Lab Make-up Packet:
Make up Lab 1: Chemical Reactions and the Body
Part 1: Vocabulary (Pre-reading)
Skim the following article and choose 20 vocabulary words that you do not know the meaning of. Do not
use any words that end in “ase” because those are simply funky names enzymes. You can choose enzyme
if you don’t know what it means.
Write down the 20 words and then use a dictionary to define each word.
Part 2: Reading
Read the following article about how important chemical reactions are in the body. Answer the questions
that follow as you read.
1. Name 2 ways in the first paragraph that chemical reactions are important to the body.
2. Is there such a thing as an incorrect chemical reaction? Why?
3. Can chemical reactions, disease, illness happen spontaneously?
4. What would perfect health be?
5. What are endogenous root causes of disease?
6. What are exogenous root causes of disease?
7. What exactly is a chemical/metabolic pathway?
8. How can a metabolic pathway cause disease symptoms?
9. (Which are there more of symptoms or chemical causes for the symptoms?
10. What is a metabolic reaction’s purpose?
11. What is the form of energy the body uses?
12. What does the Citric acid cycle break down?
13. Why does it break these items down?
14. Where does the Krebs cycle get its name?
15. Where does it take place?
16. How much total energy comes from sugar breakdown?
17. Look at the picture each colored box represents a chemical that turns into another one in a
chemical reaction. How many chemical reactions take place in the krebs or citric acid cycle?
Part 3: Summary
Write 3 (5 -8 sentence) paragraphs summarizing the reading. Consider answering the following questions:
How important are chemical reactions in the body? Why are they so important? What is the role of the
Kreb cycle (which is an example of a cycle of chemical reactions in the body)? How does the Kreb cycle
work?
TO EARN FULL POINTS FOR THE MISSED LAB AND TO EARN BACK RIGHTS TO
PARTICIPATE IN THE NEXT LAB THIS SHEET MUST BE COMPLETED.
I will be looking for the following
1. 20 words with definitions
2. Answers to all of the questions above
3. 3 (5-8 sentence) paragraphs about the reading
Nothing Happens Without Chemical Reactions
http://www.actualcures.com/chemical-reactions-root-of-body/
Hundreds of thousands of different chemical reactions in the body occur continuously and
simultaneously in every cell, enabling every process and endeavor of the body and mind. From
extracting and storing energy from food to fighting off the flu, pumping blood, making decisions,
to enjoying a good movie, nothing in any living organism happens without chemical reactions
(biochemical reactions).
Perfection In Chemistry
Realize that the same elements and molecules under the same conditions react exactly the same
way 100% of the time, therefore there’s no such thing as an incorrect chemical reaction. When
conditions change, chemical reactions can change. All disease, illnesses, and symptoms stem
from chemical reactions. Because there’s no such thing as an incorrect chemical reaction, there’s
no such thing as an incorrect symptom, even when chemical reactions result in harmful
symptoms and death.
Another absolute is that there’s no such thing as a spontaneous chemical reaction and therefore
no such thing as spontaneous illness nor disease.
Chemical Reactions and Disease
Perfect health would be all chemical reactions in the body proceeding normally and occurring
when they normally would occur. Disease starts when a root cause, such as a chemical or loss of
a chemical, changes normal chemical reactions or stops, slows, or increases the frequency of
normal chemical reactions in the body, leading to physical symptoms and or emotional
symptoms. Changes in chemical reactions affect other chemical reactions.
Endogenous and Exogenous Root Causes Of Disease
There are two main types of root causes of illness and disease. Something inside the body
causing disease is an endogenous root cause. Something from outside the body moving into the
body and causing disease is an exogenous root cause of disease.
Endogenous diseases are caused by genetic error, nutritional deficiencies, and free radicals.
Endogenous diseases are often named for a collection of symptoms of a particular area of the
body experiencing symptoms. Most, if not all, degenerative diseases are endogenous diseases.
Exogenous diseases are often named for the root cause of a disease. There are a number of
exogenous root causes: occupational, industrial, infectious.
From Root Cause To Symptoms
Many chemical reactions, if not all chemical reactions, occur as part of a series of chemical
reactions with each successive chemical reaction producing a “product” used by the next
chemical reaction in the sequence. If the product is defective, the defective product will likely
have an adverse effect on the next chemical reaction. The sequence of chemical reactions
described above is called a chemical pathway or metabolic pathway (e.g. the Krebs Cycle).
Chemical reactions altered by a root cause create an altered chemical pathway which leads to
symptoms.
When it comes to chemical reactions, everyone is much more the same than different. A cure,
solution, or prevention for an illness or disease for one person is usually a cure, solution, or
prevention for another. But symptoms can also be the result of one root cause for one person and
the same or similar symptoms can be the result of a different root cause for another person
because there are an infinite more ways the chemistry of the body can be changed (chemical
causes of symptoms) than there are resulting symptoms, because there’s only a few hundred
symptoms. It’s similar to how rain leads to ground water, which leads to thousands of creeks,
which leads to hundreds of rivers, which leads to only several oceans (oceans analogous to
symptoms). Each rain drop ends up in one of several oceans (or seas).
Combustion and Cellular Metabolism
Metabolic reactions are chemical reactions that occur within the body to release useable energy.
An example of a metabolic process is cellular metabolism or respiration. During cellular
metabolism, the molecule glucose combines with oxygen and reacts to form carbon dioxide and
water, as well as ATP, which is a form of energy that the body can use for its functions. The
carbon dioxide is expelled through exhalation and the water is absorbed into the bloodstream.
This is an example of a combustion reaction. Part of the Cellular Metabolism reaction includes
the chemical reaction cycle called the Krebs or Citric acid Cycle.
Citric acid cycle
In biochemistry, the Citric Acid Cycle, also called Krebs cycle, Citrate Cycle, Tricarboxylic
Acid Cycle or TCA, is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that
utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In these aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is a
metabolic pathway that forms part of the break down of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into
carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy.
The Krebs cycle is named after Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981), who was awarded the 1953
Nobel Prize in Medicine for its discovery.
The citric acid cycle takes place within the mitochondria in eukaryotes, and within the cytoplasm
in prokaryotes.
Citrate is both the first and the last product of the cycle (Fig. 1), and is regenerated by the
condensation of oxaloacetate[] and acetyl-CoA. The citric acid cycle is the second step in
carbohydrate catabolism (the breakdown of sugars).
The total energy gained from the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis,
the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation equals 38 ATP.