Aim: How did nationalism influence the middle East?
I. Turkey
A. 1918 - Ottoman Empire collapse
1. Most of land designated as British or French mandates
2. Nationalists needed to create nation state before Allies broke up Turkey itself
3. 1923 - Republic of Turkey established
B. Mustafa Kemae Ataturk (1923 - 1938)
1. Westernization
a. replaced Islamic law (Sharia)
b. adopted European - style law code (based on Swiss model)
c. adopted Western dress, alphabet, family names
d. replaced Islamic schools with secular schools (doubled literary rate)
2. Women’s right
a. gained right to vote (by 1934) and to work
b. legal equality with men
c. veils no longer required
d. polygamy banned
3. Promoted industrial expansion and economic independence (through central
planning 5 year plan)
4. Ruled as a dictator (no elections)
II. Iran (Persia)
A. 1906 Shah forced to create a constitution
B. 1925 Reza Khan (military officer) replaced Shah
C. Establishes Pahlavi dynasty
D. Iran (Persia) Reforms
1. Westernization - improved education, built RR network
2. Changed name from Persia to Iran
3. Military buildup
4. Economic independence
E. Oil
1. Discovered in Iran in 1908
2. Britain already had control of oil industry
3. Reza Khan used modernization for larger share in revenue
III. Anti-Western Response
A. Resentment
1. Secular governments
2. Loss of religious authority
3. Foreign customs, rejection of tradition
B. Betrayed
1. Many Arabs fought with Allies (against Ottomans)
2. Recruited men like T.E. Lawrence
3. Allies broke promise of independence
C. Mandate system
1. Britain; Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq
2. France: Syria, Lebanon
D. Pan - Arabism to free Arabs from foreign rule and unite as one state
IV. Zionism
A. 1897 - Movement began by Theodor Herzl
B. Inspired by Dreyfus Affiar (1894)
C. Goal was to return persecuted European Jews to ancestral home in Palestine
D. 1917 - Balfour Declaration - British support for Jewish homeland in Palestine
E. Caused additional anger among Arabs and other Muslims
Aim: How did WW2 begin in Europe
I. Early Totalitarian Aggression
A. 1931 - Japan invades Manchuria
B. 1935 - German army expands from 100,000 to 500,000
C. 1936 - Italy invades Ethiopia
D. 1936 - Creation of Rome - Berlin Axis
E. 1937 - Japan invades China
II. Origins of Appeasement
A. Western Allies (Britain and France) develop strategy of agreeing to demands of
aggression nation
B. Motivations
1. Scars of WW1
2. Lack of preparedness
III. Failure of Appeasement
A. 1936 Remilitarization of the Rhineland
B. March 1938 - Anchluss (unification with Austria)
C. Sept 1938 - Munich Conference
1. Hitler demands Sudetenland (primarily German speaking province in Western
Czechoslovakia)
2. Major powers agree to give Germany Sudetenland
3. March 1939 Invasion of Czech
III. The Road to War
A. Poland
1. Polish Corridor created after WW1
2. Hitler demands return of Polish port of Danzig
B. August 1939 Nazi Soviet Pact
1. Non-aggression agreement
2. Nations agree to divide Poland
C. Sept 1939 - Invasion of Poland
D. Britain and France declare war on Germany
V. The Lessons of Appeasement
A. Is appeasement a “dirty word”
1. Hitler was too aggressive
2. Britain and France played as fools
B. Is appeasement as admirable goal
1. Britain and France tried to avoid conflict that killed 50 million
2. It can still succeed in many situations
Aim: How did Japanese aggression lead to war in the Pacific
I. Road to War in Pacific
A. 1939 - Japan joins Axis Powers (Germany/Italy)
B. 1940 - US imposes embargo on Japan
1. Stopped selling oil, iron and steel
2. Provoked Japan to attach
C. Dec 7, 1941 - Pearl Harbor
1. Japanese sneak attack
2. 2,5000 Americans killed
3. Most of Pacific fleet destroyed
D. 1942 - More Japanese conquests
1. Philippines (from US)
2. Singapore (from Britain)
3. French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
4. Dutch East Indies
E. By mid 1942 Japanese prepared to invade Australia
Total War In Pacific
Incident
Dec 1941
Pearl Harbor
June 1942
Battle of Midway
Feb 1945
Firebombing Tokyo
March 1945
Okinawa
Aug 1945
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Description
Japan attempt to knock out
Pacific fleet and America’s
will to fight
US gains naval/air advantages
and Japan loses more than it
can replace
US incendiary bombs kill at
least 100,000
Necessary
Japan had to fight or end
expansion
US needed to destroy Japan’s
ability to fight
US needed to knock out
industries but killed many
innocents
Japan needed to defend island
at any cost
US invasion results in 12,000
American and 120,000 Jap
deaths
Atomic Bombs kill 80,000 and Invading Japan would have
60,000
killed at least a million
Aim: How did the cold war develop?
