Chapter 22: Organic Chemistry
HYDROCARBONS: compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
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4 categories: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes & aromatic
Alkanes: hydrocarbons that only contain SINGLE bond
Straight Chains – Carbons are all in a line
Methane (1 Carbon): CH4
Ethane (2 Carbons): CH3-CH3
Propane (3 Carbons): CH3-CH2-CH3
Butane (4Carbons): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Pentane (5 Carbons): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
Hexane (6 Carbons): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
Heptane (7 Carbons)
Octane (8 Carbons)
Nonane (9 Carbons)
Decane (10 Carbons)
Cyclic Compounds - molecular formula has 2 less H atoms than straight chain
Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a Carbon-Carbon DOUBLE bonds
Alkynes: hydrocarbons that contain a Carbon-Carbon TRIPLE bond
Aromatic: hydrocarbons that all involve the molecule benzene C6H6 – a special ring of
carbons with alternating single and double bonds, has a special degree of stability
FUNCTIONAL GROUP – a portion of a molecule that is a recognizable/classified group of bound atoms.
Alcohol: characterized by the hydroxy, –OH group. It is a very important group in monosaccharides (carbohydrates).
Sulfide: carbon groups bounded to a sulfur atom
Alkyl Halide: hydrocarbon containing a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I)
Ketone: defined by a carbon double bound to an oxygen (different than an aldehyde because it can only be found in the
inside of a molecular chain- the carbon does not have to be attached to a hydrogen). Ketones, aldehydes, and
carboxylic acids contain the carbonyl functional group: C double bound to O.
Aldehyde: defined by a carbon double bound to an oxygen and single bound to a hydrogen; because it is characterized
by a bond to hydrogen, it can only be found at the ends of molecular chains
Carboxylic Acid: characterized by the carboxyl group; RCO2H (R being any subset of a molecule); any molecular chain
bound to a carbon, this carbon has a double bond to oxygen and also attached to an alcohol group
Ester: produced by a reaction between an acid and an alcohol (RCO2R)
Ether: defined by an oxygen bounded to two carbons.
Nitrogen Functional Groups:
Amine: a carbon molecule bound to a nitrogen.
Amide: contains the double bond between a C and O. The carbon is also bonded to a N
Nitrile: