Citations, Bibliographies and Referencing
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What is referencing?
General Principles of Referencing
Systems of Referencing
Harvard Style – List of References – Examples
Harvard Style – Citations – Examples
Further Sources
What is Referencing?
Referencing is a system that allows you to acknowledge the sources of
information you use in your writing. If you do not reference your sources, you
are plagiarising.
You must provide a reference whenever you quote, paraphrase or summarise
someone else’s ideas, theories or data. Some of the sources you need to
reference include:
Books or chapters in book
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Journal or newspaper articles
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Conference papers
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Electronic sources
2. General Principles of Referencing
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When writing a piece of work, whether essay, seminar paper,
dissertation or project, it is essential that detailed and precise
information on all sources consulted is included in the text and in the
reference list (or bibliography or list of works cited) at the end of the
piece.
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The reference list (or bibliography or list of works cited) is a list of
references for all the works referred to in the text. This list of books,
journal articles and other sources you have referred to should be laid out
alphabetically by author surname.
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A citation includes an author’s surname, the work’s year of publication
(and page number, if applicable) and should enable the reader to
identify the work from the reference list (at the end of the text).
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There are different styles for writing citations and reference lists. Check
which style is preferred by your department :
http://www.kent.ac.uk/uelt/ai/index.html Additionally, you can order an
invaluable reference guide Cite them right on www.citethemright.co.uk
www.kent.ac.uk/uelt
3. Systems of Referencing
There are many different styles for writing citations and bibliographies:
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There is the name and date system which includes Harvard, MLA,
Chicago and APA systems
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There is a footnote system which includes MHRA and OSCOLA legal
referencing systems.
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There is a numeric system which includes the Royal Society of
Chemistry, Physical Reviews and the IEEE systems.
When citing electronic materials, you should include the author, date, title of
document, the date last updated, the URL and the date you accessed the work,
(the format will depend on the reference style given).
RefWorks and EndNote are reference management software which will format
automatically your citations and reference list according to the selected citation
style.
4. Harvard Style – List of references – Examples
A whole book:
Ward, R (1996). Changes in Biochemistry. London:
University College London Press.
A chapter in a book:
Crane, A (1991). How Biochemistry Changes. In:
Hudson, W. and French, C. eds. Living Biochemistry.
Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 80 – 83.
A journal article:
Kaplan, J. (2008). Historical Changes. Educational
Psychologist. 42(6), pp. 536 – 9.
Government publications:
Department of Education. Annual Report 2000. HMSO,
London.
5. Harvard Style – Citations – Examples
To cite a paraphrase or a summary of the author’s ideas:
The theory was developed amidst much controversy (Ward 1996, p 72)
or
Ward (1996, p 72) states that the theory was developed amidst much
controversy.
The author’s surname links the reader to the list of references at the end of
your work. Where the author cannot be identified, refer by title :
Figures in a recent survey (Trends in Tourism 2004, p 12) showed that…
To reference the overall content of a work, you do not need to include page
numbers because it is the entire work you are referring to:
Kaplan and Jones (2005) studied the effect of pollution in five major cities…
To cite a direct quotation:
‘Family crisis intervention has to be on a 24 hour basis’ (Ward & Hicks 1997, p 6).
www.kent.ac.uk/uelt
6. Further Sources
See the Academic Integrity website: (http://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/index.html) to find out
which style is used by your department, download guides or online tutorials:
These books can be found in the Templeman Library:
British Standards Institution (1989). British Standard recommendations for references to
published materials, BS 1629: 1989. London: BSI.
Gelfand, H. and C.J. Walker (2001). Mastering APA Style: Student’s Workbook and Training
Guide. Rev. edn. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (online tutorial available
at - http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx)
Gibaldi, J. (1998). MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing, 2nd ed. New York:
Modern Language Association of America. (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/)
Modern Humanities Research Association (2002). MHRA style book: notes for authors, editors
and writers of theses, 5th rev.ed. London: Modern Humanities Research Association.
(http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/index.html)
University of Chicago Press (2005). The Chicago Manual of Style: For Authors, Editors and
Copywriters. 15th edn. Chicago: London: University of Chicago Press. (online at
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html)
OSCOLA style guide (Online at http://www.competition-law.ox.ac.uk/published/oscola.shtml)
IEEE style guide (Online at http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/pubs/transactions/auinfo03.pdf)
www.kent.ac.uk/uelt