Biology Final Review
Note: For this exam you are expected to have watched the whale video AND read the cricket comic. Both can be
found on my website.
Protein Synthesis
1. Which type of RNA functions as a copy of DNA?
a.
b.
c.
d.
rRNA
tRNA
mRNA
RNA polymerase
2. Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a(n)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Codon
Anticodon
Exon
Intron
3. The process of making proteins from RNA is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Transcription
Translation
Replication
All of the above
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the bases in a DNA molecule?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Adenine
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
5. What is needed for the peptide bonds to form between amino acids?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ATP
Glucose
Water
DNA
6. The shape of DNA is called a
a.
b.
c.
d.
Triple linked chain
Six-sided figure
Triple helix
Double helix
7. What is DNA’s location during protein synthesis?
a. At the ribosome
b. Inside the cytoplasm
c. Inside the nucleus
d. It moves around the cell during the process
8. Where is the messenger RNA made in a cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
9. What is the role of a ribosome in protein synthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
They provide the amino acids
They give a spot (location) for transfer RNAs to link to messenger RNAs
They translate the DNA code using mRNA
They carry proteins to their site of action
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA but not DNA?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Single stranded
Double stranded
Thymine
Deoxyribose sugar
11. Who found out that the structure of DNA was in a double helix from x-ray diffraction photos?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Watson and Crick
Oswald Avery
Hershey and Chase
Rosalind Franklin
12. What is the DNA backbone composed of?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sugar molecule
Phosphate molecule
Nitrogenous base
Both a and b
13. Which of the following represents the codons that correspond to this segment of DNA: TATCAGGAT?
a.
b.
c.
d.
AUA—GUC—CUA
ATA—GTC—CTA
AUAGU—CCUA
ACA—CUC—GUA
14. How many different amino acids are there?
a.
b.
c.
d.
3
Millions
20
Depends on the protein
15. According to the Genetic Code which of the following amino acid sequences corresponds to this mRNA strand?
CUCAAGUGCUUC
a.
b.
c.
d.
lys-leu-cys-phe
leu-cys-pro-phe
leu-lys-cys-phe
leu-glu-leu-val
16. Using the genetic code from the previous question, which of the following changes would be expected if a CAUUUG
sequences of bases mutated to CACUUG?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected
the identity of one amino acid would change
the identity of more than one amino acid would change
the amino acid sequence would remain unchanged
For the following 2 questions use this original sequence of DNA to answer the questions: CAG TTA CTA
17. A mutation occurred in the original sequence of DNA. The DNA now reads: CAG TTA ATA. What type of mutation
is this?
a. point silent
b. point missense
c. point nonsense
d. insertion
e. deletion
18. A mutation occurred in the original sequence of DNA. The DNA now reads: CAG GTT ACT A. What type of
mutation is this?
a. Insertion of the base T resulting in missense frameshift
b. Insertion of the base G resulting in nonsense frameshift
c. deletion of base G resulting in missense frameshift
d. silent point mutation
USE THE DIAGRAM FOR 19-21
19. In the diagram above Structure X was made in
the
a. nucleus
b. cytoplasm
c. lysosome
d. vacuole
20. The process represented in the diagram is most
closely associated with the cell organelle known as
the
a. nucleolus
b. ribosome
c. chloroplast
d. mitochondrion
21. Which amino acid would be transferred to the position of codon CAC?
a. leucine
b. glycine
c. valine
d. histdine
22. If a portion of a messenger RNA molecule contains the base sequence A-A-U, the corresponding transfer RNA base
sequence is
a. A-A-U
b. G-G-T
c. T-T-C
d. U-U-A
23. Which defines a codon?
a. a protein that begins transcription by breaking apart H bonds
b. a free-floating base that attaches to an open DNA strand
c. the genetic code word of three bases on mRNA that specify one amino acid
d. the strong bond between two complementary nitrogen bases
24. What is the role of tRNA during translation?
a. Copy a DNA strand to carry the code for protein synthesis out of the nucleus
b. carry ribosomes to the site of protein synthesis
c. break apart mRNA and send it back to the nucleus so that it can be reused
d. Carry amino acids to the mRNA for correct placement into the protein chain
25. List 3 different functions of proteins (ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET)
Genetics
1. A student crossed wrinkled-seeded (rr) pea plants with round seeded (RR) pea plants. Only round seeds were produced
as a result. This illustrates the principle of:
a. dominance
b. incomplete dominance
c. independent assortment
d. codominance
2. Which genotype is for a homozygous recessive condition?
a. AA
b. aa
c. Aa
d. all of these
3. In cabbage butterflies, white color (W) is dominant over yellow color (w). If a purebred white cabbage butterfly mates with
a yellow cabbage butterfly, all the offspring are heterozygous white. Which cross represents the genotypes of the parent
generation?
