Partner: Eryne Butler
Section 2:CRN:40557
Demographics
Name:
Gender:
Age:
Height (inches):
Height (cm):
Weight (lbs):
Weight (kg):
BMI:
Froza Mercado
Female
25 yrs.
60 in.
152 cm.
108 lbs.
49 kg
21
Review of Physical History
Please answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge.
Are you currently injured? If you answered yes, please explain the injury/ injuries.
(e.g. sprain, strain, bursitis, torn ACL, etc.)
Yes. Sometimes I have an aching pain in my right knee. I’ve noticed that the aching
pain occurs when it is about to rain, when it is raining, and when it is damp outside. My knee
pain also acts up when I run outside for a long period of time. In any of these cases, I have to
rest and ice my knee, and I also have to wear a knee brace until the pain subsides._____________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Have you had any previous injures? If yes, please state the injury.
(e.g. broken bone, sprain, strain, torn ligament, etc.)
Yes, I’ve had several injuries that have affected my movement patterns over the years.
I have strained my hip flexors, sprained both my ankles and wrists numerous times,
fractured my tibia, torn the medial ligament in my right kneecap, and dislocated my right
shoulder.________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Does anyone in your family have any conditions or injuries that affect his or her movement
patterns? If you answered yes, please state the conditions.
(e.g. back pain, neck pain, arthritis, tendinitis, etc.)
My dad is flat-footed and I get my flat-footedness from him. He has had some knee
discomfort in the past. He also had carpal tunnel, which required surgery. He also has chronic
back pain, which requires him to wear a back brace whenever he is at work. My mom has
osteopenia, so she has to take calcium and check in regularly with her doctor to monitor her
bone density.___________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What sports or physical activities have you participated in?
(e.g. soccer, football, golf, swimming, etc.)
When I was younger, I was a gymnast for ten years up until I was in high school. In high
school, I did cheerleading, dance, and I was on the bowling team. On my free time, I played
tennis,
badminton,
and
volleyball
with
my
family.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Do you currently participate in sports or physical activities? If you answered yes, please state
the sports or activities.
(e.g. soccer, football, golf, swimming, etc.)
Yes. I am still a dancer. I dance modern contemporary dance. I am also a Polynesian
dancer
that
works
for
a
Hawaiian
entertainment
company.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
About how often do you participate in this sport or activity during a typical week?
(e.g. 2 hours a day, 3 times a week)
I dance modern contemporary 3 hours a day, twice a week. I practice Polynesian
dance throughout the week by practicing about 30 minutes to an hour each day. Then, I
usually dance a 1 hour Hawaiian show at least once a week. During the summer, I usually
dance an hour long show, 3-4 times a week. _____________________________________________________
Do you currently exercise? If yes, explain how long and how often you exercise during a
typical week.
(e.g. “I run outside for 30 minutes, 4 times a week.” “I go to the gym for 1 hour, 5 days a
week.”)
Yes. I go to the gym for about an hour to an hour and a half, at least 3 times a week.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Do you have a job that is physically demanding? If you answered yes, please state the job and
state what the job entails.
(e.g. “I work as a waiter and I am required to lift heavy dishes throughout my shift.”)
Yes. I work as a dancer so I am exercising and doing cardio as I am working. I have to
make sure I have enough endurance throughout the show. Polynesian dance is sometimes
hard on my knees so I have to make sure to stretch before and after every
show.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Do you do any other daily activities that affect your movement patterns? If you answered
yes, please explain.
(e.g. lawn mowing, riding bicycle to school, carrying backpack over one shoulder, etc.)
