UNIT 1 REVIEW – PAGE 88 to 91
# 1-4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 26-30, 32, 33, 36, 39 b),c)
CELL THEORY: (from your notes)
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms.
All cells come from previously existing cells.
The activity of an entire organism depends on the total activity of the independent cells.
#1. a) All cells come from previously existing cells.
b) All cells come from previously existing cells.
c) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
#2.
Type of
microscope
Scanning
electron
microscope
Compound light
transmission
electron
microscope
Magnifying
energy
source
electrons
Max.
magnification
Max.
resolution
300 000x
10 nm
light
electrons
2000x
5 000 000x
200 nm
0.2 nm
b) total magnification = ocular lens mag. X objective lens mag.
= 15
x 100
= 1 500
#3.
Cell component
Diagram
of cell
Plant/animal/both Main function
Nucleolus
both
Cell
membrane
Cell wall
both
Plant only
Thought to be involved in
making proteins in the cell
Regulates what goes in and
what leaves the cell
Cell rigidity
#4.
.
#6.
Chloroplast structure
 Contains chlorophyll
 Contains stroma (a protein-rich
fluid)
 Builds up glucose using
photosynthesis
 Contains 2 membranes (an
inner membrane and an outer
membrane)
Mitochondria structure
 Does not contain chlorophyll
 Does not contain stroma, but a
fluid called matrix
 Breaks down glucose using
cellular respiration
 Contains 2 membranes (an
inner membrane and an outer
membrane)
 Free-floating organelle found in  Free-floating organelle found in
the cytoplasm
the cytoplasm
#9. Chlorophyll molecules are found embedded in the thylakoid
membranes that are found in the chloroplast.
#11. An oxygen atom is a lone atom that is not bonded to another
atom; an oxygen molecules is made up of 2 oxygen atoms that are
covalently bonded to each other (they share 2 pairs of electrons)
#12. Hydrogen, covalent, ionic bond
Weak
strong
#14. Water is a polar molecule and it is able to dissolve all solutes
that are also polar.
“like dissolves like” means that if a molecule is polar, it will be able
to dissolve molecules that are also polar; if a molecule is nonpolar,
it will be able to dissolve other molecules that are also polar.
Water is polar, sugar is polar  sugar is able to dissolve in water
#16. Plant cells use cellulose to form their cell wall
Humans are unable to digest cellulose, but use it as fibre –
ensures regular bowel movements.
#17. a)
 Solid at room temperature
 Usually derived from
animals
 Carbon chain is saturated
with hydrogen
 Straight fatty acid – packs
well together
 liquid at room
temperature
 Usually derived from
plants
 Carbon chain is not
saturated with hydrogen
 Kinked chain (caused by
double bonds ) does not
allow fatty acid to pack
together
b) Fatty acids in vegetable oil are hydrogenated (hydrogen is added
to them) in order for the fatty acids to become solid at room
temperature; this makes margarine.
c) steroids
fatty acids
- made of carbon rings
- made of carbon chains
- too much of both of these macromolecules in your
diet can lead to clogged arteries
#22.
a) the 3-D shape of a protein is important because the shape of
the protein determines its function in the body. If the shape
of the protein changes, it can no longer work.
b) If a protein in the human body is heated above 40⁰C, the
protein will denature (change shape) and no longer function.
This is dangerous because there are many important proteins
in our body that we depend on for survival. If these proteins
stop working, we will die.
c) When a steak is cooked, the proteins with the steak become
denatured.
#24.
a) ATP is the energy source for all of the cell’s functions.
b) If a cell does not produce an adequate amount of ATP, the cell
will not have enough energy to complete all the necessary cellular
functions and therefore die.
#26.
a) Process A is showing simple diffusion
Process B is showing facilitated diffusion
Process C is active transport (bulk transport)
b) The “purple blob” through the membrane in process B
represents a carrier protein.
c) Process C requires energy (it’s active transport) and processes
A and B do not require energy (they’re passive transport)
#27.
a) simple diffusion ends once dynamic equilibrium has been met.
b) Simple diffusion ends because there is no longer a
concentration gradient (there is no longer a difference in
concentration on either side of the membrane)
c) No. Since Active transport is moving molecules against the
concentration gradient, dynamic equilibrium will never be
reached while active transport is taking place.
#28. The key difference between the transmembrane protein
carriers in facilitated diffusion and the transmembrane protein
carriers of active transport is the carrier involved in facilitated
diffusion does not require energy to function and the carrier
involved in active transport does require energy to function.
#29.
a) Cell A: hypotonic
Cell B: isotonic
Cell C: hypertonic
b) Cells A will eventually burst before dynamic equilibrium is
reached due to the movement of water into the cell.
c) Cells C will eventually loose so much water before dynamic
equilibrium is met that they will die, due to the continuous
movement of water out of the cell
#30.
#32.
a) The process of glycolysis is common to both aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
b) 2 molecules of ATP are formed by 1 glucose molecule during
anaerobic cellular respiration; compared to 36 ATP formed during
aerobic respiration.
#33.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the muscle cells in humans. It
forms when there is not enough oxygen getting to the cells to break
down glucose using aerobic respiration. The cell then resorts to
anaerobic respiration, which results in the formation of 2 ATP
molecules and lactic acid.
#36.
Field of view = 1mm
number of cells that will fit in the field of view = 25 (approximately)
estimated size of cell =
estimated size of cell =
size of field of view
.
number of cells in field of view
1mm = 0.04mm
25
#39. b) the optimal temperature of amylase is 35⁰C.
c) Once the temperature is above 35⁰C, the shape of amylase
begins to change (it denatures) and therefore stops
breaking down amylose into maltose.