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7th- April- History-
Tracing Changes Through Thousand year
Exercises
In text Question - Page No.2
Question 1.Look at the areas in the interior of the subcontinent on
Map to of the textbook. Are they as detailed as those on the coast?
Follow the course of the River Ganga and see how it is shown. Why
do you think there is a difference in the level of detail and accuracy
between the coastal and inland areas in this map?.
Answer.
1. Not the areas in the interior of subcontinent on Map to are not as
detailed as those on the coast.
2. The European sailors and merchants who used this map, did not go to
the inland places of the subcontinent much as they interacted with the
coastal areas.
3. Therefore, the level of detail and accuracy of coastal areas is better
than the inland areas, in the map.
In text Questions - Page No.3
Question 1. Can you think of any others words whose meanings
change in different contexts?
Answer. The others words whose meanings change in different contexts
is as under:
(i) Jana- (a) Initially it was used to address people or group of people.
(b) Latter on it was used to denote land.
In text Question - Page No.4
Question 1. When was paper more expensive and easily available- in
the thirteen or the fourteenth century?
Answer. Paper was more expensive duringand thirteen and easily
available in the fourteenth century.
In text Questions - Page No. 8
Question 1. Of the technological, economic, social and cultural
changes described in this section, which do you think were most
significant in the town or village in which you
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live?
Answer.[Hint- Technological changes did not have much impact on
village or town life but social cultural and economic had greater impact on
our village life.]
Intext Questions - Page No.10
Question 1. Why do you think rulers made such claims?
Answer. Rulers wanted to show of, be popular and mighty by calming t
have control over distant territories.
Question 2. Make a list of languages mentioned by Amir Khusrau.
Prepare another of the names of languages spoken today in the
regions he mentions. Underline names that are similar and circle
those that are different. Did you notice that the names by which
languages are Known have changed over time?
Answer:
Languages at the time of
Present day languages
Amir Khusara
Sindh
Sindhi
Punjab+Urdu
Lahore
Lahore
Punjab+Urdu
Kashmir
Kashmiri
Kashmiri
South karnataka
Dvarsamudri
Kannada
Andhra-Pradesh
Telangani.
Telugu
Gujarat
Gujarati
Gujarti
Tamil Nadu
Ma''bar
Tamil
Bengal
Gauri
Bengali
Eastren-Uttar- Pradesh Awadhi
Lakhnuavi
Delhi
Hindawi
Hindi
Yes, there are significant changes in then spoken languages at different
regions over time.
Region
Question 3.What was the duration of the rule of the Khalji and Mughal
dynasties?
Answer:
3
1.Khalji dynasty ruled from 1290 to 1320.
2. Mughal dynasty ruled from 1526 to 1857.
In text Question - Page No.11
Question 1. Find out weather and for how long your state was part
of these pan-regional empires?
Answer: Students, do themselves.
Question 2. Do you remember what Amir khusrau had to say
regarding Sanskrit, knowledge and Brahmanas?
Answer: Amir khusrau, said that Sanskrit did not belong to any region. It
was an old language common people did not know it. only the
Brahmanas spoke it.
__________________________________________________________
__________
Exercises
Question 1.Who was considered a ''foreigner'' in the past?
Answer:
1. In the medieval period, a ''foreigner'' was an stranger who was not a
part of society or culture. for example, a forest-dweller was a foreigner to
a city-dweller.
2. But two peasants living in the same village were not foreigners to each
other, even though they may have had different religious or caste
backgrounds.
Question 2. State weather true or false:
Answer:
(a) We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.( False )
(b) The Marathas asserted their political importance during this
period.( True )
(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with
the spread of agricultural settlements.( True )
(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and
Kashmir.( False )
Question 3. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Archives are places where
are kept.
(b)
was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
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(c)
,
,
,
and
were some of the new crops
introduced into the subcontinent during this period.
Answer:
(a) Archives are places where Documents, manuscripts, old official
records
and transactionsare kept.
(b) Ziyauddi Barani was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c) Potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee were some of the new crops
introduced into the subcontinent during this period.
Question 4. List some of the technological changes associated with
this period.
Answer. The new technogical that made their appearance during this
period were1. the persian wheel in irrigation.
2. the spinning wheel in weaving.
3. the firearms in Combat.
Question 5. What were some of the major religious developments
during this period?
Answer.
The major religious developments during this period were as under:
1. In Hinduism new deities were worshiped and temples were
constructed by royalty.
2. The Brahmanas, the priests dominated the other social classes.
3. The new dynamic relationship got developed among Brahmanas and
their partons-new rulers searching for prestige.