Yes. Daily chores around the house, like carrying laundry baskets, can sometimes be
strenuous. I try to lift heavy loads with my legs and not my back. I also tend to carry my
books over one shoulder, and I noticed that I started to get some upper back and neck
pain._____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Movement Goals
o Increase shoulder mobility through stretches, especially the left shoulder. My
right shoulder is more flexible, which may be due to my previous dislocation
on the right shoulder. I would prefer to lessen the flexibility gap between both
my shoulders to make it more even.
o Increase strength of rotator cuff muscles, especially the right shoulder. The
injury on my right shoulder indicates muscle weakness that needs to be
corrected.
o Increase upper body strength, especially when lifting objects overhead. This is
rehabilitative since I feel a slight pinch of pain when I carry heavy loads over
my head, which may be due to my previous injury of the right shoulder.
o Increase flexibility of hip flexor muscles so that I may be able to advance in my
modern dance capabilities. More range of motion in this area would allow me
to have better extensions, straddles, and leaps.
o Increase flexibility of the hamstrings, which again would give me greater ROM
for dance purposes.
o Increase strength of muscles surrounding my kneecap (i.e. Quadriceps Femoris
muscle group) to prevent further injury.
o Strengthen core muscles, which would improve my skills in modern dance and
Polynesian dance. This would also prevent any pain or injury that I may
acquire over time.
o Strengthen the muscles on the left side of my upper and lower extremities.
This would prevent further injury. I observed that my right side is stronger and
is put to use more, which is why I am more prone to injury on my right side.
Initial Summary
I am a 25 year-old female. My height is 60 inches or 152 centimeters. I weigh 108 lbs.
or 49 kilograms, and my BMI is 21, which is in the normal weight range (“Normal Weight
Ranges: Body Mass Index (BMI)”, 2013).
I have participated in gymnastics, cheerleading, bowling, and dance. I have also
played sports like tennis, volleyball, and badminton for fun. Unfortunately, the sports and
activities that I participated in led me to have several injuries. In the past, I have strained my
hip flexors, sprained both my ankles and wrists numerous times, fractured my tibia, tore the
medial ligament in my right kneecap, and dislocated my right shoulder. I am still very active
with dance today. I do dance for both work and for fun; however, my previous injuries and
constant wear on my body have led me to have some aches and pains.
It doesn’t help that my dad is flat-footed, has knee problems, has back pain, and had
carpal tunnel, which required surgery. My mom also has been losing bone density, which
makes her more prone to injury and fracture. I am also flat-footed, like my dad, which could
explain our problems with our knees. A lot of the activities that I participate in don’t require
shoes, so I am usually not getting any support for the bottom of my foot. Flat-footedness
could also explain why my dad has back pain. I am not feeling back pain yet, but I am more
prone to have the same physical conditions my parents suffer from.
In addition to being more genetically prone to injuries, I still work my body very hard
with both modern contemporary and Polynesian dance. I go to the gym at least three times a
week, aside from the time I spend dancing, and I try to strengthen my muscles and make sure
I stay limber at the same time. I really need to focus on the muscle groups that need
strengthening. I’ve realized that my right side has always been more dominant. I even have
a tendency to carry all my books over my right shoulder. I am stronger on my right side and I
depend much more of my movements on my right side. However, my right side is the side
that sustains more injury, probably because I over use that side.
My main issue that requires my focus is to get rid of the muscle imbalance between
the muscles on my left side and the muscles on my right side. I need to increase my strength
in the rotator cuff muscles of my right shoulder, but I also need to gain more shoulder
mobility in my left shoulder, since my right shoulder has more mobility due to the
dislocation. I also need to increase my upper body strength, since I noticed that I have a
difficult time lifting things over my head, which may also be due to my previous right
shoulder dislocation. I also need to strengthen the muscles of my lower extremities,
especially my right knee because it has caused me some discomfort even after my injury
healed.
My other movement goals are aimed to improve my own dance capabilities. In order
to dance I need to have endurance, I need to be strong, and I also need to be very flexible. I
need to increase my hip flexor flexibility and my hamstring flexibility to get better extension
in my dance movements. I also need to strengthen my core muscles because those muscles
play an important role in dance movement and balance.
