8th Grade Latin Cheat Sheet (As of Ch. 7)
Verbs:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
INFINITIVES: End in –re, such as amāre, monēre, legere, and audīre.
-We can tell what conjugation a verb is by looking at the vowel.
-When by themselves, they are translated as “to _______,” so if you see to ______ in an English
to Latin translation, use the infinitive!
VERB PERSONS: When we want to say things like I run, You like, or They want, we need to use the
correct personal ending in Latin.
Latin Ending
How we translate it
Verb Person
First Person Singular
-o
I ________, I am ________ing
Second Person Singular
-s
You________, You are ________ing
Third Person Singular
-t
He/She/It________, He/She/It is ________ing
First Person Plural
Second Person Plural
Third Person Plural
-mus
-tis
-nt
We_________, We are _________ing
Y’all_________, Y’all are ________ing
They_________, They are ________ing
**NOTE: If you have a main verb like I am running or Y’all are talking, you DO NOT need to use a form of
est, just use the main verb with the correct ending.
When forming verbs, for the most part you drop the –re from the infinitive, and add the ending.
For instance, if I wanted to make the verb we stay from manēre: to stay, it would look like this:
manēre  Drop –re  mane  add ending for we (mus)  manēmus
Here are the exceptions to the general rule:
1st Conjugation: In first person singular, you drop the entire –are and add –o
3rd Conjugation, First person Singular: Drop –ere and add o
3rd Conjugation, Second Singular through Second Plural: drop the –ere, add –i, then add your ending.
3rd Conjugation, Third Person Plural: drop the –ere, add –unt.
4th Conjugation, Third Person Plural: drop the –re, add –unt.
Questions:
Remember in Latin, to ask a question you can:
- use a word of asking (who, what, why, etc), such as: what are you doing?
-add the ending –ne to a word in the sentence to make a question like: are we learning?
Nouns and Adjectives:
Here is a chart of all the endings we’ve learned up to this point:
First Declension
(Feminine)
Second Declension
(Masculine)
Third Declension
(Masculine/Feminine)
Nom. Sing.
Acc. Sing.
Abl. Sing.
-a
-am
-ā
-us/r
-um
-ō
---------em
-e/-i
Nom. Plural
Acc. Plural
Abl. Plural
-ae
-as
-īs
-i
-os
-īs
-es
-es
-ibus
Here’s a review of our cases:
Nominative: The subject of the sentence
Accusative: The direct object of the sentence. This receives the action of the verb (remember,
accusative accepts the action!)
Accusative is also used for prepositional phrases indicating motion to or towards.
Ablative: The ablative case is used for prepositional phrases dealing with words like in, on, away from,
out of, and with.
Remember, if you’re translating into Latin you need to use the right ending to say what case
the noun is; word order doesn’t matter!
Adjectives:
Adjectives in Latin use the same endings as nouns. The one exception to this is that 3rd declension
adjectives us –i in the ablative singular instead of –e.
When nouns and adjectives go together, they must agree. That means they must match in:
1) Case- Nominative? Accusative? Ablative?
2) Number- Singular or Plural?
3) Gender- Masculine of Feminine?
REMEMBER, FROM NOW ON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES DO NOT HAVE TO MATCH IN ENDING TO
AGREE!