I. Origins of Cold war
A. A cold war is a state of tension and hostility without armed conflict
B. Germany diided
1. West Germany (controlled by western Allies)
a. West Germany was “de-Nazified”
b. Allies promoted education/democracy
2. East Germany (controlled by Soviet Union)
a. Stalin took over East German factories
b. resources used to help rebuild Soviet Union
3. Berlin Blockade (1948)
a. Soviet blocked all traffic into West Berlin (inside East Germany)
b. Truman orders Berlin Airlift of oer 2 million tons of supplies
C. The Iron Curtain
1. Soviets setup communist gov’ts in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
and Bulgaria
2. These were “satellites” (nations controlled by Soviets)
3. Stalin claimed need for “buffer zone” against a future German attack
4. Albania and Yugoslavia set up own communist government
II. America’s reaction
A. Containment
1. US planned to contain or hold, Soviet Union to its current size
2. US would apply pressure on Soviets (political, economic, military)
B. Truman Doctrine (1947)
1. Truman promised to support free people who resisted communism
2. Sent money to help Greece and Turkey stop communist takeovers
C. The Marshall Plan (1948-1952)
1. George Marshall (US Sec of State) feared spread of communism due to post
war poverty
2. US sent 13 billion to help rebuild W. Europe
Major Events
US POV
Soviet POV
Asian POV
China
- CCP wins Chinese Civil War
- Mao establishes People’s
Republic of China
- Who lost China?
- Truman “soft on
communism”
- Recognizes Taiwan as
official Chinese government
- Treaty with China
- Boycotts UN Security
Council
- Mao and Stalin doesn’t get
along
- Friendship deteriorates after
Stalin’s death
-Mao and Chinese ready to go
it alone
- US and SU = both
imperialists
- Mao should be new leader of
world communism
- East wind triumphs over
west wind
Indochina
Korea
-June 1950 North Korea
invades South Korea
- US and UN intervene to
protect SK
- China and SU support NK
- July 1953 Cease Fire line set
at 38 degree parallel
- Viewed China and NK as
threat to defense of Taiwan
- SK = America’s proxy
- Supports NK’s decision to
invade only major power
friendly with China and NK
- NK = Soviet’s proxy
- Totalitarian government
enjoys backing of Soviet PRC
- SK gets protection, aid from
US
Japan
Major Events
US POV
Soviet POV
Asian POV
- 1946 Ho Chi Minh and
communists begin war with
France
- 1954 Genava Conference temporary division, elections
in 1956
- Independence for Laos and
Cambodia
- Fear of “domino effect”
- Aid French allies
- June 1945 Japan surrenders,
US occupation begin
- September 1953 Occupation
ends, defensive alliance with
US
- Japanese constitution
renounces war
- Views Japan as key ally in
Asia
- Japan’s economy recovery is
crucial
- Supports spread of
- Do not want to see US
communism, US entanglement presence in Asia stronger
in Asia
- Provide aid to Ho Chi Minh
- Decolonization movement
- Benefits from alliance and
- Viewed France and US as
economic aid from US
imperialism
- HO Chi Minh = more
nationalists than Communist
Aim: Why was Cuba a central part of the cold war?
I. Pre-Revolutionary Cuba
A. Spanish American War
1. US defeats Spain, Cuba wins independence
2. 1901 - US amends Cuban constitution
a. US claims right to intervene in Cuba
b. US leaves Guantanamo Bay
B. 1900 - 60 US Companies control sugar mining
C. US supports anti - communist Fulgencia Batista (1952 - 1959)
II. The Cuban Revolution (1959)
A. Fidel Castro overthrows Batista
B. Announces Land Distribution
C. Sugar
1. Cuba nationalizes US sugar industries (1960)
2. US refuses to buy Cuban sugar
3. Soviet offers aid to Cuba (buys whole sugar crop)
D. US imposes trade embargo on Cuba
III. The Bay of Pigs (1961)
A. 1960 - CIA begins training of Anti Castro Cubans for invasion
B. Invasion fails
C. Embarrassing defeat for US
D. Castro declares himself a communist
IV. The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
A. Soviets begin building nuclear missile launch pads in Cuba
B. Pres Kennedy established naval blockade of Cuba
C. Soviet ships carrying missiles near blockage zone
D. Soviets agree to remove missiles
E. US removes missiles from Turkey - promises never to invade Cuba