I have set many goals for myself, but I know that these goals will only make me a
better dancer. As of right now, I am flexible, I am strong, and I am capable of doing all the
movements I need to do for dance. However, I see flexibility and strength as a constant goal
that I should maintain and improve upon so that I can be a better dancer. I also think that
flexibility and strength will help me to prevent further injury. I know that my previous
injuries have weakened my muscles and that it affects my current movement patterns, which
is why it is so important to focus on the muscles that are weaker.
Range of Motion Assessment
1. Motion: Cervical Flexion
Segment: Cervical Spine
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of Motion: 60˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Neck pain during any head flexion movement.
Neutral Position
Cervical Flexion
2. Motion: Cervical Extension
Segment: Cervical Spine
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of Motion: 80˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Neck pain during any neck extension movement.
Neutral Position
Cervical Extension
3. Motion: Lateral Flexion (Right)
Segment: Cervical Spine
Plane: Frontal
Degree of Motion: 45˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Neck pain
Anatomical Position
Lateral Flexion
4. Motion: Lateral Flexion (Left)
Segment: Cervical Spine
Plane: Frontal
Degree of Motion: 45˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Neck Pain
Anatomical Position
Axis: Anteroposterior
Lateral Flexion
Axis: Anteroposterior
5. Motion: Rotation (Right)
Segment: Cervical Spine
Plane: Transverse
Degree of Motion: 85˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Neck pain
Anatomical Position
Rotation (Right)
6. Motion: Rotation (Left)
Segment: Cervical Spine
Plane: Transverse
Degree of Motion: 85˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Neck pain
Anatomical Position
Axis: Vertical
Rotation (Left)
Axis: Vertical
7. Motion: Abduction (Right arm)
Segment: Glenohumeral
Plane: Frontal
Axis: Anterposterior
Degree of motion: 170˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Pain when raising arm to the side.
Neutral Position
Abduction (Right)
8. Motion: Abduction (Left arm)
Segment: Glenohumeral
Plane: Frontal
Axis: Anteroposterior
Degree of motion: 175˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Pain when raising arm to the side.
Neutral Position
Abduction (Left)
9. Motion: Flexion (Right Arm)
Segment: Glenohumeral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 180˚
Potential affect if abnormal: pain or trouble raising arm straight up.
Neutral Position
Flexion (Right)
10. Motion: Flexion (Left arm)
Segment: Glenohumeral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 180˚
Potential affect if abnormal: pain or trouble raising arm straight up.
Neutral Position
Flexion (Left)
11. Motion: Internal Rotation (Right arm)
Segment: Glenohumeral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 75˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Pain or discomfort of the shoulder girdle.
Neutral Position
Internal Rotation (Right arm)
12. Motion: Internal Rotation (Left arm)
Segment: Glenohumeral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 50˚
Potential affect if abnormal: pain or discomfort of the shoulder girdle.
Neutral Position
Internal Rotation (Left arm)
13. Motion: External Rotation (Right arm)
Segment: Glenohumeral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 105˚
Potential affect if abnormal: pain or discomfort of the shoulder girdle.
Neutral Position
External Rotation (Right arm)
14. Motion: External Rotation (Left arm)
Segment: Glenohumeral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 100˚
Potential affect if abnormal: pain or discomfort of the shoulder girdle.
Neutral Position
External Rotation (Left arm)
15. Motion: Knee Extension (Right)
Segment: Tibiofemoral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 0˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness or pain of the hamstrings, which could
lead to injury.
Neutral Position
Knee Extension (Right knee)
16. Motion: Knee Extension (Left)
Segment: Tibiofemoral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 0˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness or pain of the hamstrings, which could
lead to injury.
