Characters
Modified characters are indicated by an asterisk. Characters in italic were treated as additive.
Dentary
1. Anteriormost mental foramen (Wibble et al., 2009: 129*): below P1 (0), below P2 (1)
2. Posteriormost mental foramen (Wibble et al., 2009: 130*): below P3 (0), below P4 (1)
3. Depth of dentary body (Meng et al., 2003a: 86): slender and long (0), deep and short
(1)
4. Diastema separating first and second lower premolars (Wibble et al., 2009: 49):
absent (gap less than one tooth root for whichever is smaller of adjacent teeth) (0),
present, subequal to one tooth-root diameter or more (1)
5. Tilting of coronoid process (measured as angle between anterior border of coronoid
process and horizontal alveolar line of all molars) (Wible et al., 2009: 135*): less
reclined (135°–145°) (0), less than vertical (110°–125°) (1), near vertical (95°–105°) (2)
Lower dentition
6. First lower premolar (P1) roots (Wibble et al., 2009, 48): two roots (0), two roots
partially fused (1), one root (2)
7. Second lower premolar (P2): paraconid absent or weakly developed (0), paraconid
developed (1)
8. Second lower premolar (P2): talonid present (0), talonid absent (1)
9. Relative size P2/P3: P2 shorter than P3 (0), P2 as long or longer than P3 (1)
10. Penultimate lower premolar (P3) paraconid (Wibble et al., 2009: 52): absent or
indistinctive (0), present and distinctive (1)
11. Penultimate lower premolar (P3): talonid short (0), talonid absent (1)
12. Penultimate lower premolar (P3) talonid cusps (Wible et al., 2009: 54*): one (0), two
(1)
13. Penultimate lower premolar (P3): higher or as high as P2 and P4 (0), lower than P2 and
P4 (1)
14. Length of ultimate lower premolar (P4) to penultimate (P3) (Archibald and Averianov,
2006: 24): longer (0), equal to (1) or less (2)
15. Ultimate lower premolar (P4) paraconid (Wible et al., 2009: 55): absent or indistinctive
(0), distinctive but low (1), distinctive and high (2)
16. Ultimate lower premolar (P4) metaconid (Wible et al., 2009: 56*): absent (0), swelling
(1)
17. Ultimate lower premolar (P4) talonid cusps: absence of protostylid (0), presence of
protostylid (1)
18. Ultimate lower premolar (P4) talonid cusps: absence of entoconid (0), presence of
entoconid (1)
19. Ultimate lower premolar (P4) anterolingual cingulid: absence of cingulid (0), presence
of precingulid and postcingulid (1), pre- and postcingulids almost fused (2)
20. Ultimate lower premolar (P4): inflated transversely, but only on the talonid part (0),
compressed transversely (1)
21. Ultimate lower premolar (P4): entoconid bulbous and small (0), large, crestiform, which
lingually encloses a postfossid (1) [Taxa without entoconid were scored as inapplicable]
22. Ultimate lower premolar (P4): P4 shorter than M1 and longer than P3 (0), P4 shorter than
P3 and M1 (1)
23. Ultimate lower premolar (P4): narrow and sharp (Length/Width >2) (0), blunt (=
Length/Width <2) (1)
24. First lower molar (M1): longer than P4 (0), shorter than P4 (1)
25. Mesiolingual vertical crest of paraconid (Luo and Wible, 2005: 77): rounded (0),
keeled (1)
26. Trigonid configuration: anteroposteriorly compressed, paracristid-protocristid angle
50° or less (0), more acute, with paraconid more posteriorly placed, paracristidprotocristid angle between 52 and 75° (1), open, with paraconid anteromedial,
paracristid-protocristid angle more than 75° (2)
27. Paraconid height relative to metaconid (Rougier et al., 1998: 60): shorter (0), subequal
(1), taller (2)
28. Lower molars: metaconid present (0), metaconid absent (1)
29. Entoconid (Rougier et al., 1998: 54*): absent (0), smaller than hypoconid and/or