a. WW X Ww
b. Ww X ww
c. Ww X Ww
d. WW X ww
_____4. A zebra has a gene for black hair (B) and a gene for white hair (W). Both of these traits are expressed in the
phenotype of the zebra by forming black and white stripes. This genetic pattern is an example of:
a. co-dominance
b. law of probability
c. incomplete dominance
d. law of dominance
_____5. Which statement best describes how two people both could have the dominant phenotype of brown eyes, but have
two different genotypes for that trait?
a. both are heterozygous for the dominant trait
b. one is homozygous dominant and the other is heterozygous
c. one is homozygous dominant and the other is homozygous recessive
d. both are homozygous recessive for the trait
_____6. Albinos have a genotype of (aa), while all other members of a population are either (Aa) or (AA). The offspring of
a cross between a heterozygous male and an albino female would be:
a. 100% albino
b. 100% normal
c. 50% normal; 50% albino
d. 25% normal; 75% albino
e. 75% normal; 25% albino
_____7. If one parent is homozygous dominant for a trait and the other parent is homozygous recessive for a trait, which of
the following might appear in the F2 generation but not in the F1 generation?
a. heterozygous genotype
b. dominant phenotype
c. recessive phenotype
_____8. When snap dragons with red (RR) flowers are crossed with snap dragons with white (rr) flowers, the resulting
offspring have pink flowers. This illustrates the principle of:
a. dominance
b. co-dominance
c. probability
d. incomplete dominance
_____9. Which of the following is best described as a sequence of DNA, located on a chromosome that contains
information for a particular trait?
a. gene
b. chromosome
c. chromatin
d. genotype
_____10. Two dragons are heterozygous for firebreathing (F) which is dominant over non-firebreathing. If they mated
producing 12 offspring, how many of the offspring would be expected to be non-firebreathers? (Hint: You’ll need to do a
Punnet square)
a. 12
b. 6
c. 2
d. 3
_____11. Mendel’s research gave rise to many important conclusions regarding heredity. One of those conclusions is called
the law of segregation and it states:
a. That two alleles for a particular trait remain linked together during gamete formation
b. That alleles for a particular trait will separate during gamete formation, with one allele for each trait going into the gametes
c. Some alleles are dominant over other alleles
d. Heterozygotes will always have dominant phenotypes
_____12. Which of the following is not true regarding Mendel’s research in genetics?
a. he was the first scientist to discover DNA and used this knowledge for his pea plant experiments.
b. he produced true breeding or pure lines of pea plants that he used in his breeding experiments
c. he was the first to record his data and to apply mathematics and statistics to problems involving heredity
d. his conclusions can be used to explain hereditary patterns in other organisms besides pea plants
_____13. F1 generation refers to which of the following?
a. the parent generation
b. the offspring of the parent generation
c. the generation with the most heterozygous offspring
d. a recessive phenotype
_____14. If one parent is homozygous recessive for a trait and the other parent is homozygous dominant for that trait, which
of the following is true?
a. 50% of the offspring are expected to be heterozygous for that trait
b. 50% of the offspring are expected to be homozygous dominant for that trait
c. 50% of the offspring are expected to be homozygous recessive for that trait
d. all of the offspring are expected to be heterozygous for that trait
_____15. In humans, brown eyes (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b). If two brown-eyed parents have a blue-eyed child,
what are the genotypes of the parents?
a. BB and Bb
b. Bb and Bb
c. bb and Bb
d. BB and bb
Eye color in dragons shows incomplete dominance. Red eyes (R) is dominant over yellow eyes (r) and heterozygotes have
orange eyes. A heterozygous male mates with a homozygous recessive female:
16. Write out the genotype for the male_______
17. Write out the genotype for the female______
18. Write out the phenotype for the male_____________________
19. Write out the phenotype for the female______________
20 An allele is ___.
a. one of the bases in DNA
b. an alternate form of a gene
c. another term for epistasis
d. present only in males and is responsible for sex determination
21 In a cross of a round hybrid pea with a true breeding round parent (Ww x WW), what genotypic ratio would be observed
in the offspring?
a. Half heterozygous, half homozygous dominant
b. Half round, half wrinkled
c. All heterozygous
d. All round
22. A flower shows co-dominant inheritance when it comes to its color. A represents the color red, and a represents the
color white. If the flower is heterozygous what will it look like?
