Classification of Plants
Adaptations
(Ch. 22)
(Ch. 25)
The 3 major characteristics that make an organism a plant are:
 Multicellular eukaryote
 Cell walls with cellulose
 Carry out photosynthesis
Plants most likely evolved from:
Multicellular green algae
What were some challenges that plants had to overcome as they
moved to land?
 Drying out in the sun
 Conserving water
 Reproduction without water
The 4 groups of plants are:
1. __Mosses__________
2. ___Ferns___________
3. __Gymnosperms (cone-bearing)_
4. ___Angiosperms (flowering)___
The 3 features used to group the plants are:
1. __water-conducting tissues______
2. ____seeds___________________
3. ____flowers_____________
Name 3 ways plants have adapted to life in the water:


Air-filled spaces in tissues, allow for uptake + diffusion of
oxygen
Seeds that float in water

Bald cypress- knees protrude above water, bring O2 to roots
Name 1 way plants have adapted to salty conditions:

Leaves have special cells that pump salt out at tissues and
onto leaf surface  washed off by rain
Name 3 ways desert plants have adapted:

Extensive roots to capture water, w/ many root hairs (cacti)

Leaves become spines

Thick green stems- photosynthesis, store H2O, seeds dormant
for years germinate with rain.
Name 2 ways plants have adapted to poor soil:
For each group of plants, identify the major characteristic of that
group. Give examples.


Group
Vascular or
Nonvascular
Seedless
or Seeds
Examples
Bryophytes
Non-vascular
no seed
moss; liverwort
Ferns
Vascular
no seed
horsetail ferns
Gymnosperms
Vascular
seeds
conifers; cycads
Angiosperms
Vascular
seeds
flowering plants
Carnivorous- pitcher plant, Venus fly trap (nutrient
poor/nitrogen poor soil)
Parasitic – extract water and nutrients directly
(examples-mistletoe)
Name 1 way plants have adapted to grow on other plants:

Epiphytes- grow directly on bodies of other plants, get water
from rain, make own food. Ex: Spanish moss
Name 1 way that plants have adapted to help fight insects:

Manufacture compounds that have effect on insects (poisons)
Insect hormones-prevent insect from reproducing
Growth
Evolutionary Relationships of Plants
(Ch. 25)
(diagram p. 554)
What is the role of hormones? Chemical substances that control:
1- pattern of growth and development.
2- plant’s response to environmental conditions
Flowering
PlantsAngiosperms
For each hormone listed below, give the effect that it has on the
plant:




auxin (3): growth- branching; phototropism- bend toward
light; gravitropism – root growth downward
cytokinins (2): stimulate cell division; growth of lateral buds;
cause dormant seeds to sprout
gibberellins (1): growth hormone-dramatic increase in size
especially in stems and fruit
ethylene (1): stimulates fruit to ripen
ConifersGymnosperms
Flowers
Ferns
Responses
For each type of response listed, explain and give an example.
Tropism response to external stimuli






Seeds
Gravitropism: response to gravity. Shoots grow up-against
gravity. Roots grow down- with force of gravity
Phototropism response to light
Thigmotropism response to touch: growing tip grows + twist
Around object; stunted growth
Mosses
Vascular
System
Photoperiodism: response to amt of day light (seasonal
changes)
winter dormancy: plant growth + activity decrease or stops.
leaf abscission: layer of cells forms at petiole; seals leaf off
from plant’s vascular system
Multicellular
green algae
Reproduction
(Ch. 24)
Parts of Plants
(Ch. 23)
Define pollen grain: male sex cell
What are the 3 main organs and their functions?
 Roots- absorb water and nutrients
 Leaves – Photosynthetic
 Stems-support; connect root + leaves; carry H2O + nutrients
In gymnosperms, the male cone is called the _pollen_ cone and the
female cone is called the _seed__ cone.
Tissues: name the 3 main types and their functions:
 Dermal
 Vascular
xylem: carries water
phloem: carries nutrients + carbs from photosynthesis
 Ground tissue-cells between dermal and vascular tissue
The 4 kinds of specialized leaves: 1. __Sepals_
2. _Petals___ 3. __Carpel/Pistil (female)_ 4. __Stamens (male)_
Roots: name the 2 main types, draw an example, give advantage of
each:
Tap Roots
Fibrous Root
Reach water deep
spread outward
Within the soil
water absorption
near surface
Stems: name 3 major parts, draw and label
node
internode
bud
Leaves: name 2 major parts, draw and label
Leaf blade
Petiole
In angiosperms, the reproductive organs are the __flowers__.
Seeds
Define a fruit: ripened ovary containing angiosperm seeds. Fruit
protects seed, helps in dispersal.
Give 10 examples of fruits: apple, pear, beans, grape, peach, pea,
strawberry, tomato, corn, cucumber, grape, pear
Compare and give examples of fleshy and dry fruit:
Fleshy: apple
Dry: maple, ash
Name 3 methods of seed dispersal and give examples:

Animals – insects, birds, bats + other mammals

Wind – maple, dandelion

Water
Germination
Explain transpiration and the role of stomata
Transpiration: loss of water through plant’s leaves
Stomata: pore-like opening on underside of leaf; allow O2 + CO2 to
diffuse in and out of leaves
Describe a monocot: 1 seed leaf; parallel veins; flower multiples of 3
Fibrous roots
Describe a dicot: 2 seed leaves; branched veins; flower multiples of 4
or 5, tap root
Define germination: early growth stage of the plant embryo
Describe the 3 steps of germination:
1. absorb water
2. food – storing tissues swell, crack open seed coat
3. young root emerges, begins to grow
Flower diagram:
(p. 612)
Stamens
Stigma Pistil/Carpal
Anther
Style
Filament
Ovary
Petal
Ovules
Sepal
NAME: ______KEY______
Stamen ♂ : anther + filament
CLASS PERIOD: __________________
Carpal or pistil ♀ : stigma + style
DATE: ________________________