4. The idea of Bhakti emerged.
5. Muslim religion and teachings of Quran were introduced in the
subcontinent.
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Question 6. In what ways has the meaning of the term ''Hindustan"
changed over the centuries?
Answer.
The time the meaning of the term ''Hindustan" changed as under:
1.In the present time , the term ''Hindustan" is understood by ''India", the
modern nation state.
2. But the 13th centuary writer Minhaj-i-Siraj, used the term ''Hindustan" to
denot the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between Ganga and
Yamuna.
Therefore,the term was used in the political context.
3. In 16th centuary, Babur used the term "Hindustan'' to describe the
geography, the fauna (animals) and the culture of thed inhabitants of the
subcontient.
4. At some other place in history, great poet Amir Khusrau used the word
''Hindi" in the similar context as Babur did.
Question 7. How were the affairs of jatis regulated?
Answer. The ways in which theaffairs of jatis were regulated were as
follows:
1. Jaties framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of
their members.
2. Jaties panshyat or the assembely of elders enforced these regulations.
3. Jatis also followed the rules oftheir villages
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Question 8. What was the term pan-regional empire mean?
Answer:
1. During the medieval period there was enormous diversity among distinctive region of
the subcontinent.
2. Each region had its own greographical dimensions, own language and cultural
characterstics.
3. These region were assciated with specific ruling dynasties.
4. There was a considereable conflict between these states.
5. Therefore, the empire that ruled or controlled such diverse regions,were called the
pan-religional empires.For example, dynasties like the Cholas, Khaljis, Tughluq and
Mughals were able to build the pan-regional empire.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Siwistan
Uchch
Multan
Kalanaur
Lahor
Samana
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Sarsuti
Kuhram
Hansi
Delhi
Badayum
Qannauj
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
Kara
Awadh
Bihar
Lakhnauti
Jajnagar
Malwa
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XIII
XIV
Gujarat
Devagiri
Tilingana
Talanj
Davarasamudra
Malabar
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Let's Discuss
Question 9. What are the difficulties historians face in using
manuscripts?
Answer:
Historians face many problems in using manuscripts. Some of them
are as under:
1. Manuscripts are badly written which is hardly under stable.
2. Sometimes, due to lack of understandability of handwriting, historians
are forced to guess what is written.
3. As scribes copied manuscripts, they also introduced small changes
which grew over centuries.
4. Historians have to depend upon the copied version as the original
manuscripts are rarely found.
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Question 10. How do historians divide the past into periods?Do they
face any problems in doing so?
Answer:
1. Historians divide the past into periods onthe basis of economic and
social factors to charactteries the major elements of different moments of
the past.
2. Historians face many problems while dividing the past intoperioda as
there was a good amount of technological development in the ''medieval''
period, which can be called as 'modern' in the contemporary context. But
still the period is called ''medieval'' and not ''modern''. On the other hand ,
modern past is followed by the ''medieval'' past.
Let's Do
Question 11. Compare either Map 1 or Map 2 with the present-day
map of the subcontinent, listing as many similarities and differences
you can find.
Answer:
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The similarities between Map 2 and the present -day map of the
subcontinentare are as under:
1.The coast line is almost as curved as it is in thje present-day map.
2. The names of coastal areas are almost similar.
3. The location (latitude and longitude and longitude) of most of the
places show in the map.
The differences in the Map 1 or Map 2 with the present -day map of the
subcontinentare as under:
1.The present day map is cloured, which shows water clour with sky blus
clour.
2. the present day map also shows the coastal boundary of the
subcontinent.
3. The present-day map is more accurate and match detailed.
Question 12. Find out where records are kept in your village or city.
Who writes these records? Is there an archive? who manages it?
What kinds of documants are stored there? Who are the people who
use it?
Answer:
[Hint-1. Mostly records are kept by government owned libraries,archives,
museums, etc.
2. The scribes appointed by the state or the central govern-ment writes
these records. For example, Gazetter of India.
3. State central government manages it.
4. The documents related to the everyday functioning of assemblies,
parliament, important acts, vistiors, wars elections, etc are stored there.
5. Historains, political analysts, journalists, researchers, authropologists,
etc. use these records.]
Additional Question.
Question (i). Give two terms used fo a ''foreginer'' in the past.
Answer. A ''forginer'' was called pardesi in Hindi and ajnabi in Petsian.
Question (ii). How was paper used?
Answer: The paper was used to write holy texts, chroncicles of rulers,
letters and teaching of saints, petitions and judicial resords, accounts and
taxes.
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Q1: Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past?
