Practical II (Units 7-12) Review
General Tips
 Studying consistently over a period of days is much more effective than pulling an all-nighter before
the practical. Good sleep = better retention.
 The Biology website has many links to images and videos to review.
 You will not be asked to “run” experiments. You should be able to interpret results (graphs), identify
lab equipment, and understand scientific concepts covered in lab.
 Microscopes to study from are available in the library “science area.” You can check out slides from
the library front desk.
Unit 7: Diffusion and Osmosis
1. Define diffusion and osmosis.
2. Describe the effects of temperature and molecular size on the rate of diffusion.
3. Predict the movement of water between two substances separated by a selectively permeable
membrane.
4. Define selectively permeable.
5. Describe the physical property of dialysis tubing that allows it to function as a selectively permeable
membrane.
6. Identify what process governs the movement of a solute across a selectively permeable membrane.
7. Describe what types of molecules can cross a selectively permeable membrane based on size and
what molecules cannot cross the membrane.
8. Know the solutions used to detect the presence of Cl-, SO42-, glucose, starch and protein.
9. Explain why the Cl- results for Experiment 6.3 were very clear, but the results for SO 42- and glucose
were only slightly positive.
10. Recognize what blood cells look like when placed in solutions of various tonicities.
11. Recognize what plant cells look like when placed in solutions of various tonicities.
12. Use appropriate scientific terminology to describe plant and animal cells placed in different tonicities
(Fig 7. 15)
13. State whether osmosis occurs in plant cells and justify your reasoning.
14. Define and differentiate between the following terms:
a. plasmolysis, turgor, flaccid, lysed, normal, shriveled (crenate)
Unit 8: Enzymes
1. Define and differentiate between the following enzymatic terms:
a. Enzyme
b. Activation energy
c. Substrate
d. Active site
2. Know what a catalyst is.
3. Understand how an enzyme affects the activation energy of a reaction.
4. Know Fig 1 (Unit 7). Know the name of the substrate, enzyme, and products of the enzyme
reaction studied in Unit 7.
5. Know the optimal temperature and pH for the enzyme lactase, as well as how to determine this
from an enzyme activity graph.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Explain what happens to enzyme structure at cold and hot temperatures.
Describe which substrate the enzyme lactase is specific for.
Define enzyme specificity.
List the two substrates that were used to test for enzyme specificity with the enzyme lactase.
Explain why these two substrates were chosen.
10. Understand why milk was used in the experiments.
11. Describe why glucose production was used as an indicator of enzyme activity.
12. Define cofactor.
13. Know that EDTA is NOT a cofactor. Understand what the purpose of EDTA is.
14. Predict the glucose production in a tube that contains EDTA and a tube that doesn’t contain EDTA.
15. Know how to interpret p-values.
16. Identify independent and dependent variables in each experiment.
17. Differentiate between the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
Unit 9: Cellular Respiration
1. Write the overall chemical reaction for aerobic cellular respiration.
2. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic processes.
3. Know which two gasses can be used to determine respiration rates.
4. Accurately describe which gas is being used as a marker of respiration rates for the mouse, bean,
and yeast experiment.
5. Understand which gasses are consumed and which are released during respiration.
6. Know how to set up a mouse respiration chamber. Understand the significance of placing KOH in
the bottom of the chamber.
7. Compare respiration rates of one organism to another.
8. Know the unit of measurement for respiration rates.
9. Determine which experiments from Unit 8 were qualitative or quantitative in nature.
10. Know how to calculate respiration rates if you know the volume of O2 consumed the time interval,
and the mass of the organism.
11. Define germination.
12. Explain what color phenol red will turn in the presence of CO2.
13. Describe the difference between germinated and germinated-boiled seeds in terms of cellular
respiration.
14. Identify a thistle tube and a fermentation tube.
15. List the products of ethanol fermentation.
16. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
17. Identify the bubbles that collected in the top of the fermentation tube.
Unit 10: Photosynthesis
1. Know the overall reaction of photosynthesis.
2. Know the names of the four pigment molecules that are used by the chloroplast to absorb light.
3. List which pigment molecule is the main photosynthetic pigment.
4. Describe why a leaf is green in terms of absorbance and transmission.
5. Know the relative wavelength ranges for colors of the visible spectrum.
6. Determine absorbance/transmission of a given pigment molecule.
7. Read %Trans and %Absorbance graphs. When given an absorbance or transmission graph for a
pigment molecule you should be able to predict the color of the pigment molecule.
8. Understand the process of pigment chromatography and why it works.
9. Explain which chemical characteristic of pigment molecules is being selected for in
chromatography.
10. Know the pigment separation results. Identify the pigments by location, solubility, and hydrophobic
tendencies.
11. Describe under which circumstances (light or dark), plants are going to be able to store excess
energy.
12. State the form that plants store excess glucose as.
13. State the purpose of covering the leaf in tin foil, and boiling the leaf in ethanol.
14. Explain the purpose of adding iodine to the treated leaf, and what the dark areas of the leaf
represent.
Unit 11: Cell Division
1. Know and describe what happens during each stage of the cell cycle. (Interphase: G1, S, G2 – MPhase: Mitosis (PPMAT) and cytokinesis).
2. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis in terms of
a. Purpose
b. Number of divisions
c. Final cell count
d. Division specific events (3 meiosis)
e. DNA count (diploid/haploid)
3. Define and recognize the difference between the following terms
a. Homologous chromosomes
b. Duplicated chrmomosome
c. Unduplicated chromosome
d. Chromatin
e. Centromere
f. Sister chromatid
4. Know when DNA synthesis occurs during the cell cycle.
5. Describe which stage of the cell cycle a cell is normally in.
6. Visually identify the different cell cycle stages in animal and plant cells.
a. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
7. Be able to differentiate between plant and animal cell micrographs.
8. Understand how the process of cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells.
9. Differentiate between the process of cleavage and the structure cleavage furrow.
10. Differentiate between the process of cell plate formation and the structure of a cell plate.
11. Identify pictorially whether a cell is going through meiosis or mitosis
12. Explain the significance of crossing over in relation to genetic variation.
Unit 12: Biotechnology
1. Know the central dogma of Biology
2. Differentiate between transcription and translation.
3. Describe why meat tenderizer, soap and ice cold ethanol are used in the DNA extraction procedure.
4. Recognize what precipitated DNA looks like in and out of the tube.
5. Understand how gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments in terms of the charge of the
particle.
6. Explain which size of DNA fragments will move fastest in gel electrophoresis.
7. Accurately interpret the results of a paternity test. Describe what rules are used to determine
paternity.
8. Accurately interpret the results of a crime scene analysis. Describe what rules are used to
determine guilt or innocence.
9. Understand how to determine blood type.
10. Know what antigens are present on the surface of various blood types.
11. Know what blood types can donate to which individuals.