hypoconulids (1), subequal to or larger than hypoconid and/or hypoconulid (2)
30. M1 and M2: entoconid and hypoconulid individualized and separated (0), entoconid and
hypoconulid closely located (1) [Taxa without entoconid were scored as inapplicable]
31. M1 and M2: postfossid deep (0), postfossid shallow (1)
32. Talonid width relative to trigonid (Wible et al., 2009: 119): talonid narrower than
trigonid (0), talond subequal to or wider than talonid (1)
33. Relative size of M1 and M2: M1 subequal or longer than the M2 (0), M1 clearly shorter
than the M2 (1)
34. Cristid obliqua (Wible et al., 2009: 116*): complete, attaching lingual to notch in
protocristid (0), complete, attaching labial to notch in protocristid (1), complete,
attaching below middle posterior of protoconid (2)
35. Lower molars: Absence of ectocingulid (0), ectocingulid developed (1)
36. Labial postcingulid (Rougier et al., 1998: 55): absent (0) or present (1)
37. Last lower molar (M3): long talonid with a robust hypoconid (0), short talonid (1), very
shortened talonid (2)
Upper dentition
38. Penultimate upper premolar (P3): longer than P2 (0), shorter than P2 (1)
39. Penultimate upper premolar (P3) protocone (Rougier et al., 1998: 12): absent (0),
small lingual bulge (1)
40. Penultimate upper premolar (P3) roots (Wible et al., 2009: 39*): two (0), three (1)
41. Ultimate upper premolar (P4): parastyle present, but small (0), parastyle very reduced
to absent (1)
42. Ultimate upper premolar (P4): protocone aligned transversely with the paracone (0),
protocone shifted mesially vs. paracone (1)
43. Ultimate upper premolar (P4) protocone (Wible et al., 2009: 40*): low and poorly
individualized (0), bulbous, robust and well individualized (1)
44. Ultimate upper premolar (P4) conules (Wible et al., 2009: 45): weak or absent (0),
present (1), prominent (2)
45. Ultimate upper premolar (P4) premolar: round (0), triangular (1)
46. Ultimate upper premolar (P4): high postmetacrista (0), low postmetacrista (1), absence
of postmetacrista (2)
47. M1 and M2 postmetacrista blade length (Egi et al., 2005: 21): short (the carnassial
blade shorter than the parametacrista) (0), medium (1), elongated (the carnassial blade
longer than one and a half lengths of the parametacrista (2)
48. Metacone size relative to paracone (Wible et al., 2009: 77*): noticeably smaller (0),
subequal or larger (1)
49. M1 and M2 parastyle (Egi et al., 2005: 19): long (more than 0.67 of paracone diameter)
(0), short (1), absent or vestigial (2)
50. Metacone and paracone bases (Rougier et al., 1998: 30): adjoined (0), almost
completely separated (1), completely separated (2)
51. M1 and M2: M1 subequal or larger than the M2 (0), M1 smaller than the M2 (1)
52. M1 and M2: premetaconule crista present (0), premetaconule crista absent (1)
53. M1 and M2: metacingulum long (0), metacingulum short (1)
54. Metaconule (Wible et al., 2009: 89*): prominent (0), weak or absent (1)
55. M1 and M2 protocone: distally located or aligned with parastyle (1), mesially located (1)
56. M1 and M2: precingulum and postcingulum weak or absent on M1 and M2 (0),
Precingulum and postcingulum present on M1 and M2 (1)
57. Pre- and postcingulum (Wible et al., 2009: 100): separated (0), continuous lingually (1)
[Taxa without pre- and postcingulum were scored as inapplicable]
58. M3: Metacone present and lower than the paracone (0), metacone absent (1) [Taxa
without M3 were scored as inapplicable]
59. Prefossa/postfossid shearing: absent (0), present (1)
60. M3/M3: present (0), strongly reduced or absent (1)