Answer: In past (medieval period), foreigner is referred to any person
who was not a part of the same society or culture. For example, a citydweller might regard a forest-dweller as foreigner. But two peasants living
in the same village were not foreigners to each other even though they
belong to different caste or religious backgrounds.
Q2: State whether true or false:
(a) We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.
(b) The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period.
(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the
spread of agricultural settlements.
(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False
Q3: Fill in the blanks:(a) Archives are places where ____________ are
kept.
(b) _______________ was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c) , , , ______ and ________ were some of the new crops introduced
into the subcontinent during this period.
Answer:
(a) Archives are places where manuscripts are kept.
(b) Amir Khusrao was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c) Potatoes, corn, chillies, and coffee were some of the new crops
introduced into the subcontinent during this period.
Q4: List some technological changes associated with this period.
Answer: In the thousand years between 700 to 1750, there occurred large
variety of technological changes impacting social, economical, political and
cultural changes. Prominent technological developments were:
1.
Persian wheel in irrigation.
2.
Spinning wheel in weaving
3.
Firearms in combat.
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4.
New food and beverages like potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and
coffee.
Q5: What were the some of the major religious developments during
this period?
Answer: In the thousand years history, it witnessed major developments in
religious traditions.
1.
The religious belief in supernatural agency was collective
among people and it was often connected with the social and
economic organization of local communities.
2.
In Hinduism, it lead to worshiping new deities, construction of
new temples by the kings.
3.
Brhamins gained importance and became dominant group in
the society because of their knowledge of Sanskrit language and role
playing as priests in religious activities.
4.
Later one of the major development was the emergence of the
idea of Bhakti or Sufism i.e. devotees can pray their personal deities
by sermons without the aid of priests or elaborate rituals.
5.
In this period, new religions also appeared in the subcontinent.
E.g. during seventh century merchants and migrants brought the
teachings of Islam. Later many rulers (Sultanate of Delhi and
Mughals) became patrons of Islam. Like Hinduism, Islam was
interpreted by in variety of ways by its followers.
Q6: In what ways has the meaning of the term ''Hindustan" changed
over the centuries?
Answer: The time the meaning of the term ''Hindustan" changed number of
times over the centuries:
1.
Presently, the term ''Hindustan" is understood by ''India", the
modern nation state.
2.
During 13th century writer Minhaj-i-Siraj, used the term
''Hindustan" in political context to denote kingdom areas of Punjab,
Haryana and the lands between Ganga and Yamuna (Uttar Pradesh).
3.
In 16th century, Babur and Amir Khusro used the term
"Hindustan'' to describe the geography, the fauna (animals) and the
culture of the inhabitants of the sub-continent.
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Q7: How were the affairs of jatis regulated?
Answer: Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the
conduct of their members. These regulations were enforced by an
assembly of elders( called jati panchayat in some areas). Several villages
were governed by a chieftain. Together they were only one small unit of a
state.
Q8: What does the term pan-regional empire mean?
Answer:The empire which spreads across many regions of diverse culture,
religion and geography is called pan-regional empire. Cholas, Khaljis,
Tughluqs and Mughals were pan-regional empires.
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Concept Map about Medieval Period Indian History
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Q9: What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?
Answer: Following difficulties generally historians face while using
manuscripts:
1.
Poor Handwriting: Manuscripts were mostly hand written.
Illegible handwriting introduce errors while copying these scripts.
2.
Different Interpretations: illegible writings force historians to
take guess which may not be accurate.
3.
Copying Errors: Scribes while copying introduce small errors
which grew over the centuries.
4.
Different versions of Manuscripts may lead to confusion. It
becomes a challenge to decide the chronological order of their
releases.
Q10: Give examples of forts built during Medieval period.
Answer:
1.
Lal Quila (Red Fort at Delhi)
2.
Red Fort at Agra
3.
Gwaliar Fort
4.
Amer Fort (Jaipur)
Q11: Name any two mosques built during Medieval period.
Answer:
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1.
Jama Masjid (Delhi)
2.
Moti Masjid (Agra)
Q12: List the name of temples built during Medieval period.
Answer:
1.
2.
3.
Meenakshi Temple (Madurai)
Khujrao Temples
Dilwara Temples (Mt. Abu)
Q13: List any two pillars built during Medieval period.
Answer:
1.
2.
3.
Qutub Minar (Delhi)
Charminar (Hyderabad)
Vijay Pillar (Chittorgarh)
Q 14: List names of tombs built during Medieval period.
Answer: Taj Mahal (Agra), Humanyun Tomb (Delhi)