Neutral Position
Knee Extension (Left knee)
17. Motion: Knee Flexion (Right)
Segment: Tibiofemoral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 165˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Knee pain, discomfort, or injury
Neutral Position
Knee Flexion (Right)
18. Motion: Knee Flexion (Left)
Segment: Tibiofemoral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 160˚
Potential affect if abnormal: Knee pain, discomfort, or injury
Neutral Position
Knee Flexion (Left)
19. Motion: Hip Flexion (Right)
Segment: Acetabulofemoral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 105˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness or pain of the hip.
Neutral Position
Hip Flexion (Right)
20. Motion: Hip Flexion (Left)
Segment: Acetabulofemoral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 115˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness or pain of the hip.
Neutral Position
Hip Flexion (Left)
21. Motion: External Rotation (Right hip)
Segment: Acetabulofemoral
Plane: Frontal
Axis: Anteroposterior
Degree of Motion: 45˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness, pain, discomfort, or injury of the hip.
Neutral Position
External Rotation (Right)
22. Motion: External Rotation (Left Hip)
Segment: Acetabulofemoral
Plane: Frontal Axis: Anteroposterior
Degree of motion: 45˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness, pain, discomfort, or injury of the hip.
Neutral Position
External Rotation (Left)
23. Motion: Internal Rotation (Right)
Segment: Acetabulofemoral
Plane: Frontal Axis: Anteroposterior
Degree of motion: 50˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness, pain, discomfort, or injury of the hip.
Neutral Position
Internal Rotation (Right)
24. Motion: Internal Rotation (Left)
Segment: Acetabulofemoral
Plane: Frontal Axis: Anteroposterior
Degree of motion: 45˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness, pain, discomfort, or injury of the hip.
Neutral Position
Internal Rotation (Right)
25. Motion: Hip Flexion (Right)
Segment: Acetabulofemoral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 115˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness or pain of the hip.
Neutral Position
Hip Flexion (Right)
26. Motion: Hip Flexion (Left)
Segment: Acetabulofemoral
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Mediolateral
Degree of motion: 120˚
Potential affect if abnormal: tightness or pain of the hip.
Range of Motion Assessment Synopsis
Joint
Motion
Cervical Spine
Glenohumeral
Tibiofemoral
Acetabulofemoral
Cervical Flexion
Cervical Extension
Lateral Flexion
(Right)
Lateral Flexion
(Left)
Rotation (Right)
Rotation (Left)
Abduction (Right)
Abduction (Left)
Flexion (Right)
Flexion (Left)
Internal Rotation
(Right)
Internal Rotation
(Left)
External Rotation
(Right)
External Rotation
(Left)
Extension (Right)
Extension (Left)
Flexion (Right)
Flexion (Left)
Flexion (Right)
in Supine
Flexion (Left)
In Supine
External Rotation
(Right)
External Rotation
(Left)
Internal Rotation
(Right)
Internal Rotation
(Left)
Flexion (Right)
Standing
Flexion (Left)
Standing
Normal
Range
My Range
60˚
75˚
45˚
60˚
80˚
45˚
Normal,
Restricted,
or
Excessive
Normal
Excessive
Normal
45˚
45˚
Normal
80˚
80˚
170˚
170˚
170˚
170˚
70˚
85˚
85˚
170˚
175˚
180˚
180˚
75˚
Excessive
Excessive
Normal
Excessive
Excessive
Excessive
Excessive
70˚
50˚
Restricted
90˚
105˚
Excessive
90˚
100˚
Excessive
0˚
0˚
145˚
145˚
90˚
0˚
0˚
165˚
160˚
105˚
Normal
Normal
Excessive
Excessive
Excessive
90˚
115˚
Excessive
45˚
45˚
Normal
45˚
45˚
Normal
35˚
50˚
Excessive
35˚
45˚
Excessive
110˚
115˚
Excessive
110˚
120˚
Excessive
Range of Motion Assessment Analysis
As I analyzed the range of motions that I performed in this lab, I realized that some of
the ranges are inaccurate because I was so focused on keeping my form that I was hesitant to
do my actual potential range. This is especially true for internal and external rotation of the
glenohumeral joint. I know I could have attained at least normal range for the internal
rotation of the left shoulder. My range of motion for that movement was restricted, so I redid the motion at home and realized that I can go beyond the range that was depicted in the
picture.
