Unit 10: Personality
Objectives
After you have mastered the information in this unit, you will be able to:
1. Understand the nature of personality
2. Describe the three levels of consciousness that Freud believed comprise the human
mind
3. Explain the structures of personality in Freud’s theory
4. Identify psychological defense mechanisms
5. Discuss the five stages of psychosexual development in Freud’s theory
6. Name some of the major contributions of other psychodynamic theorists
7. Explain the three types of traits in Allport’s trait model
8. Describe Cattell’s view on the organization of traits
9. Identify the three traits represented in Eysenck’s model of personality
10. Understand the “Big Five” trait model of personality
11. Discuss the role our genetic heritage plays in personality
12. Discuss Rotter’s concept of locus of control, including the nature of expectancies and
13. subjective values
14. Describe Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism and the role of expectancies
15. Distinguish between Mischel’s situation and person variables
16. Describe self-theory as proposed by Rogers
17. Understand the characteristics associated with Maslow’s concept of self-actualization
18. Discuss how collectivistic and individualistic cultures view the concept of self
19. Describe self-report personality inventories
20. Explain projective tests of personality
Vocabulary
Unit 10: Personality
Personality
Free association
Psychoanalysis
Unconscious
Id
Ego
Superego
Psycholsexual stage
Oedipus complex
Identification
Fixation
Defense mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Reaction formation
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement
Collective unconscious
Projective test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Rorschach inkblot test
Terror-management theory
Self-actualization
Unconditional positive regard
Self-concept
Trait
Personality inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)
Empirically derived test
Social-cognitive perspective
Reciprocal determinism
Personal control
External locus of control
Internal locus of control
Learned helplessness
Positive psychology
Spotlight effect
Self-esteem
Self-serving bias
Outline
Unit 10: Personality
PERSONALITY
 Constant or change
 Environmental or genetics
Psychoanalytic Explanations
 Freud
o ID, ego, euperego
o Eros, thanatos
o Psychosexual stages (oral, anal **fixation**, phallic (penis envy, castration complex,
Oedipus complex, Electra complex, identification), latency, genital)
o Defense mechanisms (denial, displacement, intellectualization, identification,
projection, rationalization formation, regression, repression, sublimation)
o Levels of consciousness
o Criticism of Freud (empirical issues, limited case study, population, no children)
 Jung
o NOT A NEOFreudian
o Collective unconscious
o Archetypes
o Anima/animus
 Adler
o Superiority v. inferiority
o Inferiority complex
o Fictional finalisms
o
 Horney
o Basic anxiety
o 3 ways we relate to others (move toward, away of agains)
o Womb envy
 Chodrow
o Male and female identification with mother (real)
 (Matina Horner) – women’s fear success
HUMANISTS
 Maslow - hierarchy
 Rogers – unconditional positive regard
BIOLOGICAL
 Sheldon – somatotypes – shape of your body determines personality
o Endomorphs (social, amiable, SANTA)
o Mesomorphs (assertive, adventurous, dominating)
o Ectomorphs (emotionally restrained, apprehensive, secretive)
 Genetics – may have a component in this
 Trait Approach – have aparticular trait and will
o Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory – set of labels to describe a person:
 Central Traits – (reliable, silly, smart…)
 Secondary traits – contectual (“you can’t take him to a restaurant!”
o Raymond Cattell
 Factor analysis – statistical technique
 Used Allport’s adjectives, people rate themselves
 16 PF – 16 personality factor questionnaire
Unit 10: Personality
o
The BIG 5 Model
 Costa and McCrae – personality is organized around only 5 basic factors
(OCEAN)
 Openness to experience
 Conscientiousness
 Extraversion
 Agreeableness
 Neuroticism
o Eysenck and Eysenck Biological Trait Theory
o Introversion and extroversion
SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH
 Julian Rotter’s Expectancy Theory
o Internals (I control my end) or external (I can’t control)
 Bandura and reciprocal determinism
o Personality is shaped by the interaction of thoughts, behavior and environment (DUH)
 Skinner – childhood – change the environment change the personality