Harvard Referencing Guide for Engineering and Informatics (docx
Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and
Informatics
A library guide to using Harvard Referencing Style for Engineering and Informatics students.
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August 2014
Contents
Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
August 2014
Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
August 2014
Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Introduction
Why do I have to reference?
To avoid plagiarism.
To enable a reader to trace your sources.
To enable a reader to distinguish your ideas from someone else’s and show the range of your reading.
To support your ideas, theories and add credibility.
Students in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering use an IEEE referencing style.
It is important to check with your lecturers you are using the correct style.
How to reference using the Harvard style
There are two parts to referencing using the Harvard style: the reference list and citing the references in the text.
What is the reference list?
This appears at the end of your document. It is the list of the sources that you have used.
(It is not added to your word count). The references should contain enough detail to enable another reader to find and locate the exact text you are referring to.
How do I cite the references in the text?
When you refer to another document you must acknowledge this within the text of your work, by citing the author’s surname and the date of publication.
For a single author:
Ashby (2005) explains that there are a vast amount of materials to choose from and….
For up to three authors:
When citing something written by up to three authors list them all.
Wang and Roush (2000) agree that…..
For four or more authors:
For more than three authors cite the first name listed followed by ‘et al.’
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Wiedemeier et al. (1999) define natural attenuation of fuels and chlorinated solvents in their book as…..
Do I include page numbers in the citation?
If you quote the exact words of your source, or copy an image, table or illustration, you need to include the page number where you found your quotation. If you paraphrase (put the information from the source into your own words) you do not need to include the page number.
A direct quotation:
‘The engineer is the driver of engineering design. To achieve engineering success, an engineer needs to understand and avoid potential failures that may occur down the road.’
(Wang and Roush, 2000, p.1)
Paraphrasing:
An engineer may have to overcome failure to achieve success. (Wang and Roush, 2000)
If I read a book that cites another author’s work and I want to use it, how do I reference it?
Secondary referencing:
This is explained clearly by Pears and Shields as , “In some cases you will read a source that refers to the work of someone else, known as a secondary source . Preferably you should find and read the item referred to. However, where this is not possible and you still wish to include the work referred to, you can mention it as a citation, known as secondary referencing .” (2010, p.8) You must cite the authors of the book you are using and the page number where they use the authors work you want to refer to.
Example:
Handy and Spangler (2007, p.793) use a table that has been modified from the data of
Robertson and Campanella (1983) in figure 26.8 to illustrate the friction angle of sand related to cone bearing value.
What abbreviations can I use?
1.
Abbreviate editor to (ed.).
2.
Abbreviate edition to edn.
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Should I use the full web site address?
You don’t have to put in the whole URL (web address). Cut it down so that it gives the reader enough information to identify the journal article / web page.
Points to remember
1.
Write all the authors names in the reference list, not just the first two and ‘et al’.
2.
Your reference list should be in alphabetical order. (A - Z).
3.
Always write the surname (family name) first followed by initials of personal names.
4.
Only use a capital letter for the first significant word in the title. (Except when you are writing a journal title).
5.
You may see an “issue” called a ‘part’ or ‘number’ instead; it may be shown with a number, a month name, or a letter. It is the part within the year. For example, you may see “Volume 5, issue 6”; “Volume 5, number 6”, “Volume 5, June issue”, or
“Volume 5, supplement II”. All of those are ways of showing which part of the volume you are looking at.
6.
You can usually find the issue number and volume on the front cover.
7.
If you are using a doi (Digital Object Identifier) replace ‘Available at:’ with ‘doi:’ and write the number.
8.
You will often see the information in a different order on the journal article PDF, or the cover of the book, from how we show it here- for example, they often write the author’s name in the order ‘personal name then surname’. Make sure you don’t just copy this into your reference, but change it so that it follows the rules of the
Harvard style- for example, ‘surname then initial of personal name’.
9.
‘Place of publication’ means town or city. Not country, and not street address.
I need to reference something that isn’t in this document
There are more examples of references for different kinds of source in Pears, R. and
Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan. (Copies are in the JB Priestley Library at classmark 808.027 PEA.)
Book
Reference order:
Author / editor (surname followed by initials).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title (In italics).
Edition (Only include the edition if it is not the first one).
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Place of publication: publisher.
Series (where relevant).
Example
In-text citation
Ashby (2005) explains that….