When assessing my range of motion, I noticed that most of my ranges indicate that I
have excessive mobility. This is probably due to my background in gymnastics and dance.
However, I also noticed that one side has slightly more range than the opposite side. For
example, when performing hip flexion in the supine position, my right leg was at 105˚ and my
left leg was at approximately 115˚. Although, my range of motion for hip flexion is above
normal range for both legs, there is still a big difference in ranges when comparing the two
legs. I think this is something I should correct. These differences indicate asymmetrical range
of motion, which could potentially cause me injury in the future. I realize that the
incongruence between my opposing sides may be due to previous injury, but I would prefer
that both my right and left sides move at equal ranges.
Overall, this lab has made me realize the areas with which I still need work. I need to
work on abduction of my right shoulder so that it is equally as flexible as my left shoulder. I
need to work on internal rotation of the left should so that it is congruent with the right
shoulder and I also need to work on congruency for external rotation of both the right and
left shoulder. I need to work on having congruent range during knee flexion and also
congruent range of motion for both sides during hip flexion. I also need to work on internal
rotation of my left hip so that it is equally as flexible as my right hip. Lastly, I need to work on
having congruent range of motion during hip flexion while standing.
I realize that having too much range of motion could lead to injury, but range of
motion is essential as a dancer. In some aspects, I could probably work on making some
joints less mobile, which would mean that I have to focus more on improving my muscular
strength so that I have more stability in that joint. I think I can definitely use strengthening in
my right shoulder. Regardless, I think that the main thing I need to focus on is to attain equal
range of motions between right and left sides. Achieving symmetrical range of motion would
indicate that I don’t have a preference between any particular side and it would also
decrease my risk of injury.
Postural Analysis
Frontal View:
Proper Alignment
Body Reference
Eyes
AC JT
ASIS
Patella Height even
Patella Faces forward
Genu valgum
Genu Varum
Feet face forward
Feet facing
My Usual Stance
Is it aligned?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Out
If no, which side is not aligned?
Left
Left is more turned out than right
Sagittal View
Body Analysis
Head protruded
Protracted Sh girdle
Kyphosis
Excessive Lordosis
Reduced Lordosis
Genu Recurvatum
Yes or No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Posterior View
Body Analysis
Winged Scapula
Feet Evert
Feet Invert
Yes or No
No
No
No
If yes, which side?
My Usual Stance
Postural Analysis Summary
As I started to analyze the pictures, I noticed that it is still somewhat difficult to really
do a thorough analysis of my posture. I think it would have been easier to see misalignments
if I had gotten the pictures taken with a grid backdrop. I also think that the clothes I was
wearing was still somewhat limiting for me to truly analyze my posture. I tried to wear a
tight shirt, but it was still difficult to see everything.
While I was getting the pictures taken, I noticed that I lean slightly on my right leg and
I lean onto my right hip when I’m in my natural stance. Although, in the picture, my hips still
look like they’re in alignment. In the picture, I see that my right patella is facing forward, but
my left patella is facing a little inward. This indicates that I may have an underactive
piriformis on my left leg, which is causing my left hip to internally rotate, which is why my
left patella is facing inward. My feet are also facing slightly outward. I also notice that my
left foot is slightly more turned out that my right foot. This indicates an overactive lateral
gastrocnemius and soleus, and an underactive medial gastrocnemius. It also occurred to me
that having this slight turn out of the foot may be due to dance, since it is required to have
your feet turned out. In dance, we do many strengthening exercise and balance in positions
where the feet are turned out, but we hardly ever do anything with our feet turned inward,
which is probably why I have an underactive medial gastrocnemius.
