Final Exam Review_ Fall 2013
Scientific Method
VOCABULARY
1. Independent Variable- the one item being tested
2. Dependent Variable- the item being measured
3. Constants- all other factors that must remain the same
4. Control group- the group in which the independent variable is not applied
QUESTIONS
5. What are the steps of the scientific method, in order? Question/Hypothesis/Experiment/Data/Conclusion
6. Give 3 examples of independent variables (things scientists could test)
Temperature, amount of protein, male v. female
7. Give 3 examples of dependent variables (things scientists can measure).
Growth rate, height, intelligence
Ecology:
VOCABULARY
8. Abiotic- non living
9. Biotic- living
10. Climax community- the finals stable stage of succession
11. Primary succession- growth in an area where they was no life ; no soil present
12. Secondary succession- the regrowth of an area that destroys life, but leaves soil
13. Thigmotropism- response to touch
14. Phototropism- response to light
15. Gravitropism- response to gravity
16. Ecosystem- all the living and non living things in an area
17. Population- members of same species living in an area
18. Niche- the job or role an organism has in its environment
19. Biomagnification- the magnification of a substance as you move up the trophic levels of a food chain
20. Trophic Level- a feeding step in a food chain
21. Commensalism- one organism benefits, the other is not helped or harmed
22. Parasitism- one organism benefits, one organisms is harmed
23. Mutualism- both organisms benefit
24. Predator- the organism doing the hunting and eating
25. Prey- the organism being hunted
26. Decomposer- breaks down the dead, cycling nutrients
27. Interspecific Competition- fighting for resources among members of different species
28. Intraspecific Competition- fighting for resources among members of the same species
QUESTIONS
29. What are three examples of abiotic factors? Rock, temperature, soil, wind
30. What are three examples of biotic factors? Plants, animals, bacteria
31. After what three major events does secondary succession happen? Forest fire, tornado, flood
32. What must be NOT be present initially order for primary succession to take place? SOIL
33. What does the climax community of the tundra look like? Moss and lichens
34. What does the climax community of the deciduous forest look like? Hardwood trees
35. What does the climax community of the tropical rain forest look like? Vines, layered canopy, trees, lots of
animals
36. Why are lichens so important for succession? They break down rock to make soil
37. From where do producers obtain their energy? Sunlight
38. In a food web, which organisms have the highest biomass? Which have the most energy? 1st trophic level
(producers)
39. Which organisms bring carbon from the atmosphere into the food chain? Autotrophs/Producers
40. How can humans help decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Plant more trees/
reduce burning of fossil fuels
41. How do energy and nutrients differ in moving through an ecosystem? Energy moves in one direction;
nutrients cycle
Biochemistry
VOCABULARY
42. Monomer- a single molecule ; a subunit of a larger molecule
43. Polymer- made up on monomers; a macromolecule
44. Protein- made up of amino acids; functions in growth and repair
45. Carbohydrate- made up of simple sugars; functions in quick energy
46. Lipid- made up of fatty acids & glycerol; functions in long term energy storage
47. Enzyme- a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by holding reactant molecules in place
48. Substrate- the substance the enzyme works on (or catalyzes)
49. Active site- the place where the substrate fits in the enzyme
50. Adhesion- the ability of water to attach to another substance
51. Cohesion- the ability of water to attach to other water molecules
52. Surface Tension- the cohesive forces between liquid molecules
QUESTIONS
53. Fill in the chart.
Monomer
Carbohydrate
Simple sugars
Protein
Amino acids
Lipid
Glycerol & fatty acids
Function
Energy
Growth & repair
Insulation; long term
energy
Example
Glucose, plant material
Meat, eggs, nuts, fish
Liquid- plant fats
Solid- animal fats
54. Draw/describe an enzyme substrate complex. Label the enzyme, substrate, active site, products.
55. Enzymes (increase/decrease) circle one the rate of a reaction. How do they do that? They lower the
activation energy required to start the reaction
Cell Structure
VOCABULARY
56. Prokaryote- a cell that does not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
57. Eukaryote- a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
QUESTIONS
58. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic structure of life.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
59. Fill in the chart.
Organelle
Function
Mitochondria
Produces ATP via cellular respiration
Ribosome
Synthesizes proteins
Vacuole
Stores food, water, waste
Lysosome
Digests old, worn out cell structures
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transports materials through cell, modifies fats
Golgi body
Modifies, packages, and ships our proteins
Chloroplast
Produces sugar during photosynthesis
Cell wall
Structure and support
Cell membrane
Allows materials to pass into and out of cell
Nucleus
Directs cell functions/ contains DNA
Cell Transport
VOCABULARY
60. Diffusion- movement of any substance from high to low concentration
61. Osmosis- movement of water from high to low concentration
62. Facilitated diffusion- movement of molecules across a cell membrane through a protein from high to low
concentration
63. Passive transport - high to low ; no energy
64. Active transport - low to high; uses energy
65. Dynamic equilibrium- the amt. of molecules inside and outside the cell are the same, no movement
66. Selectively permeable- allows only SOME materials to pass into and out of the cell
67. Solute- what is being dissolved
68. Carrier protein- a protein embedded in cell membrane that substances can pass through to get into or out
of a cell
69. Phospholipid- a phosphate head and 2 fatty acids tails that make up the cell membrane
70. Hypotonic solution- more water/ less solute- water moves into cell
71. Hypertonic solution- less water/ more solute- water moves out of cell
72. Isotonic solution- solute concentration same inside and out- no movement of water
QUESTIONS
73. Draw the phospholipid bilayer. Label the phospholipid heads, tails, and proteins.
74. Fill in the chart.
Definition
Direction of water
Example
movement
Hypertonic solution See above
Out of cell
Salt water
Hypotonic solution
See above
Into cell
Freshwater
Isotonic solution
See above
No movement
Blood cells in blood stream
75. What factors affect the rate of diffusion? Increase in temperature, concentration, and pressure
76. What factors limit the size of a cell?
77. Fill in the chart
diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
active transport
Movement
high --> low
high --> low
high --> low
low --> high
Requires protein?
NO
NO
YES
YES
Requires energy?
No
No
No
YES
VOCABULARY
78. Mitosis- the division of the nuclear contents to form 2 cells
79. Centromere- the center that holds duplicated chromosomes together
80. Centriole- structures in animal cells that assist with cell division
81. Chromosome- a piece of DNA
82. Sister chromatids- two identical pieces of DNA that are attached with a centromere
83. Interphase- a period of cell growth; prior to mitosis
84. Cytokinesis- the division of the cytoplasm
QUESTIONS
85. Mitosis produces ____2_____ (#) cells.
86. If a cell has 14 chromosomes before S phase (replication), how many chromosomes will each daughter cell
have? 14-- same as before
Cellular Respiration/ Photosynthesis
VOCABULARY
87. ATP- cell energy
88. Cellular respiration- the process that produces ATP
89. Photosynthesis- the process that produces glucose
90. Aerobic respiration- uses oxygen (another name for cellular respiration)
91. Fermentation- occurs when oxygen is not present in cells
QUESTIONS
92. What organelle is required for cellular respiration? For photosynthesis?
Mitochondria/ cholorplast
93. What type of cellular respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration
94. What are the two types of fermentation? Alcoholic and lactic acid
95. What are the reactants in photosynthesis? ___carbon dioxide____________, ______water__________
The products? ______glucose______, ___oxygen___________
96. What are the reactants in cellular respiration? ____glucose___________, _______oxygen_________
The products? ______carbon dioxide______, _____water__________