Reference
Ashby, M.F. (2005) Materials selection in mechanical design. 3rd edn. Oxford: Elsevier
Butterworth Heinemann.
Chapter in an edited book
Reference order:
Author(s) of chapter or section (surname followed by initials).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of chapter or section: subtitle if it has one (in single quotation marks) then ‘in’.
Editor(s) of book (surname followed by initials) then ‘ed.’ (in round brackets) if there is one editor or ‘eds.’ (in round brackets) if there are more than one.
Title of book: subtitle if it has one (in italics).
Place of publication: publisher.
‘pp.’ then the page numbers where the chapter starts and ends.
Example
In-text citation
Gagvani (2008) discusses problems with video…
Reference
Gagvani, N. (2008). ‘Challenges in video analytics’, in Kisacanin, B., Bhattacharyya, S.S., and Chai, S. (eds.) Embedded computer vision. London: Springer, pp. 237-256.
Electronic book (e-book)
If the online source includes the same details as the print version, reference it in the same way. On some devices the specific page details are not available. Use the information you do have, for example (Brasier, 2009, 70%).
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Journal article
As the majority of journal articles are available online, you only need to include enough information to let your reader find the article. Usually this means you don’t need to include the URL. If you are specifically referencing an abstract of a journal article your citation should make this clear.
Reference order:
Author(s) of article (surname followed by initials).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of article: subtitle if it has one (in single quotation marks).
Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for).
Issue information, that is, volume number (not in brackets) and, where applicable, the part number, supplement number, or month/season of the issue (in round brackets).
‘pp.’ then the page numbers where the article starts and ends.
doi (if available).
Example
In-text citation
…who present a useful framework for analysis (Sanchez et al., 2012)
Reference
Sanchez, J.L.G., Vela, F.L.G., Simarro, F.M. and Padilla-Zea, N. (2012) ‘Playability: analysing user experience in video games’, Behaviour and Information Technology, 31(10), pp.
1033-1054.
Example of electronic journal article with doi (Digital
Object Identifier)
In-text citation
Lukens (2013) explores issues relating to...
Reference
Lukens, J (2013) ‘DIY infrastructure and the scope of design practice.’ Design Issues,
29(3), pp 14-27. doi: 10.1162/DESI_a_00218 .
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Full conference proceedings
Reference order
Editor(s) (surname followed by initials) or author (usually the organisation that ran the conference) of the proceedings.
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of conference: subtitle if it has one (in italics).
Location and date of conference.
Place of publication: publisher.
Example
In-text citation
… the conference (IEEE, 2014)
Reference
IEEE (2014) International Conference on Adaptive Science and Technology (ICAST). CSIR
International Conference Centre, Pretoria, 25-27 November 2013. New York: IEEE.
Conference paper
Reference order
Author (surname followed by initials).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of paper (in single quotation marks).
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics).
Location and date of conference.
Place of publication: publisher.
Page numbers.
Example
In-text citation
Corfield (1992) discovered that…
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Reference
Corfield, K. (1992) ‘Engineering as a liberal art.’, International, quality and environmental
issues: proceedings of the 3rd world conference on engineering education, vol.1.
University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, 20-25 September. Southampton: Computational
Mechanics Publications, pp. 75-84.
Conference paper published on the internet
Reference order
Authors (s) (surname followed by initials).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of paper: subtitle if it has one (in single quotation marks).
Title of conference: subtitle if it has one (in italics).
Location and date of conference.
Publisher.
‘Available at:’ URL, or doi if available.
‘(Accessed: date)’- not required when doi is used.
Example
In-text citation
…in a recent paper (Paul et al., 2014), the authors suggest…
Reference
Paul, J., Stechele, W., Kroehnert, M. and Asfour, T. (2014). ‘Improving efficiency of embedded multi-core platforms with scratchpad memories’, 27 th International Conference
on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS), Luebeck, Germany, 25-28 February. VDE
Verlag. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6775075 (Accessed: 22 July
2014).
Webpage
Reference order
Author of page - may be a person (give surname and initials) or an organisation
(give name as listed on the website’s home page).
Year page was published or last updated (in round brackets).
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Title of web page (in italics).
‘Available at:’ URL.
‘(Accessed: date)’.
Example
In-text citations
Qualifications exist for the field (British Computer Society, 2014).
A simple guide has been created by Marshall (2014).
