1st 9 Weeks Biology Replacement Test
Test Date: Friday October 9, 2015
1. Explain how eukaryotes are considered more advanced than prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes contain a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, are large/complex.
2. Name at least two things that eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells lack.
Membrane-bound organelles, nucleus
3. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Does that mean they do not have DNA? Explain
No, prokaryotes have free floating DNA.
4. Fill in the chart for each organelle.
Organelle
How I can Remember It
Function
Animal, Plant or Both
CELL WALL
Rigid, tough, made of cellulose
Protects and supports the cell
Plant
NUCLEUS
Dense, ball shaped structure,
contains DNA
Controls all of the cell’s activities
Both
CYTOSKELETON
Supports the cell
provides an important structural
framework for: Cell shape
Both
RIBOSOME
Small specks made of RNA.
Found in cytoplasm or on the
endoplasmic reticulum
Makes proteins
Both
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(Smooth & Rough)
Clear, tubular system of tunnels
throughout the cell
Transports materials like proteins
around the cell
Both
GOLGI Apparatus (Golgi Body)
Small bags with tubes connecting
them
Packages and secrets proteins for
use in and out of the cell
Both
LYOSOME
Small, round structures,
containing enzymes
Digests older cell parts, food or
other objects
Animal
VACUOLE
Large open storage area, smaller
in animal cells
Storage tank for food, water,
wastes or enzymes
Both
CHLOROPLAST
Green structures that contain
chlorophyll
Captures sunlight and uses it to
produce food through
photosynthesis
Plant
MITOCHONDRIA
Location in the cytoplasm, bean
shaped
Supplies energy or ATP for the
cell through cell respiration using
glucose and oxygen
Both
CELL MEMBRANE
Thin, covering, protects cells
Protects the cell, performs active
transport and passive transport,
moves materials in and out of the
cell, communication
Both
5. Why does water move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution across a selectively permeable membrane?
Because water goes from an area of high concentration gradient to an area of low concentration gradient.
6. What makes faciliated diffusion different from normal diffusion?
Faciliated diffusion transports larger molecules using a channel protein while simple diffusion transport smaller molecules
across the cell membrane.
7. How are active and passive transport different?
Active transport requires energy to transport molecules across the cell membrane, passive transport does not.
8. Explain how endocytosis and exocytosis help maintain homeostasis in single-celled and multi-cellular organisms.
Exocytosis is important in expulsion of waste materials out of the cell and in the secretion of cellular products such as
digestive enzymes or hormones. Endocytosis is the process by which materials move into the cell.
9. Which group of macromolecules do each of the following belong to:
Monosaccharide-------------------Carbohydrate
DNA--------------------------------Nucleic Acid
Enzymes---------------------------Protein
Steroid-----------------------------Lipid
10. Give the macromolecule that best describes each of the following:
A sequence of multiple simple sugars-------------------------------------Carbohydrates
A set of 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol----------------Lipid
A chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule------------Protein
A sequence of nucleotides--------------------------------------------------Nucleic Acids
11. Which macromolecules are the main sources of energy for living things? What is different about the type of energy they store?
Carbohydrates is short term energy, lipids is long term energy
12. Describe how an enzyme attaches to a substrate.
Enzymes contain an active site. The substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site forming the Enzyme-Substrate Complex.
Once the product has been formed from the Enzyme-Substrate Complex, the enzyme is ready to bind with another substrate. They
work together like a Lock and Key Mechanism.
13. What are the three examples you were given of lipids? Fat, Steriods, Wax, Oils
14. Are lipids water soluble? Why is the important to cells? No they are not water soluble, because without Lipids the cell membrane
would collapse.
15. Enzymes (speed up, slow down) a chemical reaction. They do this while (changing, not changing) the products and the
temperature of the reaction. Enzymes are a type of catalyst that help essential biochemical reactions occur fast enough to maintain
homeostasis. Catalysts affect chemical reactions by lowering its activation energy. Enzymes (change, do not change) during a
chemical reaction. Temperature, pH, and Concentration Solutions are factors that can alter enzyme activity.
16. In terms of function, reactants, and products, explain why cellular respiration is considered to be the opposite of photosynthesis.
THEY ARE BASICALLY THE SAME FORMULA BUT MIRROR IMAGES OF EACH OTHER. WHAT GOES INTO ONE
PROCESS IS WHAT COMES OUT OF THE OTHER.
WATER & CARBON DIOXIDE GO INTO PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE COME OUT OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
17. Where, in a cell, does photosynthesis occur? List the Reactants and Products of each Stage.
Stage 1: Light Dependant Reaction: Occurs in the Thylakoids: LIGHT & H2O
LIGHT SPLITS H2O KEEPING THE HYRDOGENS -------------- O2 IS RELEASED & THE HYDROGENS ARE TAKEN TO THE
NEXT STEP
Stage 2: Light Independant Reaction (Calvin Cycle): Occurs in the Stroma: HYDROGENS + CO2---Glucose
18. Where, in a cell, does cellular respiration occur? List the Reactants and Products of each Stage.
Stage 1: Glycolsis: Occurs in the Cytoplasm: Glucose------------ Pyruvate acid and ATP (2)
Stage 2: Kreb Cycle: Occurs in the Mitochondria: Pyruvate and ATP------6 CO2 , 2 ATP, 2 FADH, 8 NADPH
Stage 3: Electron transport Chain: Occurs in the Mitochondria: Glucose----34 ATP, CO2 , H2 O
19. How are autotrophs and heterotrophs different? Give examples of each.
Autotrophs make the own food while heterotrophs ingest their food. Autotroph: Plant Heterotroph: Animal
20. Explain and draw a diagram showing how energy is released from ATP.
ATP IS THE ENERGY STORING MOLECULE. THE ENERGY IS STORED IN THE BONDS OF THE 2ND & 3RD
PHOSPHATE. WHEN THE BOND IN BROKEN BETWEEN THE 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE ENERGY IS RELEASED.
ATP IS NOW ADP. T O GET BACK TO ATP ALL THAT HAS TO HAPPEN IS THAT A PHOSPHATE IS BONDED TO
THE 2ND PHOSPHATE ON ADP
21. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic Respiration involves oxygen while anaerobic respiration does not involve oxygen
22. Compare and contrast the two main types of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Lactic Acid Fermentation breaks pyruvate down into lactic acid, commonly found in muscles of animals after over use.
Alcoholic Fermentation breaks pyruvate down into Ethel Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide.