Biology Chapter 46 Homework
1)
Xitlali Sedano
P.3
4/12/12
Biology
Muscle Tissue
a. Is composed of cells that contract
b. Every function that muscle tissue performs- from creating a facial expression to keeping
the eye in focus- is carried out by groups of muscle cells that contract in a coordinate
fashion
c. There are three types of muscle tissues
2)
Skeletal Muscle
a. Moves the bones in your trunk, limbs and face
3)
Smooth Muscle
a. Handles body functions that you cannot control consciously
b. such as the movement of food through your digestive system
4)
Cardiac Muscle
a. Is found in your heart
b. It pumps blood through your muscles
5)
Nervous Tissues
a.
b.
c.
d.
Contains cells that receive and transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses
Makes up the human brain, spinal cord and nerves
It is also found in parts of sensory organs such as the retina in humans eye
Provides sensation of the internal and external environment, and it integrates sensory
information.
e. They accomplish the coordination of voluntary and involuntary activities and regulate
some body processes
6)
Neurons
a. These cells are found in the nervous tissue
b. Are specialized to send and receive messages from muscles, glands and other neuron
throughout the
body
7)
Epithelial
Tissues
a.
Consist of
layers of cells
that line or
cover all
internal and
external body
surfaces
Biology Chapter 46 Homework
Xitlali Sedano
P.3
4/12/12
Biology
b. Each epithelial layer is formed from cells that are tightly bound together, providing a
protective barrier for these surfaces
c. These are found in various thicknesses and arrangements depending on where it is
located
i. For example the epithelial tissue that lines blood vessels a single layer of flatten
cells through which substances can easily pass,
ii. but the epithelial tissue that lines the windpipe consist of a layer of cilia-bearing
cells and mucus-secreting cells that act together to trap inhaled particles
d. The most easily observed one is the body’s outer layer of skin,
i. Consist of sheets of dead flattened cells that cover and protect the underlying
living layer of skin.
8)
Connective Tissue
a. Binds, support and protects structures in the body.
b. Are the most abundant and diverse of the 4 types of body tissues
i. That include bone, cartilage, tendons, fat, blood, and lymph
c. These tissues are characterized by cells that are embedded in large amounts of
intercellular substances called matrix.
9)
Matrix
a. Look at VIII and c.
b. They can be solid, semisolid, or liquid
c. Bone cells are
i. surrounded by a hard, crystalline matrix containing the mineral calcium
d. The cells in cartilage, tendons and fat are
i. Surrounded by a semisolid fibrous matrix
e. Blood and lymph cells are
i. Suspended in a liquid matrix
10)
Cranial Cavity
a. Encases brain
11)
Spinal Cavity
a. Extending from the cranial cavity to the base of the
spine, surrounds the spinal cord
12)
Diaphragm
a. The main cavities in the trunk of the human body are
separated by a wall of muscle called the diaphragm
13)
Thoracic Cavity
a. The upper compartment of the diaphragm
Biology Chapter 46 Homework
Xitlali Sedano
P.3
4/12/12
Biology
b. Contains the heart, the esophagus and the organs of the respiratory system
i. The lungs trachea and bronchi
14)
Abdominal Cavity
a. The lower department of the diaphragm
b. Contains organs of the digestive, reproductive and excretory system
15)
Axial Skeleton
a. `The human skeleton is composed of two parts the axial and the appendicular skeleton
b. In this section in includes the bones of the skull, ribs, spine, and sternum
16)
Appendicular Skeleton
a. Includes the bone of arms and legs along with the scapula, clavicle and pelvis
17)
Periosteum
a. This covers the bone surface
b. It is a tough membrane
18)
Compact Bone
a. Located under the periosteum and is a hard material
b. A thick layer of compact bone enables the shaft of the long bone to endure large
amounts of stress it receives upon impact with a solid object
c. In picture a) the compact bone is composed of cylinders of mineral crystals and protein
fibers called lamellae
19)
Haversian Canal
a. It is located in the center of each cylinder and is a narrow channel
b. Blood vessels run through interconnected Haversian canals, creating a network that
carries nourishment to the living bone tissue.
c. Several Layers of protein fibers wrap around each Haversian canal
20)
Osteocytes
a. Are embedded within the gaps between the protein layer
b. They are the living bone cells
21)
Spongy Bone
a.
b.
c.
d.
