer, dermatitis, abortion and nausea.
18
Is the question asking you about an LIC or an HIC? Make sure you know which
problems are associated with each.
Suggest reasons for the imbalance of rainfall and population between the north and the
south of the UK. (4 marks)
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________________________________________________________________________________
Below is an answer written in an examination about a map showing the distribution of rainfall in
Great Britain. Without even seeing the map, I know that this student could not have achieved full
marks. What have they forgotten to include? Write your answer in the space below.
_______________________________________
Describe and explain 2 problems associated with water supply in an HIC. Use example in your answer.
(4 marks)
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____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
19
The mark scheme below is for the question you answered on page 19 ‘Suggest reasons for
the imbalance of rainfall and population between the north and the south of the UK’. Use it
to mark your answer and add improvements.
Maggie has answered the exam question below.
Outline how a seasonal imbalance in rainfall can cause water supply problems in High Income
Countries (HICs). You may use an example in your answer.
Maggie’s answer:
Some countries get more rainfall in the winter and less in the summer
which means that they don’t have enough water in the summer for
tourists.
Use the mark scheme below to mark Maggie’s answer out of 3.
Less rainfall in the summer months when they have a lot of tourists (1 mark)
Tourists demand swimming pools which need filling and golf courses that need watering (1 mark)
which uses a lot of water (1 mark). Tourists also need food requiring more crops which need to be
irrigated (1 mark). Possible need to import water (1 mark) where there are high annual
temperatures and evaporation rates (1 mark).
Mark out of 3 ___________
Explain how the demands of the leisure and tourism industry can lead to water shortages in
HICs. (4 marks)
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____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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20
Use the
notes to
help you!
The map below shows the distribution of cholera outbreaks globally.
Tick the statements that are true, cross the statements that are false.
Statement
√/x
Found in Asia and Africa.
Mainly HICs.
Counties located near the equator.
There are no exceptions in Africa
Evenly distributed.
Countries are mainly between the tropics.
There are no outbreaks in Europe.
Explain two water supply problems in Low Income Countries. (4 marks)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1) Explain two problems of water supply in HICs.
2) Name three water-borne diseases.
3) Name two case studies you would use for water
problems in LICs.
4) What is the difference between spatial and
seasonal variability?
5) What is the key point to remember for LICS?
21
To explain how we can manage water in HICs
In HICs we can manage water usage and resources in the three sectors; agriculture, industry
and domestic.
Water meters:30% of people in
the UK have a water meter and
this is set to increase as all new
homes must have them. People
pay for what they use, rather than
a standard charge, so are more
careful with water.
Modern houses have dual
flush toilets which are
more efficient. These only
use 6 litres for a ful flush
and 4 litres for a half flush.
An old style toilet could
use up to 13 litres.
People have water butts in
the garden to collect and
re-use rainwater
DOMESTIC
Walkers crisps reduced their
water use by 50% by installing
30 water metres, recycling
water from the starch recovery
programme and educating
staff. They have 'water
champions' who mointor wach
shift and the best performing
teams are rewared
Public places and work
places can have push
taps installed which
save 31m3 of water a
year.
Many comapnies joined
the 'Ripple effect'. A
government scheme
that helps companies
reduce their water use
and waste.
INDUSTRY
22
Drip feed and sprinklers are
used for irrigation instead of
irrigation channels and
ditches as they use less
water. Drip systems are 90%
efficient, sprinklers 70%
while channel and ditches
only 50% efficient.
Drip irrigation is by far
the best but can be
very costy. Furrows
are used to limit
runoff.
Agriculture
To explain how we can manage water in LICs.
The key to water management in LICs is APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY.
Definition of appropriate technology (Learn this!):
Technology is appropriate if the local community is able to use it relatively easily and
without much cost. It is technology that manages water for local people, is built and
maintained by local people and it is sustainable.
23
Bore holes
•Mozambique
•Rural water supply network aim to build 2000 cost effective bore
holes.
•Part funded by the dutch government.
•Local people will help to buid them and then maintain them once
they have been trained.
•Can be expensive to maintain as they involve an engine to pump the
water.
Rainwater
Harvesting
•Moambique
•Water is collected from rainfall and stored in tanks. This water tends
to be cleaner than groundwater.
•It is collected from building gutters.
•Safe drinking water.
Hand dug wells
•Must be lined to prevent contamination with disease or pollution.
•Wells are made with a pump in order to pump water. Local people
can maintain them.
•If lined properly, will provide clean, safe water.
Tubewells
•Small diameter holes drilled by handpower.
•Can be built quickly and easily.
•Hand pumps are used to draw water.
Water recycling
Gravity Fed
Schemes
•Kolkata, India
•Sewage water is being recycled for agriculture and fish farming.
•These draw water from source areas under gravity.Usually in hilly
areas. Provides clean water if maintained properly.
Name three ways of managing water in
LICs:
Name three ways of managing water in
HICs:
1)
1)
2)
2)
3)
3)
24
Build an answer:
The question:
Explain how HICs manage their usage of water in industry and agriculture. (4 marks)
Step 1:
Read the question. What is it asking you? How many marks is it?
This is a 4 mark question so you can spend a bit of time on it. It is asking you to explian so it needs
depth. 2 lines of writing isn’t going to be enough.
For a 4 mark explain question, you should be aiming to think about 3 different points which you
will explaion and give an example for.
Step 2: What are the three points you will use? Remeber to focus on agriculture and industry in
this case. An example has been done for you.
POINT
Point 1: Agriculture
WAY OF MANAGING WATER
Reducing water loss in irrigation
through irrigation type.
Point 2:Agriculture
Reducing water loss in irrigation
through furrows
Point 3:Industry
Point 4:Industry
25
EXPLAIN
Farms can use drip irrigation
which is 90% efficient compared
to more traditional methods of
channels which are only 50%
efficint. More water gets to
where it is needed and less is
wasted.
Q: Explain how Low Income Countries (LICs) use appropriate technology to provide
water for small communities. ( 4 mark answer)
Maggie’s answer:
Task: Another 4 mark answer. Get three colours.
Colour 1: Colour anywhere that you see her name a method of appropriate technology.
Colour 2: Where has she described the method?
Colour 3: has she used examples or explained?
Use the mark scheme here to mark her wok out of 4 ____________
Now re-write her answer so that it scores 4 marks. Don’t copy what she wrote!
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
26
1) Explain three ways of managing
water in HICs.
2) Explain 3 ways of managing
water in LICs
3) What is drip feed irrigation?
4) Why is it better?
5) What is rainwater harvesting?
To describe and explain a dispute between countries over water transfer.
Make sure you learn the case study for this topic. There is only one that we have
looked at, don’t get it confused. You need to specific facts about the scheme and
most importantly, why it has created conflict between countries.
27
This topic is often a 6 mark answer question. The questions below are all 6 mark questions
from recent exams. They all ask a similar thing.
 Choose a water transfer scheme you have studied.
Explain how the water transfer scheme has caused conflicts between areas.
 Choose a case study of water transfer which has caused conflicts between
two or more areas. Explain how water transfer can cause conflicts.
 Using an example you have studied, explain how water transfer can cause
conflict between two or more areas.
What are the two command words in
these questions?
Which case study should you use?
What is the focus of the question (e.g. is the
focus to describe the scheme?)
A 6 mark answer is always level marked. Have a look at the mark scheme for
this question below.
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To get top marks in a 6 mark answer, the mark scheme requires you to:

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Give a range of points (5-6 different points).
Use specific facts (they must relate to one case study and one case study only).
Name the dispute
Explain the points (in this case, why there is conflict).
Not to be too descriptive.
By explaining you should be using sentences such as
This has caused....
As a result...
This means that...
Tick the sentences below that explain. Cross those that don’t.
 Turkey built 21 Dams.
 Syria has reduced water supply. This has caused conflict as they are
worried that they will not be able to grow enough food.
 The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow through all three countries.
 Iraq wants Turkey to release more water but Turkey won’t. This has caused
animosity towards Turkey.
Now have a go at writing out an answer to the question: ‘Choose a water transfer scheme
you have studied. Explain how the water transfer scheme has caused conflicts between
areas.’
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1) Name the rivers that flow
through the countries.
2) Name the countries in order.
3) How many dams were built?
4) What was the name of the
project?
5) Why is there conflict?
To explain why a water management scheme was necessary and its effects.
Name of case study
Location
Reasons why it was
needed/positive
impacts on people.
Negative effects on the
environment
Negative effects on
people.
Three Gorges Dam
Yangtze River, China
Generate clean, hydro-electricity to 10% of the population which
would reduce coal use and boost the economy of China.
Create Jobs which will boost the economy.
Protect100 million people living downstream of the dam from
flooding.
The river level will be constant allowing the shipping channel to
go further up the Yangtze which will increase trade.
Tourism along the river will improve, boosting the economy.
Extinction of sturgeon and river dolphin.
Water quality is falling as pollutants are trapped behind the dam.
Silting up of land and reservoir behind the dam.
Reduced flow downstream.
Reduced flow of sediment downriver will harm agriculture as
farmers rely on silt for fertile soils
1.4 million people were forced to move
Much good quality farmland lost due to the deliberate flooding of
the valley
Tourism may be affected as the scenic quality of the Three
Gorges is lost affecting the economy.
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Another 6 mark answer! There are 2 types of question for this topic.
Choose a water management scheme you have
studied. Explain the effects of the scheme.
This question wants the
REASONS for the scheme.
(Remember to explain)
Choose an example of a water management
scheme you have studied.
Explain the reasons for the scheme.
This question wants the
impacts of the scheme (look
at which ones it wants!)
Choose a water management scheme you have
studied. Explain the positive and negative effects
(impacts) of this scheme on people.
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Maggie’s answer on the previous page is for an impacts question. It asked her to
explain the impacts of the dam on people.
Choose 3 colours.
Colour 1: Shade where she has identified a positive impact.
Colour 2: Shade where she has identified a negative impact.
Colour 3: Shade where is has written an impact not relevant to the question.
Colour 4: Shade where she has explained.
Colour 5: Shade where she has used a specific fact.
Write an answer for the question ‘Choose a water management scheme you have studied.
Explain the effects of the scheme.’ (6 marks)
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1) Where is the 3 gorges dam?
2) Explain 3 reasons for the dam
3) Identify 2 negative impacts on the
environment.
4) Identify 2 negative impacts on
people.
5) Explain one positive impact.
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