BIOLOGY CH1&18 PPTOL (Powerpoint Outline)
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Biology
Name ________________________
CHAPTER 1.1 The Nature of Science
What is Science? Scientific Skepticism is born out of the need to observe-A skeptic thinks “Seeing is Believing”
Science is a form of Reductionism, which relies on analysis
Levels of Scientific Certainty
Hypothesis: A hypothesis isn’t just an educated ___________ though we often suggest this.
A hypothesis is a Prediction made which must be tested through experimentation
Scientific Theories have a lot of data to support them from different branches of science but are not
definitive, or often can never be definitive. They are in essence ____________ with lots of supportive evidence
and they are predictive-that is they can predict experimental outcomes accurately
Scientific Laws have no evidence that disputes or calls into question their validity or _________________ accuracy
Q1.What does predictive accuracy mean?
CHAPTER 1.2 The 6 Steps of the Scientific Method
Observe a phenomenon and pose a question.
Formulate a Hypothesis
Test Hypothesis with an Experiment
Data Collection and Analysis
Conclusion
Share your work
The 6 Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Observe a phenomenon and pose a question. “What is the relationship between ________ and _______”?
(X and Y are variables with an assumed relationship.)
Farmer Johnson of Johnson’s Sod Farm notices that when it rains the grass gets greener….
What is the relationship between water and grass greenness?
2. Formulate a Hypothesis
A Hypothesis is an answer to your question-“I think the relationship between X & Y is
(direct/indirect relationship)”
Farmer Johnson hypothesizes that the more water it gets, the greener the grass will be….
Q2.What do the graphs of direct and indirect relationships look like?
Direct
3. Test Hypothesis using an Experiment
Experiment -A Good Experimental design isolates variables using strictly defined parameters
The Controlled or ___________________ Variable- the thing you change
The ___________________________ or Dependent Variable- is the thing that changes in response
Control Setup = Experimental Setup –(minus) ______________________ Variable
(Often we survey existent data -do research)
Q3.What is the purpose of the Control Setup?
4. Data Collection and Analysis
We collect and display data using Tables & Graphs
We analyze data using Statistical instruments like the mean, median, & mode , %Error,
X2 Analysis, and the Student T test
Q4.What is the mean, median and mode of student shoe size in your class?
5. Conclusion - A conclusion is a concise explanation as to whether your data supports or does not support
your hypothesis
Q5.What does farmer Johnson conclude?
6. Share your work - Scientists publish results and make sure the Data is replicable
Indirect
CHAPTER 1.3 Tools and Techniques
The Metric System- is based on root 10 or decimal system
Important Suffixes to know
Kilo (k) = 1000
Deci (d ) = 1/10
Centi (c) = 1/100
Milli (m)= 1/1000
Micro(m) = 1/100000
Nano (n) = 1/1000000000
Q6. How many cm in 1mile?
We measure the following quantities
Mass = __________
g
Length = meter
m
Temperature = oC (oCelsius)
Volume solid = meter3
Volume liquid =__________ l
5280ft= 1 mile 1ft=12in 1inch=2.54cm SHOW FACTOR LABEL!!
CHAPTER 1.4 What is Biology? Its the study of life !
Other Branches of Biology include…(this is a short, very incomplete list)
Biochemistry- macromolecules like proteins, lipid, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
Cytology- the study of cells, cell types, their structures and metabolism
Genetics- the study of inherited traits
Microbiology – the study of unicellular organisms, archaebacteria , eubacteria, protists and fungi
Evolution- the study of the change in species over time
Botany – plants
Zoology – animals
Ecology – the relationship between living and nonliving
Q7. What do you think an Ethnobiologist studies? A Cryptozoologist?
The 7 Characteristics of Living things All organisms share these common characteristics (CHRRGM!!!)
Cellular Organization- unicellular v. multicellular, and prokaryotic v. eukaryotic
Homeostasis- the maintenance of a stable internal environment
__________________________ – pass traits form parent to offspring via DNA
Reproduction- asexual v. sexual
Response- homeostasis, irritability, evolution
Metabolism- the cycling of matter and energy
Growth and Development- cell division and cell differentiation
The 7 Characteristics of Living things
Cellular Organization:
All living things are composed of ______________
Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
Organisms may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Homeostasis:
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
Q8. Define the following with Examples: Thermoregulation:
Gas exchange:
Hydration:
Blood glucose:
Heredity:
The passing of traits from parent to _____________________________ via DNA
Reproduction:
Sexual Reproduction- Involves the combination of Gametes or Sex Cells
Asexual Reproduction - Involves the simple splitting of one organism into two
Response:
Behavior-An individuals response to the environment
Evolution- A species response to the environment
Metabolism:
The cycling of matter and energy
Growth & Development:
Growth – occurs through cell division or Mitosis
Development- occurs through cell _______________________________
Chapter 18 Taxonomy & Classification
CHAPTER 18.1 THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS
Why do biologists have taxonomic systems?
Common names like frog and worm don’t tell us enough information
Common names are misleading
Common names vary from country to country
Biologists use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms.
About 1.7 million species have been named but millions more are undiscovered.
The practice of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy.
Biologists group organisms into large categories as well as more specific categories known as a taxon (plural, taxa).
