Unit C Review
Key concepts:
 Chapter C1: Microscopy
 Scientists – contributions to microscopy / cell
theory
 Janssens
 Hooke
 Van Leeuwenhoek
 Redi
 Needham
 Spallanzani
 Pasteur
 Brown
 Schleiden & Schwann
 Cell theory
 Parts of the microscope
 Microscopy skills
 Calculating magnification
 Measuring field of view (low power)
 Calculating field of view (high power)
 Calculating actual size
 Calculating scale
 Unit conversion (e.g. mm to µm)
 Advancements in microscopy
 Magnification, resolution, contrast
 Light microscopes vs. electron
microscopes
 Applications in industry & medicine
 Chapter C2: Cells
 Organelles – structure/function
 Differences between animals and plants
 Photosynthesis, Cellular respiration, Energy
storage
 Chemical reactions
 Molecules used by the cell to store excess
energy
 Fluid Mosaic Model
 Cell membrane as phospholipid bilayer
 Roll in cell communication & transport
 Transport – compare, contrast
 Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Facilitated Diffusion
 Active transport
 Endo/Exocytosis
 Tonicity and its impact on the cell
 Applications in industry & medicine
 Surface area to volume ratios
 Implications of multicellularity
 Calculations – what the numbers mean
 Chapter C3: Plants
 Organization of a multicellular organism
(cells, tissues, organs, systems)
 Structure & function of plant tissues
 Dermal tissue – upper & lower epidermis
 Ground tissue – Palisade layer & spongy
mesophyll
 Lenticels
 Guard cells / stoma
 Xylem & Phloem
 Control systems in plants
 Opening and closing the stoma
 Phototropism
 Darwin’s experiment
 Auxin
 Gravitropism
 Transport in plants
 Root pressure
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 Transpirational pull
 Pressure-flow theory
Chapter C1 sample questions
1. A microscope has a 40× objective lens in place with a 15× eyepiece lens. What is the magnification of this system?
a.
2.7×
b. 25×
c.
55×
d. 600×
2. Which one of the following scientists was first to identify the nucleus as an important cell structure?
a.
Brown
b. Hooke
c.
Pasteur
d. Schleiden
3. Which of the following statements is not part of the cell theory?
a.
Cells are the smallest unit of life.
b. Cells come from pre-existing cells.
c.
Cells can form from non-living matter.
d. All living things are made of one or more cells.
4. Compound microscopes contain
a.
more than one lens.
b. more than one eyepiece.
c.
more than one diaphragm.
d. more than one light source.
5. When a specimen is stained, which characteristic of the image is improved?
a.
fixation
b. contrast
c.
transmission
d. magnification
6. One advantage of using a light microscope over a transmission electron microscope is that
a.
resolution is better.
b. more detail is observed.
c.
live specimens can be observed.
d. specimens are imbedded in plastic
7. The technique that showed the arrangement of the two layers making up the cell membrane was
a.
fluorescence microscopy.
b. confocal laser technology.
c.
transmission electron microscopy.
d. light microscopy of stained sections.
8. The technique that gives information on the three-dimensional structure of molecules is
a.
X-ray crystallography.
b. confocal laser technology.
c.
scanning electron microscopy.
d. green fluorescent protein technology.
B.
Written Response (6 marks)
9. State how electron microscope and light microscope lenses differ and explain how the focussing process differs in the two systems.
(4 marks)
10. Suppose that you observe a specimen under high power of your microscope and estimate that it takes up about one third of the
field diameter. The high power field diameter is 0.450 mm. What is the length of the specimen in micrometers? Explain how you
reached your answer. (2 marks)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
d
a
c
a
b
c
c
8. a
9. The electron microscope uses electromagnets for lenses and
adjusts the focus by adjusting the magnetic field. The light
microscope contains curved glass lenses, which are focussed by
moving them up and down.
10. 0.450 mm equals 450 µm. One third of 450 is 150, therefore the
specimen is approximately 150 µm in length.
Diffusion
What moves across
the membrane?
Does it go along or
against the
concentration
gradient?
Does it require
proteins, such as
carrier or channel
proteins?
Does it require energy
(ATP) to occur?
Chapter C2 sample questions
Osmosis
Facilitated
diffusion
Active transport
1.The organelle that is responsible for energy conversion is the
a.
ribosome.
b. mitochondrion.
c.
Golgi apparatus.
d. endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Which of the following is true for both plant and animal cells?
a.
have a cell wall
b. contain chlorophyll
c.
contain a cytoskeleton
d. store energy as glycogen
3. The organelle that contains strong chemicals that can digest molecules is the
a.
vacuole.
b. lysosome.
c.
chloroplast.
d. Golgi apparatus.
4. A membrane that will only allow certain substances through is said to be _______
a.
porous.
b. permeable.
c.
impermeable.
d. semi-permeable.
5. A cell in a solution maintains its original size and shape. The solution is said to be _____________ to the cell.
a.
isotonic
b. hypotonic
c.
hypertonic
d. semi-tonic
6. ___________________ is a type of movement across the cell membrane that requires energy.
a.
Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c.
Active transport
d. Facilitated diffusion
7. Which statement is true regarding peritoneal dialysis?
a.
Blood is removed from the body.
b. The patient cannot move around during the procedure.
c.
The dialysate fluid flows in through a catheter in the abdomen.
d. Wastes move from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration.
8.What happens as a cell increases in size?
a.
The surface area decreases.
b. The volume of the cell decreases.
c.
The distance from the surface to the centre decreases.
d. More molecules need to be transported across the cell surface.
B.
Written Response (6 marks)
9. Soft drinks may contain various concentrations of solutes. Some soft drinks have a low solute concentration and are a source of
water for your body’s cells. Others have a high solute concentration and can dehydrate your cells. Which of these drinks should be
marketed as “thirst quenchers”? Explain your answer in terms of water concentration and water movement. (4 marks)
10. Describe two ways the cell membrane can respond to substances that arrive at the cell surface.
(2 marks)
1.
b
2. c
3. b
4. d
5. a
6. c
7. c
8. d
9.Only soft
drink
s with a low solute concentration should be marketed as “thirst quenchers” because they will have a higher concentration of
water than the body’s cells and so water molecules will enter the cell by osmosis and reduce dehydration. The drinks with a
high solute concentration may increase dehydration of the cells if the concentration of water in the drink is low enough that
water leaves the cell by osmosis.
10. Students could state any two of the following.
The cell may take in the substance by endocytosis, where the membrane folds inward forming a vacuole. A carrier protein
may attach to the substance and transport it across the membrane. A receptor protein may attach to the substance and bring it
in by endocytosis or the binding may cause a response inside the cell.
Chapter C3 Sample questions
1. The correct order of the structures from smallest to largest is
a.
cell, system, tissue.
b. system, tissue, cell.
c.
tissue, system, cell.
d. cell, tissue, system.
2. The tissue type that is responsible for transporting materials throughout the plant is the
a.
dermal tissue.
b. ground tissue.
c.
vascular tissue.
d. meristem tissue.
3. Which of these is a product of photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
water
oxygen
chlorophyll
carbon dioxide
4. ______________ is a term that refers to the attraction of water molecules for each other.
a.
Tonicity
b. Adhesion
c.
Cohesion
d. Transpiration
5. Which of the following cell types has no cytoplasm at maturity?
a.
guard cells
b. xylem vessels
c.
sieve tube cells
d. companion cells
6. Which part of the leaf contains the structures that allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf?
a.
epidermis
b. palisade tissue
c.
vascular bundles
d. spongy mesophyll
7. Which part of the leaf does not contain chloroplasts?
a.
guard cells
b. palisade tissue
c.
spongy mesophyll
d. unspecialized cells of the epidermis
8. Which of the following terms is a growth in the same direction as the gravitational force?
a.
negative gravitropism
b. positive phototropism
c.
positive gravitropism
d. negative phototropism
B.
Written Response (6 marks)
9.When someone tears a strip of bark from a tree, they are removing all the phloem under the bark. If the strip goes completely around
the tree, the tree will die. Why is this? (2 marks)
10.
Describe how the leaf is adapted for carrying out photosynthesis and other functions. Include the function of four specific parts of the leaf in
your answer. (4 marks)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
d
c
b
c
b
a
d
c
The phloem transports the glucose produced in the leaves. If the strip goes completely around the tree, the phloem is removed. This means that
glucose cannot get down to the roots for growth and storage, nor back up to the branches in the spring to provide energy for new growth. This
means the tree will die.
10. Student answers should include four of the following: stomata allow entry of carbon dioxide and exit of oxygen and water; guard cells control the
size of the stomata; epidermis produces cuticle to prevent water loss; palisade tissue contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis; spongy mesophyll
contains air spaces for gas exchange; vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem for transporting substances; xylem carries water and salts from the
root to the leaf; phloem carries sugar to the rest of the plant.
term
active transport
adhesion
auxin
carbohydrates
carrier proteins
cell membrane
cellular respiration
centrioles
channel proteins
chlorophyll
chloroplasts
cohesion
concentration gradient
control systems
cytoplasm
cytoplasmic streaming
cytoskeleton
dermal tissue (epidermis)
dialysis
diffusion
endocytosis
endoplasmic reticulum
exocytosis
facilitated diffusion
fluid mosaic model
glycogen
Golgi apparatus
gravitropism
ground tissue
guard cells
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
lenticels
lipids
liposomes
lysosomes
mesophyll
mitochondria
nucleic acids
nucleus
organ system
organelles
organs
osmosis
palisade tissue
passive transport
phloem
definition
phospholipid bilayer
photosynthesis
phototropism
plasmolysis
protein
receptor protein
ribosomes
root pressure
root system
semi-permeable membrane
shoot system
sieve tube cells
spongy mesophyll tissue
stoma (stomata)
tissues
transpiration
transpirational pull
tubers
turgor pressure (turgid)
vacuoles
vascular tissue
vesicles
xylem