Latin I Semester 1 Midterm Review
Selected Vocabulary To Review:
agricola
bonus
laboro
et
praeda
mando
carrus
durus
laudo
quod
pugna
monstro
equus
magnus
paro
sed
unda
navigo
fortuna
malus
porto
amicus
regina
nuntio
insula
multus
specto
cibus
clarus
occupo
puella
novus
minime
copia
meus
servo
servus
parvus
sic
filia
tuus
probo
terra
est, sunt
non
nauta
gratus
cras
via
erat, erant
nunc
pecunia
dono
paene
vita
amo
ubi
poena
incite
semper
tum
ad
Declension Review
Nouns belong to families called declensions.
1st Declension Endings(feminine nouns plus agricola, nauta)
Singular
Plural
Nominative
-a
-ae
Genitive
-ae
Dative
2nd Declension Endings (masculine nouns)
Singular
Plural
Nom.
–us
-i
-arum
Gen.
-i
-orum
-ae
-is
Dat.
–o
-is
Accusative
-am
-as
Acc.
–um
-os
Ablative
-ā
-is
Abl.
-o
-is
Nominative case: is used for the subject of a sentence. The girl is in the house. Puella est in casā.
Genitive case (“of,” ‘s, s’) : is used for possession. The girl’s house is large. Casa puellae est magna.
Dative case (“to”/ “for”): is used for the indirect object (usually with verbs of give, show, tell):
The girl tells the slave a story. (tells a story to the slave) Puella servo fabulam narrat.
Accusative Case: is used as the direct object. The girl loves the farmer. Puella agricolam amat. Accusative is also
used after the preposition “ad” (“toward”) The girl walks toward the house. Puella ad casam ambulat.
Ablative Case: is used for the ablative of means. The farmer carries food with a cart. Agricola cibum carro portat.
Ablative is also used for “ablative of place where” after the word “in.” The girl is in the water. Puella est in aquā.
Verbs
Verbs have 4 principal parts.
To find the present stem, drop the –re from the 2nd principal part.
PORTO, PORTARE, PORTAVI, PORTATUS: CARRY
STEM: PORTA-
Imperatives (commands) are the stem: porta! (carry!) portate! (carry!---plural)
Negative imperatives use noli/nolite + the infinitive: noli portare! (don’t carry!) nolite portare (don’t carry! –pl.)
Present Tense Endings
Future Tense Endings
Singular
Plural
Singular
1st
-o (I verb)
-mus (we verb)
1st -bo (I will verb)
2nd
-s (you verb)
-tis (you pl./y’all verb)
2nd -bis (you will verb -bitis (you pl./y’all will verb)
3rd
-t (he, she, or it -nt (they verb)
Plural
-bimus (we will verb)
3rd -bit (he, she, or it -bunt (they will verb)
verbs)
will verb)
Culture/Derivatives Review
Body Parts (see handout “Body Parts of Augustus):
auris: ear
manus: hand
digitus: finger
caput: head
oculus: eye
genu: knee
femur: leg/thigh
pectus: chest
nasus: nose
umerus: shoulder
brachium: arm
os, oris: mouth
pes, pedis: foot
Mythology: Gods and Goddesses
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Zeus: Roman name: Jupiter or Jove; Symbols: Oak, Eagle, Thunderbolt, Bull; Chief god, god of the sky
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Hera: Roman name: Juno; Symbols: Peacock, cow;
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Aphrodite: Roman name: Venus; Symbols: dove, myrtle, swan; Goddess of love and beauty
•
Athena: Roman name: Minerva; Symbols: owl, olive branch; Goddess of wisdom, tactical warfare, crafts
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Dionysus: Roman name: Bacchus; Symbols: grapevine, ivy, snake; God of wine and theater
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Poseidon: Roman name: Neptune; Symbols: Trident, horse; God of the sea, horses, and earthquakes
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Hades: Roman name: Pluto; Symbols: helmet, jewels/metals;
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Apollo: Roman name: Apollo; Symbols: laurel, lyre; God of light, prophecy, archery, healing, music
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Ares: Roman name: Mars; Symbols: Dog, vulture; God of war and bloodshed
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Artemis: Roman name: Diana; Symbols: bow, stag, moon; Goddess of the hunt, moon, childbirth, young girls
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Hephaestus: Roman name: Vulcan;
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Hestia: Roman name: Vesta; Symbol: hearth-fire; Goddess of the hearth/home
•
Demeter: Roman name: Ceres; Symbols: wheat/grain, cornucopia (horn of plenty); Goddess of grain and harvest
•
Hermes: Roman name: Mercury; Symbols: caduceus (wand), winged helmet/winged sandals; God of
travelers, thieves, and merchants; also the messenger of the gods
Goddess of marriage, queen of Olympus
Symbols: anvil, fire;
God of the dead and the Underworld
God of the fire and forge
The Eagle background notes
Julius Caesar led the first invasion of Britain (55 BC and 54 BC)
The Emperor Claudius officially made Britain part of the Roman Empire (AD 43)
Britain was important to Rome for its gold, silver, lead, and tin mines
The 9th Spanish legion really existed and does “disappear” from historical records around AD 117
Hadrian’s Wall was built by the Emperor Hadrian in AD 122.
Hadrian’s Wall stretched 73 miles across northern Britain, from coast to coast.
Hadrian’s Wall served as the northern boundary of Rome’s territory in Britain.
Hadrian’s Wall contained mile castles, watch towers, and “super forts” along its length.
Roman soldiers served for 25-year terms.
Roman soldiers performed military duty and construction projects.
The Roman army was divided into 25-35 legions of 5,000 men each.
Legions were divided into centuries of 80 men each; each century was headed up by a centurion.
Mithraism was a popular religion among Roman soldiers; its followers worshiped the eastern god Mithras.
Roman Names
Roman boys usually had 3 names: praenomen, nomen, cognomen.
praenomen: personal name
nomen: the family name (like our “last name” today)
cognomen: nickname or family branch
Marcus Flavius Aquila : Marcus=praenomen, Flavius=nomen, Aquila=cognomen
Girls were given the feminine form of their father’s nomen for their legal name, but they could also have
nicknames: Flavia Prima, Flavia Secunda, Flavia Amata, etc.