UNIT II:
INDUSTRIALIZATION
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NAME________________________________________________
PERIOD______
INDUSTRIALIZATION VOCABULARY
1.) INDUSTRIALIZATION: Replacing hand labor with machines on a large scale basis
2.) INTERSTATE COMMERCE: trade between states; during this time period, the railroads
helped to expand interstate commerce because they could ship the goods between states
3.) MASS PRODUCTION: Making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
4.) TENEMENT: a high-rise apartment building where people lived in the late 1800’s early
1900’s that were dirty, loud, horrible places to live; only one bathroom per floor and
approximately 50 people would share that same bathroom
5.) URBANIZATION: movement of people from the country to the city
6.) FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM: (also known as Capitalism) Businesses are owned by private
citizens, not the government. The U.S. is a free enterprise system/capitalistic society.
7.) MONOPOLY (TRUST): Company (or group of companies) that controls all or nearly all the
business of an industry, severely cutting competition
8.) STRIKEBREAKER: Someone who works the job of a man who is on strike during a strike
9.) UNION: An organization that workers joined to show their unity and to attempt to get
better conditions
10.) STRIKE: Workers refuse to work until their demands are met
11.) SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT: outlawed trusts and monopolies that limited trade, but
it was difficult to enforce.
INDUSTRIALIZATION:
Industrialization
MANY THINGS MADE INDUSTRIALIZATION POSSIBLE IN THE US.
Document 3:
GROSS EARNINGS OF THE RAILROADS
$600,000,000
$550,000,000
$500,000,000
$450,000,000
$400,000,000
$350,000,000
$300,000,000
$250,000,000
$200,000,000
$150,000,000
$100,000,000
$529,012,999
$403,329,208
$130,000,000
1861
1871
Use the graph above to answer the following questions.
1879
1.) How much money was earned in 1861? 1879?
1861 - 130,000,000
1879 – 529,012,999
2.) What is the difference between 1861 & 1879?
Drastically increased by about $400,000,000
3.) What do you think the reason for this difference is?
Many more railroads were built due to industrialization and movement west.
More profit was earned because of this. More goods were shipped and more
people moved (all paying for this service).
There were many inventions and inventors during industrialization (1860-1910).
Your job is to use p. 579-581 to choose four inventors during this time period and
one of their most important inventions. Then, fill out the chart below.
INVENTOR’S
YEAR OF
INVENTION
HOW DID THE
NAME
INVENTION
INVENTION AFFECT
INDUSTRIALIZATION?
1850
BESSEMER
ALLOWED THE
BESSEMER
PROCESS
PRODUCTION OF STEEL
TO BE MUCH FASTER TO
MAKE FACTORIES,
BRIDGES, & RAILROADS
EDISON
BELL
1878
LIGHT BULB
CAN LIGHT FACTORIES
CAN RUN MACHINES
Replaces candles
1876
TELEPHONE
CAN COMMUNICATE
NEW IDEAS AND
INVENTIONS
WRIGHT
BROTHERS
1903
AIRPLANE
TRANSPORT GOODS AND
PEOPLE QUICKER
GEORGE
PULLMAN
BETWEEN
1860 AND
1870
PULLMAN CAR
NEW PASSENGER AND
SLEEPING CARS
ALLOWED FOR SAFER
AND MORE
COMFORTABLE TRAVEL
GEORGE
WESTINGHOUSE
1860’S
NEW BRAKES
MADE RAILROAD TRAVEL
SAFER
EDWIN DRAKE
1859
A WAY TO
PUMP CRUDE
OIL OUT OF
THE GROUND
THIS MADE IT
POSSIBLE TO PUMP THE
OIL OUT IN MASS
QUANTITIES, OIL
BECOMES BIG BUSINESS
NIKOLAUS OTTO
1876
ENGINE
POWERED BY
GASOLINE
CREATED ANOTHER
SOURCE OF POWER FOR
FACTORIES AND NEW
TRANSPORTATION
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
THE ASSEMBLY LINE:
CREATED BY HENRY FORD FOR HIS
AUTOMOBILE FACTORY, IT BECAME
WIDELY USED BY MANY DIFFERENT
INDUSTRIES!!!
MAKES MASS
PRODUCTION
POSSIBLE
MORE GOODS PRODUCED (HIGHER QUANTITY);
PRICE OF GOODS WENT DOWN BECAUSE SUPPLY WENT UP
WHAT WAS THE QUALITY OF GOODS PRODUCED BY THE ASSEMBLY LINE?
NOT AS GOOD AS HAND MADE
How did the assembly line affect industrialization?
ALLOWED FOR MASS PRODUCTION – MADE GOODS FASTER AND
CHEAPER
THE STEEL INDUSTRY:
Document 2:
TONS OF STEEL PRODUCED IN THE U.S.