a. Pink
b. Both red and white
c. Red
d. White
Evolution
1. The evolution of beak sizes in Galapagos finches is specifically a response to (resulted because of)
a. The weather on the island
b. The type of seeds available
c. Whether the populations interbreed
d. The particular island on which each finch lives
2. According to Darwin, evolution occurs
a. In response to use or disuse of a characteristic
b. Because of large geologic events
c. By natural selection
d. Within an individual’s lifetime
3. The idea that evolution occurs gradually over time,
a. Is not supported by any fossil evidence
b. Is known as overproduction
c. Is supported by many transitional forms in the fossil record
d. Was proposed by Thomas Malthus
4. Natural selection causes
a. Changes in the environment
b. Plants and animals to produce more offspring than can survive
c. Changes in certain adaptations in a population
d. Genetic variation within populations
5. The similarity in the body shape of a whale and a fish is an example of
a. Divergent evolution
b. Convergent evolution
c. Coevolution
d. Vestigial structures
6. Which of the following must exist in a population in order for natural selection to act?
a. Genetic variation
b. Overproduction
c. Struggle for survival
d. All of the above
7. All organisms that use oxygen have the enzyme cytochrome C. This is an example of:
a. Convergent evolution because all organisms were in the same oxygen rich environment.
b. Vestigial structure because ancient organisms used this enzyme while we do not today.
c. DNA evidence for evolution that all oxygen breathing organisms have a common ancestor.
8. Modern evolutionary theory predicts all of the following EXCEPT
a. If species have changed over time, their genes should have changed.
b. Closely related species will show similarities in DNA sequences.
c. If species share a common ancestor, they will share all of the characteristics of that ancestor.
d. Closely related species will show similarities in amino acid sequences.
Refer to the diagram below to answer questions 10 and 11.
9. The bones above are known as
a. Vestigial structures
b. Divergent structures
c. Homologous structures
d. Analogous structures
10. The similarity of these structures suggests that the organisms
a. Have a common ancestor
b. Have different ancestors
c. No longer use these structures
d. Live in the same kind of environment.
11. The scientist who proposed that individuals could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime was
a. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
b. Charles Darwin
c. Charles Lyell
d. Miller-Urey
12. Strong evidence for evolution comes from
a. The fossil record
b. Embryological evidence
c. Similarities in DNA sequences
d. All of the above
13. Wisdom teeth, the appendix and our tail bone are all examples of
a. Vertebral structures
b. Convergent structures
c. Vestigial structures
d. Analogous structures
14. Over-production is caused by
a. Genetic Variation
b. Struggle for existence
c. None of the above, it is a natural occurrence.
15. Analogous features
a. Look different and have dissimilar embryological origins
b. Look similar but have dissimilar embryological origins
c. Look similar and have similar embryological origins
d. Look different but have similar embryological origins.
16. In terms of fitness crickets are reproductively successful if
a. They are sneaky
b. They have a good mating song
c. They are strong
d. All of the above
e. A and B
17. The pattern of evolution that is usually a response to different habitats is
a. Divergent evolution
b. Coevolution
c. Convergent evolution
d. Not enough information
18. In order to be considered an evolutionarily favorable trait for an organism, a trait must increase the individual’s
a. Likelihood of becoming fossilized
b. Success at leaving healthy offspring
c. Food intake
d. Range of suitable habitats
19. Darwin observed that the Hood Island Tortoise had a much longer neck than tortoises on the other islands. This is
most likely due to an environment in which there was
a. An abundance of vegetation on Hood Island
b. A sparse (small) amount of vegetation that was only found up high
c. A large diversity of organisms
d. A very small diversity of organisms
20. Reproductive isolation can result in
a. Allopatric speciation
b. Sympatric speciation
c. Both A and B depending on the circumstances
d. Reproductive isolation cannot result in speciation.
21. According to the biological species concept organisms are separate species if
a. They fail to produce fertile offspring
b. They have different physical structures
c. They diverged from a common ancestor
d. They do not share over 95% of their DNA
22. Mice that have been separated into 2 populations by the construction of a new road through their range can be
considered all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Geographically isolated
b. Reproductively isolated
c. Sympatrically isolated
23. Whales’ most recent ancestor that was land dwelling resembled a
a. Bear
b. Wolf
c. Fish
d. Lizard
24. What evidence tells us that fish and whales are not related by a recent common ancestor?
a. They both have stream lined bodies to swim in the water
b. They swim differently, fish swimming side to side and mammals swimming up and down
c. Whales are mammals and fish are not
d. Both b and c
e. All of the above