References
British Computer Society (2014). IT user qualifications. Available at: http://www.bcs.org/category/14405 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).
Marshall, B. (2014) How two-stroke engines work. Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/two-stroke.htm
(Accessed: 22 July 2014).
Standard published on the internet
Reference order
Name of authorising organisation.
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Number and title of standard (in italics).
Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date).
Example
In-text citation
The standard (British Standards Institution, 2013) prescribes how to…
Reference
British Standards Institution (2013) BS ISO/IEC 27001:2013: Information technology:
security techniques: information security management systems: requirements. Available at: http://bsol.bsigroup.com (Accessed: 22 July 2014).
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Patent
Reference order
Inventor(s) name (surname followed by initials).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title (in italics).
Authorising organisation.
Patent number.
Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date).
Example
In-text citation
The cleaning head patented by Allard, Dyson and Spaven (2006)….
Reference
Allard, R.J.W., Dyson, J. and Spaven, J.W. (2006) A Cleaning Head. UK Patent Office Patent no. GB2402047B. Available at: http://gb.espacenet.com (Accessed: 10 January 2011).
Dissertation or Thesis
Reference order
Author.
Year of submission (in round brackets).
Title of thesis (in italics).
Degree awarded.
Body who awarded the degree.
If you viewed the thesis online:
‘Available at:’ URL.
‘(Accessed: date)’.
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Example
In-text citations
In a previous Masters dissertation (Khan, 2009) the review found…
Yulei (2010) shows that in practice…
References
Khan, M.K.H. (2009) Simulation study of VLANS, 802.3 and security issues. MSc dissertation. University of Bradford.
Yulei, W. (2010) Performance modelling and evaluation of heterogeneous wired / wireless networks under Bursty Traffic: analytical models for performance analysis of communication networks in multi-computer systems, multi-cluster systems, and
integrated wireless systems. PhD thesis. University of Bradford. Available at: http://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/4423 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).
Ordnance Survey map
Reference order
Ordnance Survey.
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title (in italics).
Sheet number, scale.
Place of publication: publisher.
Series (in round brackets).
Example
In-text citation
The water features are displayed in the Anglesey East OS map (Ordnance Survey, 1999).
Reference
Ordnance Survey (1999) Anglesey East, sheet 263, 1:25,000. Southampton: Ordnance
Survey (Explorer series).
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Online map
Reference order
Map publisher.
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of map section (in single quotation marks).
Sheet number or tile, scale.
Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date).
Example
In-text citation
An Ordnance Survey map (2010) was used for the CAD design…
Reference
Ordnance Survey (2010) ‘University of Bradford’ 1:1,250. Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap (Accessed: 12 January 2011).
Report- for example a market research report
Reference order
Author or organisation.
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of report (in italics).
Place of publication: publisher.
OR if accessed on the internet:
Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date).
Example
In-text citations
The energy market is predicted to grow (Keynote, 2010)….
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Workability was quantified by the ACI Committee (2008), who found…
References
ACI Committee (2008) Report on measurements of workability and rheology of fresh
concrete, 238. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute.
Keynote (2010) Energy industry: market review. Available at: https://www.keynote.co.uk/
(Accessed: 12 January 2011).
Lecturers’ notes/ presentation/ handout
Reference order
Author or Lecturer’s name (surname followed by initials).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of item (in single quotation marks).
Name of academic module (in italics).
Available at: URL of VLE (Virtual Learning Environment e.g. Blackboard).
(Accessed: date).
Example
In-text citation
Keeble (2011) noted that…
Reference
Keeble, D. (2011) ‘Week 1: File Management and compression’. ENG0018M Information
and Communication Technologies . Available at: http://blackboard.brad.ac.uk (Accessed:
21 June 2011).
Visual source from a book or journal article- e.g. illustration/ figure/ diagram/ table
Reference order
Author of book (surname followed by initials).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of book (in italics).
Edition.
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Place of publication: publisher.
Page number of illustration etc.
‘Illus’. / ‘fig.’ / ‘diagram’/ ‘logo’ / ‘table’ (followed by number if known).
Example
In-text citation
Handy and Spangler (2007) show that…..
Reference
Handy, R.L. and Spangler, M.G. (2007) Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edn. London:
McGraw-Hill, p. 352, fig. 14.17.
Photograph from online collection
Reference order
Photographer.
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title of photograph (in italics).