Early Classification Systems
The Ancient Philosopher Aristotle divided living things into 2 groups- Plants and Animals
Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s. introduced a two-word naming system called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE .made up of two Latin
terms for the GENUS and SPECIES
SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE AKA BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
System is used to give each organism its SCIENTIFIC NAME the genus name and a single descriptive word for each species.
Naming Rules:The unique, two-part name for a species is now called a scientific name.
No two species can have the same scientific name.
All the members of a genus share the genus name as the first term.
The second term is called the species identifier, and is often descriptive.
When you write the name, the genus name should be capitalized and the species should be lowercase.
Both terms should be italicized.
The Modern Classification System or Modern Taxonomy
THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM
Uses Binomial nomenclature (2 names)
Developed by Carolus Linneaus in 18th century
Organisms organized by structural features
The Eight basic levels of Modern Classification are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species. Levels of the Modern Linnaean System
-Each taxon is identified based on shared traits.
-Similar species are grouped into a genus; similar genera are grouped into a family; and so on up to the level of domain.
-All living things are now grouped into one of three domains.
-A species is defined as a unique group of organisms so similar they reproduce to form viable offspring
The Modern Taxonomy
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup?... You try one
EXAMPLE: Lion’s Taxonomy
DOMAIN
Eukarya
KINGDOM
Animalia
PHYLUM
Chordata
CLASS
Mammalia
ORDER
Carnivora
FAMILY
Felidae
GENUS
Panthera
SPECIES
leo
Scientific Name
Panthera leo
Classification of Life
Kingdoms of Life
In the PAST we used the 5 Kingdom system to classify life…
Monera - Bacteria
Protista - “Pond Scum, Animacules”
Fungi - Mushrooms. Molds, Yeast
Plantae - Plants
Animalia - Animals
EXAMPLE: Man’s Taxonomy
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
Scientific Name
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Homo sapiens
The 3 Domains of Life
Today we use The Modern Taxonomy
Archae - Ancient Prokaryotes
Bacteria - Modern Prokaryotes
Eukarya – Protista, Fungi, Plants, & Animals
Protista –Zooplankton & Phytoplankton
Fungi – Molds, Yeasts & Mushrooms
Plantae – Flowering Plants, Conifers, Ferns & Mosses
Animalia - Sponges, Jellyfish, Worms, Insects, Fish, Mammals, & Birds
DOMAIN: Archae
ORGANIZATION:
Unicellular
CELL TYPE:
Prokaryotic
NUTRITION:
Autotrophic- Chemosynthetic
REPRODUCTION:
Asexual (some rare “sexual’)
MOVEMENT:
Cilia or Flagella
ENVIRONMENT:
Aquatic or Terrestrial - Extreme Environments
MISCELLANY:
Extreme Environments-Ice, Rock, Acid, and even your guts
EXAMPLES:
Methanogens, Sulfur Bacteria, Halophiles, ThermoAcidophiles,
DOMAIN: Eubacteria
ORGANIZATION:
Unicellular
CELL TYPE:
Prokaryotic
NUTRITION:
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
REPRODUCTION:
Asexual (some rare “sexual exchange’)
MOVEMENT:
Cilia or Flagella
ENVIRONMENT:
Aquatic or Terrestrial
MISCELLANY:
Hey, They can mess you up jack!!!
EXAMPLES:
+Streptococcus, +Staphylococcus,
E. coli, - Salmonella, -Gonnorhea,- Cyanobacteria
DOMAIN: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
ORGANIZATION:
Unicellular (a few Multicellular)
CELL TYPE:
Eukaryotic
NUTRITION:
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
REPRODUCTION:
Sexual and Asexual
MOVEMENT:
Cilia or Flagella
ENVIRONMENT:
Aquatic or Terrestrial
MISCELLANY:
Some eat bacteria
EXAMPLES:
Amoeba, Algae, Diatoms, & Paramecium
DOMAIN: Eukarya
Kingdom: Fungi
ORGANIZATION:
Unicellular OR Multicellular
CELL TYPE:
Eukaryotic
NUTRITION:
Heterotrophic
REPRODUCTION:
Sexual and Asexual
MOVEMENT:
Some
ENVIRONMENT:
Terrestrial
MISCELLANY:
Decomposers
EXAMPLES:
Mold, yeast, rusts & mushrooms
DOMAIN: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
ORGANIZATION:
Multicellular
CELL TYPE:
Eukaryotic
NUTRITION:
Autotrophic
REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (& some Asexual)
MOVEMENT:
Geotropism& Phototropism
ENVIRONMENT:
Aquatic or Terrestrial
MISCELLANY:
Insects aid in pollination
EXAMPLES:
Mosses, Ferns, Shrubs, Trees, Flowering Plants & (Algae??)
DOMAIN: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
ORGANIZATION:
Multicellular
CELL TYPE:
Eukaryotic
NUTRITION:
Heterotrophic
REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (Some Asexual)
MOVEMENT:
At some Stage
ENVIRONMENT:
Aquatic & Terrestrial
MISCELLANY:
106 species of Arthropods alone!!
EXAMPLES:
Sponges, Jellyfish, Worms, Insects, Fish, Mammals, & Birds