In the sagittal view picture, I notice that my head is protruded slightly forward. This
indicates an overactive sternocleidomastoid and underactive cervical extensors and
stabilizers. My shoulders a very slightly protracted, which indicates overactive pectoralis
minor and major, and underactive rhomboids and middle trapezius. Although my shoulders
are slightly protracted, I don’t really see kyphosis of my thoracic spine. I did not notice
anything wrong in my posterior view photo. I didn’t see a winged scapula and my feet were
neither everted or inverted.
Overall, I have a lot of things to work on. I typically slouch all day when I’m sitting, or
in class, or driving, and this could be the reason why my head is slightly forward and why my
shoulders are slightly protracted. I need to work on sitting in a better posture. I have to
stretch my SCM and strengthen my cervical extensors and stabilizers. I also need to stretch
my pectoralis minor and major, and strengthen my rhomboids and middle trapezius. When I
look at improving my lower extremity, I need to work on strengthening my piriformis on my
left side, strengthening my medial gastrocnemius, and stretching my lateral gastrocnemius
and soleus. Hopefully, I can improve my posture by focusing on all the corrections that I have
observed through the pictures in this posture analysis.
Overhead Squat Assessment
Frontal View (Anterior)
Observations
Knees
Faced Out
Left Knee
Tibia
External
Rotation
Turned out
Left Tibia
Feet
Left Foot
Sagittal View
Observations
Lumbar Spine
Normal
Trunk
Forward Lean
Arms
Normal
Frontal View (Posterior)
Observations
Shift
Right hip shift
Heel
Normal
Feet
One foot is planted
slightly forward
Overhead Squat Analysis
In the frontal view (anterior) picture, I noticed that my left side is different from my
right side. I notice that my left knee looks like it is facing outward more than my right knee.
My left tibia also looks like it is facing out just like my knee. This indicates that I have an
overactive piriformis and underactive adductor muscles on my left lower extremities. In
order to correct this issue, I would need to stretch my piriformis and strengthen my adductor
muscles. From this frontal view picture, I also notice that my left foot is slightly turned out.
This indicates an overactive soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, and biceps femoris. It also
indicates that I have underactive medial gastrocnemius and medial hamstring muscles. I can
correct this issue by stretching my soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, and biceps femoris muscles,
and by strengthening my medial gastrocnemius and medial hamstring muscles.
In the sagittal view picture, I see that my spine looks normal. There is no reduced
lordosis or excessive lordosis in my spinal curvature, and my arms are also still right by my
head. However, I do see that my trunk is leaning far forward. This forward lean indicates
over active rectus abdominus and hip flexor muscles, and it also indicates underactive
erector spinae muscles. In order to correct this problem, I would have to stretch my rectus
abdominus and hip flexor muscles, and strengthen my erector spinae muscles.
In the frontal view (posterior) picture, I notice a slight lift of my right hip, which
indicates a shifting of my weight to the right side. This means that I have overactive
adductors and an underactive gluteus medius on my right side. I need to stretch my
adductors and strengthen my gluteus medius. Other than my hip, my heels are normal and I
do notice that my feet are not in perfectly alignment with each other, but I don’t suspect that
to be an issue that needs to be corrected.
Overall, there were very subtle things that I didn’t expect to see in these pictures.
Most of the injuries that I’ve sustained have been on my right side. I’ve had a right shoulder,
right hip, and right knee injury and I have been working to regain my strength after the
injury. I think that I should’ve conducted my post injury exercises differently because now
I’m seeing subtle imbalances between my left and right sides. This lab has given me a closer
look at the things that I can correct to prevent future injury. My goal now, is to focus my
attention on the overactive and underactive muscles and do exercises that are specifically
aimed toward correcting these issues.
Reference
Normal Weight Ranges: Body Mass Index (BMI). (2013, January 30). Retrieved September 11,
2013, from
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/dietandphysicalactivity/bodyweightan
dcancerrisk/body-weight-and-cancer-risk-adult-bmi