1,000,000
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
1870
1880
Use the graph above to answer the following questions.
1.) In 1870, how much steel was produced?
50,000 tons of steel
2.) In 1880, how much steel was produced?
1,000,000 tons of steel
3.) What was the reason for the difference (p. 579)?
BESSEMER PROCESS sped up the process to create steel
Use the first paragraph under “Free Enterprise and Big Business” p. 581, to fill in
the blanks and answer the questions below.
As the US economy grew during the Second Industrial Revolution, the federal
government favored FREE
ENTERPRISE. This means that the government
usually does NOT interfere with business. The government was not
passing many laws to tell businesses what to do. This made it easier for some
people to start their own business. They were called
ENTREPRENEUERS.
Many entrepreneurs formed their business as corporations. Why would a person
want to start a corporation?
STOCK HOLDERS ARE NOT PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEBTS OF THE
BUSINESS.ONLY LOSE THE MONEY YOU INVESTED. CAN SELL STOCKS WHEN YOU
WANT.
Since entrepreneurs had a lot of freedom, they became robber barons MEN WHO USED THEIR POLITICAL POWER TO GET WEALTHY AND POWERFUL
What made a person a robber baron? (p. 582 paragraphs 3, 4, & 5 in textbook)
BOUGHT OUT COMPETITORS, VERTICAL INTEGRATION – OWNING ALL STEPS TO
TURN RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCT, GOT RR COMPANIES TO NOT
PROVIDE SERVICE TO COMPETITORS, OWNED MONOPOLIES – CUT COMPETITION
Monopolies are bad for consumers because the owner can RAISE the price
and LOWER the quality since there is no COMPETITION
with other businesses. Some of these robber barons were considered to be
philanthropists because they were GENEROUS with their money, donating millions
to charity.
Monopoly
How did entrepreneurs affect industrialization?
CREATED NEW BUSINESSES
Free-Enterprise System
Document 3:
http://www.mrrena.com/images/rock.jpg
1) Who is the man in this cartoon?
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
2) What industry did he control?
OIL
3) What is made to look like a factory in the background?
THE CAPITOL BUILDING, where Congress works
4) What is the message of this cartoon?
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER WAS SO POWERFUL, HE EVEN CONTROLLED
THE GOVERNMENT, too much power
5) What act was passed to try to prevent monopolies?
THE SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT
THERE WERE ALSO MANY PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION
WORKING CONDITIONS:
Describe what working conditions were like below (p. 586).
LONG HOURS, LOW WAGES, DANGEROUS MACHINERY,
UNHEALTHY CONDITIONS
Document 4:
1) What type of work is shown in
this picture?
COAL MINING
2) Describe the worker.
YOUNG, DIRTY, SAD
3) Describe the working
conditions.
DANGEROUS, DIRTY
4) What problem is shown in this
picture?
CHILD LABOR
http://einhornpress.com/images/coal%20child%20Lewis%20Hine%20photo.jpg
DOCUMENT 5:
Then there was old Antanas. The winter came, and the place where he worked was a dark,
unheated cellar, where you could see your breath all day, and where your fingers sometimes
tried to freeze. So the old man's cough grew every day worse, until there came a time when it
hardly ever stopped, and he had become a nuisance about the place. Then, too, a still more
dreadful thing happened to him; he worked in a place where his feet were soaked in chemicals,
and it was not long before they had eaten through his new boots. Then sores began to break out
on his feet, and grow worse and worse. Whether it was that his blood was bad, or there had
been a cut, he could not say; but he asked the men about it, and learned that it was a regular
thing – it was the saltpeter. Everyone felt it, sooner or later, and then it was all up with him, at
least for that sort of work. The sores would never heal – in the end his toes would drop off, if
he did not quit. Yet old Antanas would not quit; he saw the suffering of his family, and he
remembered what it had cost him to get a job. So he tied up his feet, and went on limping about
and coughing, until at last he fell to pieces, all at once and in a heap, like the One-Horse Shay.
They carried him to a dry place and laid him on the floor, and that night two of the men helped
him home. The poor old man was put to bed, and though he tried it every morning until the end,
he never could get up again. He would lie there and cough and cough, day and night, wasting away
to a mere skeleton. There came a time when there was so little flesh on him that the bones
began to poke through.
There was no heat upon the killing beds; the men might exactly as well have worked out of doors
all winter. For that matter, there was very little heat anywhere in the building, except in the
cooking rooms and such places – and it was the men who worked in these who ran the most risk
of all, because whenever they had to pass to another room they had to go through ice-cold
corridors, and sometimes with nothing on above the waist except a sleeveless undershirt. On
the killing beds you were apt to be covered with blood, and it would freeze solid; if you leaned
against a pillar, you would freeze to that, and if you put your hand upon the blade of your knife,
you would run a chance of leaving your skin on it. The men would tie up their feet in newspapers
and old sacks, and these would be soaked in blood and frozen, and then soaked again, and so on,
until by nighttime a man would be walking on great lumps the size of the feet of an elephant.