Inside the compact bone is a network of connective tissues called spongy bone
Although its name suggest that it is soft , but this tissue is hard and strong
Spongy bone has a lattice-work structure that consist of body spikes
It is arranged along points of pressure or stress, making bones both light and strong
Biology Chapter 46 Homework
22)
Xitlali Sedano
P.3
4/12/12
Biology
Bone Marrow
a. It is a soft tissue that bone have
b. They can be either red or yellow
c. Red bone marrow
i. Found in the spongy bon, the ends of
long bones , ribs vertebrae, the
sternum and the pelvis
ii. Produces red blood cells and certain
types of white blood cells
d. Yellow Marrow
i. Fills the shafts of long bones
ii. It consist mostly of fat cells and serves as an energy reserve
iii. It can also be converted to red bone marrow and produce blood cells when
severe blood loss occurs
23)
Ossification
a. The process by which cartilage slowly hardens into bone as a result
of the deposition of minerals
24)
Epiphyseal
a. When bones elongation takes place near the ends of long bones in
an area
25)
Joint
a. The place where two bones meet
26)
Fixed Joints
a. Prevent movement
b. They are found in the skull, where they securely connected the
bony plates and permit no movement
c. A small amount of connective tissue in a fixed joint helps absorb
impact to prevent the bones from breaking
27)
Semimovable Joints
a. Permit limited movement
b. These joints hold the bones of the vertebral column in place and
allowed it to bend and twist
c. Are found on the spine and rib cage
d. In the spinal cord they are separated by disk of cartilage tissue
i. The disk absorb shock that could damage the fragile spinal
cord
Biology Chapter 46 Homework
Xitlali Sedano
P.3
4/12/12
Biology
ii. The disk are tough and springy
e. In the ribs
i. They are long strands of cartilage connect the upper seven pairs of ribs to the
sternum allowing the chest to expand during breathing
28)
Movable Joints
a. Most of our joints are these
b. These joints enable the body to perform a wide range of movements and activities
c. These include the hinge, ball-and-socket pivot saddle and glidding joints
29)
Hinge Joints
a. An example of a movable joint
b. Is found in the elbow which allows you to move your forearm forward and backwards ,
like a hinged door
30)
Ball-and Socket-Joint
a. Is found in the elbow joint
b. Which enables you to move your arm up, down forward and backwards
c. As well as rotate it in a complete circle
31)
Pivot Joint
a. The joint that is formed by the top to vertebrae of your spine
b. It allows you to turn your head from side to side as when shaking your head no and yes
32)
Ligaments
a. They are tough bands of connective tissue
b. They hold the bones of joints in place
33)
Synovial Fluid
a. The surfaces of the joints that are
subjected to a great deal of pressure
are lined with tissue that secretes a
lubricating substance called synovial
Fluid.
b. Helps protect the ends of bones from
damage by friction
c. The figure on the right it shows where
this fluid is found
d. The knee joint is the most susceptible
to injury because it carries the body’s
weight and relies on many ligaments for
stability
Biology Chapter 46 Homework
34)
Xitlali Sedano
P.3
4/12/12
Biology
Rheumatoid Arthritis
a. Develops when the immune system begins to attack body tissues
b. The joints become inflamed stiff and deformed
35)
Osteoarthritis
a. Is a degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage covering the surface of bone
becomes thinner and rougher
b. As a result bone surfaces rub against each other, causing severe disease
36)
Saddle joint
a. Found at the base at each thumb
b. Allows you to rotate your thumbs and helps you grasp objects with your hands
37)
Gliding Joints
a. Allow bones to slide over one another
b. An example is the small bones of your foot, which allows you foot to flex when you
walk.