Available at: URL.
(Accessed / downloaded: date).
Example
In-text citation
Ali’s (2008) photograph of wind turbines…
Reference
Ali, K. (2008) Wind turbine. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ali_pk/2348998181/ (Downloaded: 23 July 2014).
Online video- for example, film on YouTube
®
Reference order
Name of creator (often the person who posted the video).
Year video was posted (in round brackets).
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Title of film, programme or video (in italics).
Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date).
Example
In-text citation
The video (BBC, 2009) shows that natural disasters…..
If you are talking about a specific moment in the video, include the timestamp in your sentence.
… the contribution of water damage can be seen at 2m33s in to the video (BBC, 2009).
Reference
BBC (2009) BBC-five disasters waiting to happen – Part 1. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpQ723sosNQ (Accessed: 23 July 2014).
Film
Reference order
Title of film (in italics).
Year of distribution (in round brackets).
‘Directed by’ name of director (personal name followed by surname).
[Film].
Place of distribution: distribution company.
Example
In-text citation
After a disaster, genetically evolving apes in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)….
Reference
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) Directed by Matt Reeves [Film]. Los Angeles: 20th
Century Fox.
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Film on a DVD or Blu-ray
Reference order
Title of film (in italics).
Year of distribution (in round brackets).
‘Directed by’ name of director (personal name followed by surname).
[DVD] or [Blu-ray].
Place of distribution: distribution company.
Example
In-text citation
The stylised violence in Reservoir Dogs (1992)…
Reference
Reservoir Dogs (1992) Directed by Quentin Tarantino [DVD]. Los Angeles: Miramax
Episode of television programme
Reference order
Title of episode (in single quotation marks).
Year of broadcast (in round brackets).
Title of programme/series (in italics).
Series number, episode number.
Name of channel.
Broadcast date (Day and month).
Example
In-text citation
Torchwood’s “adult” tag was earned, for example, in ‘Day Two’ (2009), when…
Reference
‘Day Two’ (2009) Torchwood: children of Earth, Series 3, episode 2. BBC One, 7 July.
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Episode of a television programme on a DVD or Blu-ray
Reference order
Title of episode (in single quotation marks).
Year of distribution (in round brackets).
Title of programme/series (in italics).
Series and episode numbers (if known).
Director of episode (personal name followed by surname).
Writer of episode (personal name followed by surname).
Date of original broadcast (if known).
[DVD] or [Blu-ray].
Place of distribution: distribution company.
Example
In-text citation
From early in the series, eg ‘The Chimes of Big Ben’ (2008) the same quality is evident…
Reference
‘The Chimes of Big Ben’ (2008) The Prisoner, Series 1, episode 2. Directed by Don
Chaffey. Written by Vincent Tilsley. First broadcast 1967 [DVD] London: Network.
Computer game
Reference order
Author (if given) - may be a person (surname followed by initials) or organisation
(give name as listed on the version of the game you have).
Date (if given) (in round brackets).
Title of game (in italics).
[Computer game].
For console/cartridge games:
Distributor, address (if given).
For online or downloadable games:
‘Available at:’ URL.
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
‘(Accessed: date)’ OR ‘(Downloaded: date)’.
Example
In-text citations
An MMORPG like World of Warcraft (Blizzard Entertainment, 2007) has little in common with the original Wii Fit game from Nintendo (2008) except its popularity.
References
Blizzard Entertainment (2007) World of Warcraft [Computer game]. Available at: http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/games/wow (Downloaded: 12 December 2012).
Nintendo (2008) Wii Fit [Computer game]. Nintendo UK.
Further help
Subject Librarian for Engineering: Kirsty Carver, Room 1.5,
J.B. Priestley Library, k.carver@bradford.ac.uk.
Subject Librarian for Informatics: Jennifer Rowland , Room 1.7,
J.B. Priestley Library, j.rowland2@bradford.ac.uk
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (Classmark: 808.027 PEA)
Workshops: Look out for drop in sessions on Endnote® and Referencing.
http://www.bradford.ac.uk/lss/lssworkshops/index.php?section=library
Endnote X7/Endnote basic: Bibliographic software programme designed to help you format and organise your references. Please use output style: Harvard (EI).
This is an example of how your reference list should look:
Reference List
ACI Committee (2008) Report on measurements of workability and rheology of fresh
concrete, 238. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute .
Ali, K. (2008) Wind turbine. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ali_pk/2348998181/ (Downloaded: 23 July 2014).
Allard, R.J.W., Dyson, J. and Spaven, J.W. (2006) A cleaning head. UK Patent Office Patent no. GB2402047B. Available at: http://gb.espacenet.com (Accessed: 10 January 2011).
Ashby, M.F. (2005) Materials selection in mechanical design. 3rd edn. Oxford: Elsevier
Butterworth Heinemann.
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
BBC (2009) BBC-five disasters waiting to happen – Part 1. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpQ723sosNQ (Accessed: 23 July 2014).
Blizzard Entertainment (2007) World of Warcraft [Computer game]. Available at: http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/games/wow (Downloaded: 12 December 2012).
British Computer Society (2014). IT user qualifications. Available at: http://www.bcs.org/category/14405 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).
British Standards Institution (2013) BS ISO/IEC 27001:2013: Information technology:
security techniques: information security management systems: requirements. Available at: http://bsol.bsigroup.com (Accessed: 22 July 2014).
Corfield, K. (1992) ‘Engineering as a liberal art.’, International, quality and environmental
issues: proceedings of the 3rd world conference on engineering education, vol.1.
University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, 20-25 September. Southampton: Computational
Mechanics Publications, pp. 75-84.
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) Directed by Matt Reeves [Film]. Los Angeles: 20th
Century Fox. ‘Day Two’ (2009) Torchwood: children of Earth, Series 3, episode 2. BBC One,
7 July.
Gagvani, N. (2008). ‘Challenges in video analytics’, in Kisacanin, B., Bhattacharyya, S.S., and Chai, S. (eds.) Embedded computer vision. London: Springer, pp. 237-256
Handy, R.L. and Spangler, M.G. (2007) Geotechnical engineering: soil and foundation
principles and practice. 5th edn. London: McGraw-Hill. fig. 14.17.
IEEE (2014) International Conference on Adaptive Science and Technology (ICAST). CSIR
International Conference Centre, Pretoria, 25-27 November 2013. New York: IEEE.
Keeble, D. (2011) ‘Week 1: File Management and compression’. ENG0018M Information
and Communication Technologies. Available at: http://blackboard.brad.ac.uk (Accessed:
21 June 2011).
Keynote (2010) 'Energy industry: market review.' Available at: http://www.keynote.co.uk
(Accessed: 12 January 2011).Khan, M.K.H. (2009) Simulation study of VLANS, 802.3 and
security issues. MSc dissertation. University of Bradford.
Lukens, J (2013) ‘DIY infrastructure and the scope of design practice.’ Design Issues,
29(3), pp 14-27. doi: 10.1162/DESI_a_00218.
Marshall, B. (2014) How two-stroke engines work. Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/two-stroke.htm (Accessed: 22 July 2014).
Nintendo (2008) Wii Fit [Computer game]. Nintendo UK.
Ordnance Survey (1999) Anglesey East,sheet 263, 1:25, 000. Southampton: Ordnance
Survey (Explorer series).
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Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics
Ordnance Survey (2010) ‘University of Bradford’, 1:1,250. Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap (Accessed: 12 January 2011).
Paul, J., Stechele, W., Kroehnert, M. and Asfour, T. (2014). ‘Improving efficiency of embedded multi-core platforms with scratchpad memories’, 27 th International Conference
on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS), Luebeck, Germany, 25-28 February. VDE
Verlag. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6775075 (Accessed: 22 July
2014).
Reservoir Dogs (1992) Directed by Quentin Tarantino [DVD]. Los Angeles: Miramax.
Sanchez, J.L.G., Vela, F.L.G., Simarro, F.M. and Padilla-Zea, N. (2012) ‘Playability: analysing user experience in video games’, Behaviour and Information Technology, 31(10), pp.
1033-1054.
‘The Chimes of Big Ben’ (2008) The Prisoner, Series 1, episode 2. Directed by Don Chaffey.
Written by Vincent Tilsley. First broadcast 1967 [DVD] London: Network.
Yulei, W. (2010) Performance modelling and evaluation of heterogeneous wired / wireless networks under Bursty Traffic: analytical models for performance analysis of communication networks in multi-computer systems, multi-cluster systems, and
integrated wireless systems. PhD thesis. University of Bradford. Available at: http://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/4423 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).
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