Now and then, when the bosses were not looking, you would see them plunging their feet and
ankles into the steaming hot carcass of the steer, or darting across the room to the hot-water
jets. The cruelest thing of all was that nearly all of them – all of those who used knives – were
unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their hands would grow
numb, and then of course there would be accidents. Also the air would be full of steam, from
the hot water and the hot blood, so that you could not see five feet before you; and then, with
men rushing about at the speed they kept up on the killing beds, and all with butcher knives, like
razors, in their hands – well, it was to be counted as a wonder that there were not more men
slaughtered than cattle.
Excerpt from The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair
QUESTIONS:
1. What was it like working in the factory?
DARK, COLD, CHEMICALS EATING THROUGH BOOTS
2. What was wrong with Antanas as a result of the working conditions and what eventually
happened to him?
BAD COUGH, SORE FEET AND HE EVENTUALLY COLLAPSED AND DIED
3. List some of the dangers of working on the killing beds.
VERY COLD, BLOODY, SKIN STICKS TO KNIVES, WORKING FAST WITH KNIVES,
POOR VISIBILITY
Due to the bad working conditions, workers formed UNIONS.
Sometimes the unions decided to go on STRIKE to get better conditions.
What caused the strike?
Haymarket Riot
DEMAND FOR 8 HOUR WORK DAY.
WHILE ON STRIKE 2 STRIKERS
WERE KILLED. THEN WORKERS
WERE PROTESTING THE KILLINGS
AND SEVERAL MORE WERE KILLED
AND INJURED.
Homestead Strike
COMPANY WANTED TO
ADD NEW MACHINERY
THAT WOULD REPLACE
WORKERS
PULLMAN LAID OFF
WORKERS AND CUT THE
WAGES OF THOSE THAT
REMAINED
Pullman Strike
Was the strike successful?
NO. UNION MEMBERSHIP
DECLINED.
NO. FIGHTING BROKE OUT
AND THE UNION WAS
DEFEATED.
NO. THE COURT USED THE
SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT
AGAINST WORKERS AND
STOPPED THE STRIKE.
DOCUMENT 6:
Be a little careful, please! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies
back there. Not that it would hurt them; kicks and cuffs are their daily diet. They have little else. Here
where the hall turns and dives into utter darkness is a step, and another, another. A flight of stairs. You
can feel your way, if you cannot see it. Close? Yes! What would you have? All the fresh air that ever
enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark
bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements… That was a woman
filling her pail by the hydrant you just bumped against. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants
may have access--and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. Hear the pump squeak! It is the
lullaby of tenement-house babes. In summer, when a thousand thirsty throats pant for a cooling drink in
this block, it is worked in vain. But the saloon, whose open door you passed in the hall, is always there.
The smell of it has followed you up. Here is a door. Listen! That short hacking cough, that tiny,
helpless wail--what do they mean? They mean that the soiled bow of white you saw on the door
downstairs will have another story to tell-…What if the words ring in your ears as we grope our way up
the stairs and down from floor to floor, listening to the sounds behind the closed doors--some of
quarrelling, some of coarse songs, more of profanity. They are true.
When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.
Come over here. Step carefully over this baby--it is a baby, spite of its rags and dirt--under these iron
bridges called fire-escapes, but loaded down, despite the incessant watchfulness of the firemen, with
broken household goods, with wash-tubs and barrels, over which no man could climb from a fire. This
gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of
these people. Do you wonder the name does not attract them to the churches? That baby's parents live
in the rear tenement here. She is at least as clean as the steps we are now climbing. There are plenty of
houses with half a hundred such in. The tenement is much like the one in front we just left, only fouler,
closer, darker--we will not say more cheerless. The word is a mockery. A hundred thousand people
lived in rear tenements in New York last year. Here is a room neater than the rest. The woman, a stout
matron with hard lines of care in her face, is at the wash-tub. "I try to keep the childer clean," she says,
apologetically, but with a hopeless glance around. The spice of hot soapsuds is added to the air already
tainted with the smell of boiling cabbage, of rags and uncleanliness all about. It makes an
overpowering compound. It is Thursday, but patched linen is hung upon the pulley-line from the
window. There is no Monday cleaning in the tenements. It is wash-day all the week round, for a change
of clothing is scarce among the poor. They are poverty's honest badge, these perennial lines of rags
hung out to dry, those that are not the washerwoman's professional shingle. The true line to be drawn
between pauperism [being a beggar] and honest poverty is the clothes-line. With it begins the effort to
be clean that is the first and the best evidence of a desire to be honest.
Excerpt from How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis
1.) Why is it so dark in the tenement?
SO FEW WINDOWS AND NO ELECTRICITY
2.) Where do the people get their water?
FIRE HYDRANT
3.) Why does Riis show a difference between the poor people in the tenements and paupers?
THE POOR IN THE TENEMENTS ARE TRYING TO MAKE A BETTER LIFE FOR
THEMSELVES BUT IT’S ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE GIVEN THE CONDITIONS THEY’RE IN.
DOCUMENT 7:
1) What were the living conditions
like in the tenements?
DARK, DIRTY, RUN-DOWN
Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890.
DOCUMENT 8:
1.) How did industrialization affect
urbanization?
PEOPLE MOVED TO THE CITIES
FOR FACTORY JOBS
CHOICE 2
2.)
Document 9:
The environmental problem was not serious or widespread until the eighteenth
century and early part of the nineteenth century. This period in history is called the
Industrial Revolution, which began in England and spread to other European countries
and the United States. The main feature of the Industrial Revolution was the
development of factories and overcrowding with factory workers in cities. At that time
coal was the prime energy fuel to power most of the factories and to heat most of the
homes in the cities. Because of the burning of coal, the air over such industrial cities as
London became filled with huge amounts of smoke and soot containing sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide.
An additional problem was poor sanitation facilities, which allowed raw sewage to
get into water supplies in some cities. The polluted water caused typhoid fever and
other diseases. In the early 1900’s, air pollution in industrial cities in the United States
became a particularly serious problem.
1) When did environmental problems become serious?
18TH AND 19TH CENTURY
2) What caused these problems?
OVERCROWDING WITH FACTORY WORKERS IN CITIES. COAL,
3) How did this affect cities?
HUGE AMOUNTS OF SMOKE AND SOOT CONTAINING SULFUR
DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
POOR SANITATION FACILITIES, WHICH ALLOWED RAW SEWAGE
TO GET INTO WATER SUPPLIES
4) What different types of pollution were there and what problems did these
different types of pollution cause?
AIR POLLUTION, WATER POLLUTION
TYPHOID FEVER AND OTHER DISEASES
5) What was to blame for this pollution? FACTORIES
Document 10:
Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought
Campbell Robertson for The New York Times, April 28, 2010
NEW ORLEANS — Government officials said late Wednesday night that oil might be leaking from a well in
the Gulf of Mexico at a rate five times that suggested by initial estimates.
A scientist from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration had concluded that oil is leaking at
the rate of 5,000 barrels a day, not 1,000 as had been estimated. While emphasizing that the estimates are
rough given that the leak is at 5,000 feet below the surface.
An explosion and fire on a drilling rig on April 20 left 11 workers missing and presumed dead. The rig sank two
days later about 50 miles off the Louisiana coast.
Wind patterns may push the spill into the coast of Louisiana as soon as Friday night, officials said, prompting
consideration of more urgent measures to protect coastal wildlife. Among them were using cannons to scare
off birds and employing local shrimpers’ boats as makeshift oil skimmers in the shallows.
Part of the oil slick was only 16 miles offshore and closing in on the Mississippi River Delta, the marshlands at
the southeastern tip of Louisiana where the river empties into the ocean. Already 100,000 feet of protective
booms have been laid down to protect the shoreline, with 500,000 feet more standing by, said Charlie Henry,
an oil spill expert for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, at an earlier news conference on
Wednesday.
The array of strategies underscores the unusual nature of the leak. Pipelines have ruptured and tankers have
leaked, but a well 5,000 feet below the water’s surface poses new challenges, officials said.
Until Wednesday night, the well had been estimated to be leaking 1,000 barrels, or 42,000 gallons, each day.
The response team has tried in vain to engage a device called a blowout preventer, a stack of hydraulically
activated valves at the top of the well that is designed to seal off the well in the event of a sudden pressure
release — a possible cause for the explosion on the rig.
Mr. Hayward said the blowout preventer was tested 10 days ago and worked. He said a valve must be partly
closed; otherwise the spillage would be worse.
As the investigation into the cause continued, officials, scientists, and those who make their living on the Gulf
Coast were focused on the impending prospect of the oil’s landfall.
1) What problem is described in the article?
EXPLOSION AND FIRE ON OIL RIG IS CONTINUING TO LEAK OIL INTO GULF OF
MEXICO
2) What solutions have scientists tried?
100,000 FEET OF PROTECTIVE BOOMS HAVE BEEN LAID DOWN TO PROTECT THE SHORELINE, A
BLOWOUT PREVENTER TO SEAL THE WELL
3) Who is being hurt by the problem?
WILDLIFE, SHRIMPERS, TOURISM